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Review
18
Summary
PSYCHIATRIST
PSYCHIATRIC NURSE
COUNSELING
PSYCHOLOGIST
C
PSY
COUNSELOR
PSY
CLINICAL
SOCIA
WORKER L
HOW HAS THE MENTAL HEALTH
SYSTEM EVOLVED OVER THE
YEARS, AND HOW IS IT
STRUCTURED TODAY? p. 282
• Humanistic therapies aim to help people achieve self-awareness
and positive self-regard so that they can effectively solve their
own problems.
HOW DO COGNITIVE AND
BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES TREAT
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS?
• Until the 17th century, the mentally ill were often
treated in cruel and inhumane ways. Reformers
such as Pinel campaigned for moral treatment.
p. 289
• Today, clinical psychology, which aims to help people suffering
from psychological disorders, lies at the center of the mental
health system structure.
HOW DO BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES
TREAT PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS? p. 284
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• Psychopharmacology, the study of how drugs
affect the mind and behavior, has led to the development of a wide array of psychoactive medications.
• Antipsychotic drugs treat disorders such as schizophrenia.
Typical antipsychotics (chlorpromazine and haloperidol) treat positive symptoms by decreasing dopamine activity. Atypical antipsychotics treat negative symptoms.
• Antidepressants alleviate depression by altering how neurotransmitters are circulated throughout the brain, usually serotonin and
norepinephrine.
• Benzodiazepines treat anxiety disorders by slowing down the
central nervous system, while lithium controls bipolar mood swings
for many sufferers.
HOW DO PSYCHODYNAMIC AND
HUMANISTIC THERAPIES TREAT
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS? p. 286
• Cognitive–behavior therapy aims to help people
change the way they think and act.
• With cognitive restructuring, therapists teach clients to replace
negative thinking with realistic and positive thinking.
• Behavioral therapy seeks to change the behaviors associated
with psychological problems using exposure treatments, such as
systematic desensitization, implosion therapy, and flooding.
WHAT FACTORS MAKE
PSYCHOTHERAPY AN EFFECTIVE
TREATMENT, AND HOW DOES IT
COMPARE IN USE TO BIOMEDICAL
TREATMENTS? p. 292
• In general, most people who receive psychotherapy report improvement; some therapy appears to be better than
no therapy.
• Psychotherapy often works because it provides clients support,
hope, and a new perspective on their problems. Clients must be
motivated to get better in order to improve.
• Psychodynamic therapies trace clients’ problems
to past experiences and focus on understanding
symptoms through clients’ personal relationships.
Test Your Understanding
1. According to the reading, which of the following is a relatively new
approach to helping those with severe mental illness?
a.
b.
c.
d.
assertive community treatments
mental institutions
almshouses
long-term hospitalization
2. Who of the following people is most likely to be able to prescribe
drugs for his or her patients?
a. a psychiatric nurse
b. a clinical psychologist
c. a psychiatrist
d. a clinical social worker
3. Which of the following would LEAST be considered a preventive
mental health measure?
a. educating the public about the effects of alcoholism
b. educating the public about ways to escape domestic abuse
c. providing shelters for abused women and children
d. providing work-life balance programs that attempt to reduce
stress
4. Which of the following people would be most likely to refer to
those they help with mental health concerns as “clients”?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a psychiatrist
a counselor
a clinical psychologist specializing in the biology of mental illness
a psychiatric nurse
5. Which of the following disorders is LEAST likely to be treated with
an SSRI?
a.
b.
c.
d.
depression
obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)
schizophrenia
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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6. Who of the following people would be most likely to study the
14. Which of the following is the best example of an aversive
effects of psychotropic medications in children?
conditioning approach?
a. a psychiatrist
b. a clinical psychologist
a. putting mittens over a person’s hands to prevent scratching
b. putting a bitter liquid on a person’s fingernails to prevent
c. a psychopharmacologist
d. a pharmacist
7. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the increase
in antidepressant prescriptions?
