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The National Herald presents its special edition dedicated to
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OCTOBER24,2015
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OXI Day Special
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THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015
OXI Beyond WWII and Beyond Greece
By Constantinos E. Scaros
G
reek leader Ioannis Metaxas’ famous “NO
heard ‘round the world” to Italy’s Benito
Mussolini on October 28, 1940, regarding
the fascist dictator’s demand for Italian troops to
occupy certain regions of Greece for strategic purposes during WWII led to the subsequent celebration of OXI Day.
The fanfare and camaraderie, though largely but
not exclusively limited to Greece – as evidenced by
an opinion piece in this issue by U.S. Congressman
Bob Dold (R-IL) (see page 5) – needs to extend beyond a single event and even a single nation.
That the modest Greek forces stood up to Mussolini, a bully who aligned himself with the world’s
supreme bully at the time, Adolf Hitler, was a remarkable accomplishment in itself, rendered even
more noteworthy in that the soldiers’ battlefield
performance matched their off-field valor.
Speaking to that, Great Britain’s timeless statesman Winston Churchill said “Hence, we will not
say that Greeks fight like heroes, but that heroes
fight like Greeks.”
The significance of OXI, which earned Greece the
accolades of Churchill, the United States, and the
world, was twofold: 1) the righteous indignation to
stand up for oneself; and 2) the means by which to
back up that stance.
And on a host of issues spanning the globe nowadays, that is what good people – who comprise the
majority of every nation – need to do. To say OXI to
political corruption, violent religious zealotry,
greed, incompetence, and indifference. It is an
abomination that America, which continues to borrow almost half a million dollars per minute, risks
OXI Day was Greece’s “NO heard ‘round the world,” as captured on the New York Times’ front
page, Oct. 28, 1940. But OXI Day must be more than a celebration of past glories; it must be a call
to action by the people of many nations regarding an array of principled positions long ignored.
75 Years Later, OXI
Day Still Inspires
By Constantine S. Sirigos
In history’s long sweep, it
would appear to be folly to declare that one date stands above
all the rest. The dates of the battles fought between the flower of
the youth of great nations that altered its course, the lucky birth
“
“
“
“The free world watched as
one by one countries across Europe surrendered to Hitler’s Axis
forces. At 3:00 a.m. on October
28, 1940, a representative of the
Axis forces arrived at the Greek
prime minister’s residence and
demanded Greece’s surrender.
The prime minister replied with
one single word – Oxi – No.
“A few hours later, the Axis
forces descended on Greece, expecting that it would quickly fall,
but the Greek resistance forced
Hitler to change his plans. News
It is to the discredit of Europe
that only one of its top religious
leaders publicly challenged the
nazi’s plans for the holocaust.
That one was the Archbishop of
Athens and All Greece, Damaskinos. The significance of his actions has been documented the
Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.
The Archbishop’s response to
the threat of death by nazi firing
squad still inspires. He informed
the nazi officials that Greek clerics
are not shot, but hanged, and
asked that that they respect tradition. Time Magazine featured
him on its cover.
Hence, we will not say
that Greeks fight like
heroes, but that heroes
fight like Greeks…“If
there had not been the
virtue and courage of the
Greeks, we do not know
which the outcome of
WW II would have been.”
Winston Churchill
days and untimely deaths of great
men and women who shaped the
world we know are countless.
And who can say which days
were critical for the survival of
humanity in the time before there
were calendars and scribes?
But each nation and devotee
of history can nominate a mo-
I am sorry because I am
getting old and I shall not
live long to thank the Greek
People, whose resistance
decided WW II… You fought
unarmed and won, small
against big… You gave us
time to defend ourselves…
We owe you gratitude.”
Joseph Stalin
losing its sovereignty, that Greece has already
passed that point, and that millions in the Middle
East on the wrong side of the sword-wielders’ ideologies risk have their heads chopped off.
