Download Multidigit Computation and Finding Common Factors and Multiples

Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.1
Multidigit Computation and Finding Common
Factors and Multiples
Overview
Number of instructional days:
12
(1 day = 45–60 minutes)
Content to be learned
Mathematical practices to be integrated
•
Fluently divide multidigit numbers using the
standard algorithm.
Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
•
Fluently add, subtract, multiply, and divide
multidigit decimals using the standard
algorithm.
•
Attend to the meaning of quantities.
•
Make sense of quantities in problem situations.
•
Apply the properties of operations to generate
equivalent expressions (e.g., distributive
property and order of operations; see Table 3 in
CCSS Glossary for complete list).
Attend to precision.
•
Find the greatest common factor of two whole
numbers less than or equal to 100.
•
Use the distributive property to express the sum
of two whole numbers 1–100 with a common
factor as a multiple of a sum of two whole
numbers with no common factor, e.g., express
36 + 8 as 4 (9 + 2).
•
Find the least common multiple of two whole
numbers less than or equal to 12.
•
Strive for accuracy.
•
Communicate understanding of mathematics to
others.
Look for and make use of structure.
•
Apply and discuss properties.
•
Look for, develop, generalize, and describe a
pattern orally, symbolically, and in written
form.
Look for and express regularity in repeated
reasoning.
•
Look for mathematically sound shortcuts.
•
Use repeated applications to generalize
properties.
•
Give an example of a situation or mathematical
problem that would require knowing the
greatest common factor.
Essential questions
•
How is the standard algorithm for dividing
multidigit numbers related to a model of
dividing multidigit numbers?
Cumberland, Lincoln, and Woonsocket Public Schools, with process support from the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin 51 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.1
Multidigit Computation and Finding Common
Factors and Multiples (12 days)
•
How are the standard algorithms for adding,
subtracting, multiplying, and dividing
multidigit decimals related to models of adding,
subtracting, multiplying, and dividing
multidigit decimals?
•
Describe how place value and properties of
operations (composing/decomposing) are
evident in your algorithm.
•
How can you verify that your computation is
reasonable?
•
How are common multiples and common
factors different?
•
What is your strategy for finding the greatest
common factor?
•
What is your strategy for finding the least
common multiple? Why do you need a strategy
for finding the least common multiple and not
the greatest?
•
Give an example of a situation or mathematical
problem that would require knowing the least
common multiple.
•
Given an expression, how could you use a
property of operations to generate an
equivalent expression? Justify that your
expression is equivalent.
•
Describe how the distributive property works.
Use an example to explain your thinking.
Written Curriculum
Common Core State Standards for Mathematical Content
The Number System
6.NS
Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples.
6.NS.2
Fluently divide multi-digit numbers using the standard algorithm.
6.NS.3
Fluently add, subtract, multiply, and divide multi-digit decimals using the standard algorithm
for each operation.
6.NS.4
Find the greatest common factor of two whole numbers less than or equal to 100 and the least
common multiple of two whole numbers less than or equal to 12. Use the distributive property
to express a sum of two whole numbers 1–100 with a common factor as a multiple of a sum of
two whole numbers with no common factor. For example, express 36 + 8 as 4 (9 + 2).
Expressions and Equations
6.EE
Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
6.EE.3
Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions. For example, apply the
distributive property to the expression 3 (2 + x) to produce the equivalent expression 6 + 3x;
apply the distributive property to the expression 24x + 18y to produce the equivalent
expression 6 (4x + 3y); apply properties of operations to y + y + y to produce the equivalent
expression 3y.
Cumberland, Lincoln, and Woonsocket Public Schools, with process support from the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin 52 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.1
Multidigit Computation and Finding Common
Factors and Multiples (12 days)
Common Core Standards for Mathematical Practice
6
Attend to precision.
Mathematically proficient students try to communicate precisely to others. They try to use clear
definitions in discussion with others and in their own reasoning. They state the meaning of the symbols
they choose, including using the equal sign consistently and appropriately. They are careful about
specifying units of measure, and labeling axes to clarify the correspondence with quantities in a problem.
They calculate accurately and efficiently, express numerical answers with a degree of precision
appropriate for the problem context. In the elementary grades, students give carefully formulated
explanations to each other. By the time they reach high school they have learned to examine claims and
make explicit use of definitions.