advertisements for antidepressant medications
preventive mental health programs
an increase in depression-related diagnoses
a decrease in the severity of side effects related
to antidepressants
8. Which treatment has largely replaced the used of barbiturates
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
treatment with benzodiazepines
treatment with MAO inhibitors
deep brain stimulation
9. A psychologist who treats patients using a combination of free
association and client-centered therapy is using what type
of approach?
a. psychoanalysis
b. humanistic psychotherapy
c. behavioral therapy
d. eclectic psychotherapy
10. Lydia begins crying during therapy, stating that she is angry her
mother left her family. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, what might Lydia be experiencing?
a. transference
b. catharsis
c. resistance
d. latency
is in treatment.
b. Behavioral therapy has been shown to be the most effective
c. cognitive restructuring
d. interpersonal psychotherapy
12. Marci is depressed over the breakup of a long-term relationship and
feels that she was not good enough for her ex and that he must
hate her. She has been calling him crying and on one occasion
threatened suicide unless he said he still loved her. Marci’s counselor works to help Marci understand that her ex’s breaking up with
her reflects his inability to commit. She also helps Marci think of
actions she can take that demonstrate this new thought. Which of
the following types of therapy is Marci most likely undergoing?
c. psychoanalysis
d. cognitive behavioral therapy
13. How might a counselor using flooding to treat a person who has
a fear of heights?
a. Make him stand on the roof of a tall building for an hour.
b. Get him into a relaxed state, and then have him imagine being
in a tall building.
c. Guide him to visualize floating in outer space.
d. Have him eat ice cream while standing on a ladder.
c. While psychotherapy is typically more effective than no
therapy, no one type of therapy is generally more effective
than the rest.
d. Psychoanalysis has been shown to be the most effective form
of psychotherapy.
16. The drug lithium is used primarily to treat:
a. schizophrenia.
b. major depressive disorder.
c. bipolar disorder.
d. obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).
17. Which of the following statements is most likely to be used by a
therapist or counselor using active listening?
a. I hear what you are saying but I don’t agree. Do you think you
could look at the situation in a different way?
b. It seems you are avoiding the topic. Do you want to talk
about why?
c. You seem tired. Can you explain why?
d. I hear you say you feel tired all the time. Do you want
to tell me about a specific situation?
18. To help her overcome her chronic self-doubt at work, Jasmine’s
therapist shows her movies in which women succeed at building
careers. What kind of therapy or approach might Jasmine
be engaging in?
a. exposure treatment
b. contingency management
c. operant conditioning
d. social learning therapy
19. Which of the following statements does NOT reflect the gestalt
therapy approach?
a. I feel sad that we have not spent time together recently.
b. You haven’t helped me feel better.
c. I feel angry that you are not coming to the baseball game.
d. I am happier when I express my feelings.
20. Kara’s sixth-grade teacher gives her a star-shaped sticker every
time she completes her homework. At the end of the week,
if Kara has five or more stickers, she can trade them in for an
extra 10 minutes of recess. Kara’s teacher is using:
a. a token economy.
b. social learning theory.
c. aversive conditioning.
d. cognitive restructuring.
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Psychological Therapies
ship with his father. He also discusses frustrations he has in his
relationship with his partner, Cary. His counselor helps him come
up with practical means to address his frustrations. What type of
counseling might John be undergoing?
a. humanistic therapy
b. gestalt therapy
a. Psychotherapy is less effective the longer a person
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11. In therapy, John discusses memories he has about his relation-
a. traditional psychoanalysis
b. gestalt therapy
15. Which of the following statements about psychotherapy is true?
form of psychotherapy.
in treating anxiety disorders?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a traumatic incident
d. show images of snake bites to a person with a fear of snakes
Answers: 1) a; 2) c; 3) c; 4) b; 5) c; 6) c; 7) b; 8) b; 9) d; 10) b; 11) d;
12) d; 13) a; 14) b; 15) c; 16) c; 17) d; 18) d; 19) b; 20) a
a.
b.
c.
d.
nail biting
c. making a person listen to loud music while talking about