OXI, then, was brilliance in its simplicity: bold
words backed by bold actions. Today’s Greeks,
Americans, and leaders the world over can learn a
thing or two from the WWII-era Greeks.
Just as the critics of individuals on public assistance who falsify a claim and cheat the government
out of a few dollars extra on a welfare payment
miss the point when they don’t criticize – or even
recognize – the existence and abuse of corporate
welfare, i.e., welfare for the rich, so, too, is the
irony lost on Americans who condemn the Greeks
for having destroyed their nation yet fail to acknowledge that “there but for the span of a few
more years go I.”
We Greek-Americans should not be defensive when
our fellow Americans take cheap shots at the current state of the Hellenic Republic. It’s not that they
are entirely wrong, it’s that they are predominantly
clueless that their – our – own doom is not that far
away, either; whether the battlefield in question is
a military or economic one.
To many, OXI is a way to celebrate past glories
amid present embarrassment. Like a sports team
that hasn’t won a championship in decades saying:
“we were really something back in the day…”
Instead, OXI needs to be a call to action: not protest
for the sake of protest, but a principled and courageous response where circumstances warrant.
Then, perhaps, one day, an addendum to
Churchill’s unforgettable quote can be: “the people
sought and gained empowerment – how very
Greek of them.”
ment in time for special note. We
Hellenes can do the same.
Before October 28, 1940 the
future looked bleak. The literature of the Washington Oxi Day
Foundation, which is “dedicated
to informing American policymakers and the public about the
profound role Greece played in
bringing about the outcome of
World War II” describes the world
scene this way:
When the entire world
had lost all hope, the
Greek people dared to
question the invincibility
of the German monster
raising against it the
proud spirit of freedom,”
President Franklin D.
Roosevelt
of Greece’s victory flooded the radio airwaves and covered the
front pages of newspapers around
the globe. A grateful world celebrated – no one expected such a
small nation to derail the seemingly unstoppable Axis forces.”
The heroic acts of the Greek
people during WW II were not
limited to the battlefield, and they
were enacted at all levels of society.
THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015
OXI Day Special
LongLivetheHeroesandtheGlory
ofOctober28th1940
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OXI Day Special
THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015
We Salute the Heroes of «OXI Day»
Who Defied Fascism and Tyranny
«The heroic struggle of the Greek people to defend their
liberties and their homes against the aggression of Germany
after they had so signally defeated the Italian attempt at
invasion has stirred the hearts and aroused the sympathy of
the whole American people.» – President Franklin Delano
Roosevelt (AHEPA Member) to the AHEPA Supreme Lodge,
April 25, 1941
The American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association
Strengthening Communities since 1922
1909 Q Street, NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC 20009
www.ahepa.org
Are you a Member? Join Today!
OXI Day Special
THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015
5
German soldiers raising the German War Flag over the Acropolis. It would be taken down by Manolis Glezos and Apostolos Santas in one of the first acts of resistance.
German soldiers enter Athens in 1941.
German soldiers enter Athens in 1941.
OXI Then, and OXI Now
[U.S. Congressman Bob Dold
(R-IL), for the occasion of the celebration of OXI Day, October 28,
2015, shared his commentary
with The National Herald.]
Seventy-five years ago this
month, the Nazis were sweeping
through Europe with frightening
ease. The Nazi war machine
seemed horrifyingly effective as
country after country fell. This
was the backdrop on the early
morning of October 28, 1940
when the Axis forces requested
a meeting with Greek Prime
Minister Ioannas Metaxas.
Surely, when the emissary for
the Axis forces arrived in Greece
prior that made Prime Minister
Metaxas make his decision to
fight rather than allow that evil
be directed elsewhere. While
others in Europe chose to stay
out of the conflict in hopes they
would be spared, the Greeks
willingly inserted themselves
into the fray, costing hundreds
of thousands of Greek lives but
saving millions by continually
stunting and stifling the Axis
forces.