7
Look for and make use of structure.
Mathematically proficient students look closely to discern a pattern or structure. Young students, for
example, might notice that three and seven more is the same amount as seven and three more, or they may
sort a collection of shapes according to how many sides the shapes have. Later, students will see 7 × 8
equals the well remembered 7 × 5 + 7 × 3, in preparation for learning about the distributive property. In
the expression x2 + 9x + 14, older students can see the 14 as 2 × 7 and the 9 as 2 + 7. They recognize the
significance of an existing line in a geometric figure and can use the strategy of drawing an auxiliary line
for solving problems. They also can step back for an overview and shift perspective. They can see
complicated things, such as some algebraic expressions, as single objects or as being composed of several
objects. For example, they can see 5 – 3(x – y)2 as 5 minus a positive number times a square and use that
to realize that its value cannot be more than 5 for any real numbers x and y.
8
Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.
Mathematically proficient students notice if calculations are repeated, and look both for general methods
and for shortcuts. Upper elementary students might notice when dividing 25 by 11 that they are repeating
the same calculations over and over again, and conclude they have a repeating decimal. By paying attention
to the calculation of slope as they repeatedly check whether points are on the line through (1, 2) with slope
3, middle school students might abstract the equation (y – 2)/(x – 1) = 3. Noticing the regularity in the way
terms cancel when expanding (x – 1)(x + 1), (x – 1)(x2 + x + 1), and (x – 1)(x3 + x2 + x + 1) might lead them
to the general formula for the sum of a geometric series. As they work to solve a problem, mathematically
proficient students maintain oversight of the process, while attending to the details. They continually
evaluate the reasonableness of their intermediate results.
Clarifying the Standards
Prior Learning
In kindergarten, students represented addition and subtraction with objects and added and subtracted
within 10.
In grade 1, students developed an understanding of two-digit numbers, and added within 100, including
adding a two-digit and one-digit number, and adding a two-digit number and a multiple of 10, using
concrete models and drawings. They subtracted multiples of 10 in the range 10–90 from multiples of 10
in the range 10–90, using concrete models and drawings.
Cumberland, Lincoln, and Woonsocket Public Schools, with process support from the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin 53 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.1
Multidigit Computation and Finding Common
Factors and Multiples (12 days)
In grade 2, students used addition and subtraction within 100 to solve one- and two-step word problems.
They fluently added and subtracted within 20 using mental strategies, and within 100 using strategies
based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between adding and subtraction.
In grade 3, students fluently multiplied and divided within 100, using strategies such as the relationship
between multiplication and division.
In grade 4, students fluently added and subtracted multidigit whole numbers, using the standard
algorithm. Students began to multiply two two-digit numbers, using strategies based on place value.
Students were able to find whole number quotients and remainders with up to four-digit dividends and
one-digit divisors, using strategies based on place value.
In grade 5, students fluently multiplied multidigit whole numbers using a standard algorithm. The divisors
increased to two-digit, using the same strategies. Students added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided
decimals (to hundredths) using models.
Current Learning
In grade 6, students are fluently dividing multidigit numbers using the standard algorithm. They are also
fluently adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing multidigit decimals using the standard algorithm
for each operation. Students apply the properties of operations (distributive property, order of operations,
etc.) to generate equivalent expressions (for example, 58 x 9 is the same as 50 x 9 + 8 x 9). Students find
the greatest common factor of two whole numbers less than or equal to 100, and use the distributive
property to express a sum of two whole numbers 1–100 with a common factor as a multiple of a sum of
two whole numbers with no common factor (see standard for example). Finally, students are finding the
least common multiple of two whole numbers less than or equal to 12.
Future Learning
In grade 7, students will apply and extend previous understandings of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division to rational numbers. Students will convert a rational number to a decimal
using long division; they will know that the decimal form of a rational number terminates in zeros or
eventually repeats. In grade 8, students will understand informally that every number has a decimal
expansion; for rational numbers, they will show that the decimal expansion repeats eventually, and will
convert a decimal expansion, which repeats eventually into a rational number. Rational numbers will be
further explored and expanded upon in high school.
Additional Findings
According to Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, “in grades 6–8, students should acquire
computational fluency—the ability to compute efficiently and accurately—with … decimals. Students’
understanding of computation can be enhanced by developing their own methods and sharing them with
one another, explaining why their methods work and are reasonable to use, and then comparing their
methods with the algorithms traditionally taught in school. In this way, students can appreciate the power
and efficiency of the traditional algorithms and also connect them to student-invented methods that may
sometimes be less powerful or efficient but are often easier to understand.” (p. 220)
Cumberland, Lincoln, and Woonsocket Public Schools, with process support from the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin 54 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.2
Understanding Statistical Variability
Overview
Number of instructional days:
10
(1 day = 45–60 minutes)
Content to be learned
Mathematical practices to be integrated
•
Recognize a statistical question as one that
anticipates variability in the data related to the
question and accounts for it in the answers.
Make sense of problems and persevere in solving
them.
•
Understand a set of data collected to answer a
statistical question.
•
Understand that a set of data has a distribution
that can be described by its center, mean,
median, spread, and overall shape.
•
•
•
Evaluate progress toward the solution and
make revisions if necessary.
•
Check answers using a different method and
continually ask, “Does this make sense?”
Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
Recognize that a measure of center, mean, and
median for a numerical data set summarizes all
of its values with a single number.
•
Attend to the meaning of quantities.
•
Make sense of quantities in problem situations.
Use appropriate tools strategically.
Recognize that a measure of variation, mean
absolute deviation, and interquartile range
describes how its values vary with a single
number.
•
Use tools to solve, explore, compare, and
visualize problems, and to deepen knowledge
and understanding.
Essential questions
•
What is an example of a statistical question?
•
•
What are different ways you can describe the
distribution of a set of data using measures of
center and spread?
How does the median help you summarize all
of the values in a data set?
•
How does range describe how the values of
data set vary?
•
What does the overall shape of a set of data
indicate?
•
What does the mean tell you about the data?
Cumberland, Lincoln, and Woonsocket Public Schools, with process support from the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin 55 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.2
Understanding Statistical Variability (10 days)
Written Curriculum
Common Core State Standards for Mathematical Content
Statistics and Probability
6.SP
Develop understanding of statistical variability.
6.SP.1
Recognize a statistical question as one that anticipates variability in the data related to the
question and accounts for it in the answers. For example, “How old am I?” is not a statistical
question, but “How old are the students in my school?” is a statistical question because one
anticipates variability in students’ ages.
6.SP.2
Understand that a set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a distribution which
can be described by its center, spread, and overall shape.
6.SP.3
Recognize that a measure of center for a numerical data set summarizes all of its values with a
single number, while a measure of variation describes how its values vary with a single
number.
Common Core Standards for Mathematical Practice
1
Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.
Mathematically proficient students start by explaining to themselves the meaning of a problem and
looking for entry points to its solution. They analyze givens, constraints, relationships, and goals. They
make conjectures about the form and meaning of the solution and plan a solution pathway rather than
simply jumping into a solution attempt. They consider analogous problems, and try special cases and
simpler forms of the original problem in order to gain insight into its solution. They monitor and evaluate
their progress and change course if necessary. Older students might, depending on the context of the
problem, transform algebraic expressions or change the viewing window on their graphing calculator to
get the information they need. Mathematically proficient students can explain correspondences between
equations, verbal descriptions, tables, and graphs or draw diagrams of important features and
relationships, graph data, and search for regularity or trends. Younger students might rely on using
concrete objects or pictures to help conceptualize and solve a problem. Mathematically proficient students
check their answers to problems using a different method, and they continually ask themselves, “Does
this make sense?” They can understand the approaches of others to solving complex problems and
identify correspondences between different approaches.
Cumberland, Lincoln, and Woonsocket Public Schools, with process support from the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin 56 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.2
2
Understanding Statistical Variability (10 days)
Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
Mathematically proficient students make sense of quantities and their relationships in problem situations.