Greece’s refusal to aid and
abet Axis saved countless lives
as Greek forces fought heroically and prolonged the fight
longer than anyone imagined,
but Greece paid a terrible price
as well, losing practically an entire generation of men and
women. By war’s end, Greece
lost 10% of its prewar population – one of the highest totals
for any country during the fight.
As we remember OXI Day
and the Greeks’ bravery, let us
also remember the millions of
Greeks who perished so that
Adolf Hitler and he Nazis might
be stopped.
The story of OXI Day, while
well known to many Greeks
across our community, is a lesson that more of America would
do well to internalize. As we
look around the world and see
the troubling trend of rising
anti-Semitism across the globe
and the persecution of Orthodox
Christians and other religious
minorities in the Middle East,
we have two options: we can be
filled with despair and lament
that we are powerless to do anything to stop the work of evil
men, or we can learn from the
Greeks and say in a clear and
strong voice that, no we will not
tolerate this evil barbarity. We
can band together and say,
“OXI.”
Carter, DeLuca, Farrell & Schmidt, LLP
Intellectual Property Lawyers
445 Broad Hollow Road, Suite 420
Melville, New York 11747
Tel.: (631) 501-5700 • Fax: (631) 501-3526
Ζήτω το Επος του ’40
Ζήτω η 28η Οκτωβρίου
ab
By Rep. Bob Dold
to meet with Prime Minister
Metaxas, one can only assume
that they viewed their meeting
with the Greek leader as a mere
formality – that any sensible
country would have witnessed
the carnage brought upon Europe and would be desperate to
avoid bringing that home at all
costs.
The Axis’ agenda for the
meeting was short. They came
with only a simple demand:
Greece must unconditionally
surrender and allow the Axis
forces unfettered use of strategic
military sites or the Greek people would face war.
The Axis forces clearly underestimated the Greeks’ resolve. They did not understand
that the same people who, just
a decade earlier, had seen thousands of their friends, families,
and neighbors slaughtered by
the Ottoman Empire, would not
sit idly by while a new menace
terrorized a continent with
unimaginable cruelty. Despite
the Greeks having been warweary people, Metaxas shocked
the Axis powers by giving his
now famous one word answer:
“OXI!”
Perhaps it was precisely because the Greek people saw the
Ottoman Empire perpetrate the
first – and largely forgotten –
genocide of the 20th century
that Greece showed its resolve.
Maybe it was Greece’s face-toface confrontation with that
level of evil just a few decades
GEORGE LIKOUREZOS, Esq., [email protected]
THEODOSIOS KOUNTOTSIS, Esq., [email protected]
ΜΙΛΑΜΕ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ
OXI Day Special
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THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015
Voula Papaioannou: Photographer of the “Katochi”
Voula Papaioannou, along with Balafas, Meletzis and
Tloupas, is one of several prominent Greek photographers who came to maturity during the Occupation
and Greek Civil War. Her images from the Occupation
are unique documents of the period that skillfully transcend the demand for realistic information. Her photographs present the misery and pain of the occupation
as part of life, and her subjects are infused with the
breath of spontaneity.
The outbreak of war in 1940 marked a turning point in
her career, as she was intensely affected by the suffering
of the civilian population of Athens. Realising the power
of her camera to arouse people’s conscience, she documented the troops departing for the front, the preparations for the war effort, and the care received by the
first casualties. When the capital was in the grip of starvation, she revealed the horrors of war in her moving
photographs of emaciated children.
Voula Papaioannou was born in Lamia and grew up in
Athens (Greece). She began working as a photographer
during the 1930s, concentrating at first on studies of
landscapes, monuments and archaeological exhibits.
After the liberation, as a member of the photographic
unit of UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration), she toured the ravaged Greek countryside recording the difficult living conditions faced by
its inhabitants. She often exceeded her brief, immortalising the faces and personal stories of ordinary people
in photographs that stressed dignity rather than suffering. […]
Voula Papaioannou’s work represents the trend towards
“humanitarian photography” that resulted from the
abuse of human rights during the war.