They bring two complementary abilities to bear on problems involving quantitative relationships: the
ability to decontextualize—to abstract a given situation and represent it symbolically and manipulate the
representing symbols as if they have a life of their own, without necessarily attending to their referents—
and the ability to contextualize, to pause as needed during the manipulation process in order to probe into
the referents for the symbols involved. Quantitative reasoning entails habits of creating a coherent
representation of the problem at hand; considering the units involved; attending to the meaning of
quantities, not just how to compute them; and knowing and flexibly using different properties of
operations and objects.
5
Use appropriate tools strategically.
Mathematically proficient students consider the available tools when solving a mathematical problem.
These tools might include pencil and paper, concrete models, a ruler, a protractor, a calculator, a
spreadsheet, a computer algebra system, a statistical package, or dynamic geometry software. Proficient
students are sufficiently familiar with tools appropriate for their grade or course to make sound decisions
about when each of these tools might be helpful, recognizing both the insight to be gained and their
limitations. For example, mathematically proficient high school students analyze graphs of functions and
solutions generated using a graphing calculator. They detect possible errors by strategically using
estimation and other mathematical knowledge. When making mathematical models, they know that
technology can enable them to visualize the results of varying assumptions, explore consequences, and
compare predictions with data. Mathematically proficient students at various grade levels are able to
identify relevant external mathematical resources, such as digital content located on a website, and use
them to pose or solve problems. They are able to use technological tools to explore and deepen their
understanding of concepts.
Clarifying the Standards
Prior Learning
In grade 1, students organized, represented, and interpreted data with up to three categories. In grade 2,
students drew a picture graph and a bar graph (with a single-unit scale) to represent a data set up to four
categories. In grade 3, students drew a scaled picture graph and a scaled bar graph to represent a data set
with several categories. In grades 4–5, students made line plots to display a data set.
Current Learning
In grade 6, students recognize a statistical question as one that anticipates variability in the data related to
the question and accounts for it in the answers. For example, “How old am I?” is not a statistical question,
but “How old are the students in my school?” is a statistical question because one anticipates variability in
students’ ages. Students also understand that a set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a
distribution, which can be described by its center, spread, and overall shape. Finally, students recognize
that a measure of center for a numerical data set summarizes all of its values with a single number, while
a measure of variation (range) describes how its values vary with a single number. Note: Measures of
center and measures of variation are NOT standards covered in grades prior to grade 6. These standards
are part of a critical area of instruction in grade 6.
Cumberland, Lincoln, and Woonsocket Public Schools, with process support from the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin 57 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.2
Understanding Statistical Variability (10 days)
Future Learning
In grade 7, students will use random sampling to draw inferences about a population and to draw informal
comparative inferences about two populations. In grade 8, students will investigate patterns of association
in bivariate data. In high school, students will summarize, represent, and interpret data on a single count
or measurement variable. Students will also summarize, represent, and interpret data on two categorical
and quantitative variables. In addition, they will interpret linear models. Students will understand and
evaluate random processes underlying statistical experiments. Finally, they will make inferences and
justify conclusions from sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies.
Additional Findings
According to Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, “in the middle grades, students should
learn to use the mean…median and the mode, to describe the center of a set of data. Although the mean
often quickly becomes the method of choice for students when summarizing a data set, their knack for
computing the mean does not necessarily correspond to a solid understanding of its meaning or purpose
(McClain, 1999). Students need to understand that the mean ‘evens out’ or ‘balances’ a set of data and
that the median identifies the ‘middle’ of a data set. They should compare the utility of the mean and the
median as measures of center for different data sets…the teacher has an important role in providing
experiences that help students construct a solid understanding of the mean and its relation to other
measures of center” (pp. 250–251).
Cumberland, Lincoln, and Woonsocket Public Schools, with process support from the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin 58 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 1, Unit 4.3
Displaying, Analyzing, and Summarizing Data
Overview
Number of instructional days:
15
(1 day = 45–60 minutes)
Content to be learned
Mathematical practices to be integrated
•
Construct viable arguments and critique the
reasoning of others.
Display numerical data on a number line and in
plots, including dot plots (line plots),
histograms, and box plots (box-and-whisker
plots).
•
Summarize numerical data sets in relation to
their context by reporting the number of
observations.
•
Summarize numerical data sets in relation to
their context by describing the attribute under
investigation, including how it was measured
and the units of measure.
•
•
•
Justify conclusions and communicate
conclusions to others.
•
Reason inductively about data taking into
account the context of the data.
Model with mathematics.
•
Model data with different representations.
•
Apply proportional reasoning to make
predictions for larger populations.
Summarize numerical data sets in relation to
their context by giving measures of center (i.e.,
median and mean).
Use appropriate tools strategically.
•
Summarize numerical data sets in relation to
their context by giving measures of variability
(interquartile range and mean absolute
deviation).
Use technology (e.g., spreadsheets, graphing
calculators) to represent large sets of data.
•
Recognize strengths and limitations of
different data representations.
•
Use technology to visualize data, explore
effects of changes in data, and make
predictions.
•
Describe the variability of the data using
interquartile range and mean absolute
deviation. What measure of variability best
describes the shape of the data distribution?
Justify your selection.
•
Summarize numerical data sets in relation to
their context by describing any overall pattern
and any striking deviations from the overall
pattern.
•
Summarize numerical data sets in relation to
their context by relating the choice of measures
of center and the variability to the shape of the
data distribution.
Essential questions
•
What information can be easily seen from your
data representation (e.g., a box-plot will readily
show the variability of the data and its
median)?
Cumberland, Lincoln, and Woonsocket Public Schools, with process support from the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin 59 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.3
Displaying, Analyzing, and Summarizing Data (15 days)
•
What information cannot be obtained or readily
seen from your representation of data (e.g., a
box-plot will not reflect the actual data values
nor the number of data that was collected)?
•
What is the best way to represent your data?
Explain your rationale.
•
What measure of center, median, or mean best
describes the data? Justify your selection.
•
When the mean and the median are very
similar or close in value, what would that say
about the shape of the data? When the mean
and median are not close in value, what does
that tell you about the shape of the data?
•
How would you summarize the overall shape
of the data? What representation was most
helpful in seeing the overall shape of the data?
Explain your reasoning.
•
Explain any striking deviations from the
overall pattern and how they are reflected in
the representation.
Written Curriculum
Common Core State Standards for Mathematical Content
Statistics and Probability
6.SP
Summarize and describe distributions.
6.SP.4
Display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots, histograms, and box
plots.
6.SP.5
Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context, such as by:
a.
Reporting the number of observations.
b.
Describing the nature of the attribute under investigation, including how it was measured
and its units of measurement.
c.
Giving quantitative measures of center (median and/or mean) and variability
(interquartile range and/or mean absolute deviation), as well as describing any overall
pattern and any striking deviations from the overall pattern with reference to the context
in which the data were gathered.
d.
Relating the choice of measures of center and variability to the shape of the data
distribution and the context in which the data were gathered.
Common Core Standards for Mathematical Practice
3
Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.
Mathematically proficient students understand and use stated assumptions, definitions, and previously
established results in constructing arguments. They make conjectures and build a logical progression of
statements to explore the truth of their conjectures. They are able to analyze situations by breaking them
into cases, and can recognize and use counterexamples. They justify their conclusions, communicate them
to others, and respond to the arguments of others. They reason inductively about data, making plausible
arguments that take into account the context from which the data arose. Mathematically proficient
Cumberland, Lincoln, and Woonsocket Public Schools, with process support from the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin 60 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.3
Displaying, Analyzing, and Summarizing Data (15 days)
students are also able to compare the effectiveness of two plausible arguments, distinguish correct logic or
reasoning from that which is flawed, and—if there is a flaw in an argument—explain what it is.
Elementary students can construct arguments using concrete referents such as objects, drawings,
diagrams, and actions. Such arguments can make sense and be correct, even though they are not
generalized or made formal until later grades. Later, students learn to determine domains to which an
argument applies. Students at all grades can listen or read the arguments of others, decide whether they
make sense, and ask useful questions to clarify or improve the arguments.
4
Model with mathematics.
Mathematically proficient students can apply the mathematics they know to solve problems arising in
everyday life, society, and the workplace. In early grades, this might be as simple as writing an addition
equation to describe a situation. In middle grades, a student might apply proportional reasoning to plan a
school event or analyze a problem in the community. By high school, a student might use geometry to
solve a design problem or use a function to describe how one quantity of interest depends on another.
Mathematically proficient students who can apply what they know are comfortable making assumptions
and approximations to simplify a complicated situation, realizing that these may need revision later. They
are able to identify important quantities in a practical situation and map their relationships using such
tools as diagrams, two-way tables, graphs, flowcharts and formulas. They can analyze those relationships
mathematically to draw conclusions. They routinely interpret their mathematical results in the context of
the situation and reflect on whether the results make sense, possibly improving the model if it has not
served its purpose.
5
Use appropriate tools strategically.
Mathematically proficient students consider the available tools when solving a mathematical problem.
These tools might include pencil and paper, concrete models, a ruler, a protractor, a calculator, a
spreadsheet, a computer algebra system, a statistical package, or dynamic geometry software. Proficient
students are sufficiently familiar with tools appropriate for their grade or course to make sound decisions
about when each of these tools might be helpful, recognizing both the insight to be gained and their
limitations. For example, mathematically proficient high school students analyze graphs of functions and
solutions generated using a graphing calculator. They detect possible errors by strategically using
estimation and other mathematical knowledge. When making mathematical models, they know that
technology can enable them to visualize the results of varying assumptions, explore consequences, and
compare predictions with data. Mathematically proficient students at various grade levels are able to
identify relevant external mathematical resources, such as digital content located on a website, and use
them to pose or solve problems. They are able to use technological tools to explore and deepen their
understanding of concepts.
Clarifying the Standards
Prior Learning
In grade 1, students organized, represented, and interpreted data with up to three categories. Students in
grade 2 drew picture graphs, line plots, and bar graphs with a single unit scale to represent a data set with
up to four categories. In grade 3, students showed data by making a line plot where the horizontal scale
was marked off in whole number, halves, or quarters. Also, they drew a scaled picture graph and scaled
bar graph to represent a data set with several categories. Students in grades 4 and 5 displayed a fractional
data set, and used information presented in line plots.
Cumberland, Lincoln, and Woonsocket Public Schools, with process support from the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin 61 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.3
Displaying, Analyzing, and Summarizing Data (15 days)
Current Learning
In grade 6, students display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots, histograms, and
box plots (box-and-whisker plots). Students summarize numerical data sets by reporting the number of
observations, describing the way the data was collected, describing any overall pattern and any striking
deviations from the overall deviation to the shape of the data distribution within the context of the data
gathered.
While students have prior learning with representing and interpreting data, sixth-grade instruction will
begin to look at variability, summarizing, and describing distributions at a developmental level.
Instructional time should focus on developing statistical thinking in grade 6, as it is a critical area.
The PARCC Model Frameworks document (grade 6, p. 28) cites that working with data sets is an
opportunity to connect to estimation and mental computations. “For example, in a situation where there
are 20 different numbers that are all between 8 and 10, one might quickly estimate the sum of the
numbers as 9 x 20 = 180.”
Future Learning
In grade 7, students will continue with variability (mean absolute deviation). Students in grade 8 will
continue to construct and interpret scatterplots or bivariate measurement data to investigate patterns of
association between two quantities. In high school, students will represent data with plots on the real
number line (dot plots, histograms, and box plots) as well as to represent data on two quantitative
variables on a scatter plot, and to describe how the variables are related. They will also use the mean and
standard deviation of a data set to fit it to a normal distribution and to estimate population percentages.
Additional Findings
According to Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, “students…need to think about measures
of center in relation to the spread of a distribution. In general, the crucial question is, “How do changes in
data values affect the mean and median of a set of data?” Also, “students should consider how well
different graphs represent important characteristics of data sets. For example, they might notice that it is
easier to see symmetry or skewness in a graph than in a table of values. Graphs, however, can lose some
of the features of the data, as can be demonstrated by generating a family of histograms for a single set of
data, using different bin sizes: the different histograms may convey different pictures of the symmetry,
skewness, or variability of the data set. Another example is seen when comparing a histogram and a box
plot for the same data… Box plots do not convey as much specific information about the data set, such as
where clusters occur, as histograms do. But box plots can provide effective comparisons between two
data sets because they make descriptive characteristics such as median and interquartile range readily
apparent” (p. 251).
Cumberland, Lincoln, and Woonsocket Public Schools, with process support from the Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin 62