Her camera captured her compatriots’ struggle for survival with respect, clarity, and a degree of personal involvement that transcends national boundaries and reinforces one’s faith in the strength of the common man
and the intrinsic value of human life.
THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015
OXI Day Special
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OXI Day Special
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THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015
October 28th: Silent Mobilization Caught Axis Powers Off-Guard
Dr. Kousoulas was Professor
Emeritus of Political Science at
Howard University in Washington, DC, author of several books
and numerous scholarly articles
and a close associate of TNH. His
articles were always “most read”
and was a source of inspiration
for Greek-Americans, as he was
passionate about Greek history
and a huge supporter of Greek
national issues as well as the Ecumenical Patriarchate.
During the war years,
Kousoulas was scheduled for execution on Monday, January 15,
1945 but the execution was postponed when the British commander Lt.Gen. R.M. Scobie signed
with the Greek Communist leaders a truce that came into effect
at midnight of January 14 to 15.
Kousoulas was awarded the
Golden Cross of the Order of
Phoenix by the Government of
Greece, the Medal for Exceptional
Actions for his participation in
the Resistance during Greece's occupation by the Nazi's, and has
been named Archon Deputatos of
the Ecumenical Patriarchate in
Constantinople.
He past away in July 2012.
The following article was published in October 2005 and we
are re-printing in his memory 10
years after.
itarily and diplomatically for the
oncoming conflict, her leaders
were squabbling over partisan
prerogatives and personal gains.
Parliamentary democracy had
become a victim to fierce political infighting.
For the British, Greece was a
vital country strategically because of her location in the
Mediterranean and proximity to
the sea routes to the East
through the Suez Canal. They
promoted the return of King
George to the throne after a 12year exile because he was a
friend of Great Britain and a
man they could trust. When all
efforts to bring a strong and cohesive government through the
parliamentary process failed,
King George and Prime Minister
Ioannis Metaxas suspended several articles of the Constitution
and established a dictatorial
regime on August 4, 1936.
When the war broke out in
September 1939, the Metaxas
government did not mobilize
the army and pretended to remain neutral, avoiding any
provocative act. But behind the
scenes, the government began
to send out "personal invitations" to the young men who
had completed their regular military training and who had gone
back to civilian life. The recipient was given specific information on the location of his mobilization center, and asked to
keep the "invitation" secret. In
this way, when the Mussolini’s
divisions attacked Greece on October 28, 1940 the Greek army
could be mobilized in a matter
of hours. Their weapons and
military equipment was already
stored in mobilization centers
waiting for them.
*
*
*
Most ordinary citizens in
sia, an affluent suburb in northern Athens. Metaxas, wearing a
night robe, opened the door
himself. He took his visitor to a
small sitting room, and there,
the Italian ambassador gave him
to read an official communication from the Italian Government. It read that, "as a guarantee of Greek neutrality, Greece
should allow Italian armed
forces to occupy certain strategic points… Should Italian
troops meet with resistance," the
Italian ultimatum continued,
"they have orders to suppress
such resistance by force, and the
Greek Government will bear the
ensuing responsibility."
Metaxas had expected this
moment. A few weeks earlier,
on August 15, an Italian submarine had torpedoed the Greek
cruiser Elli in the waters near
the island of Tinos, while honoring the celebration of the Dor-
By Dr. D.G. Kousoulas
Special to The National Herald
Greece is the only European
country which celebrates an
event of the Second World War
as one of her two national holidays. There is a good reason for
it.
The significance of Greece’s
heroic resistance to the Fascist
attack can only be understood
and appreciated when it is seen
in the context of what was happening in Europe at the time,
and of its eventual effect on the
defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces.
By 1933, with Hitler’s rise to
power, the ominous clouds of
war were gathering in Europe.
Inside Greece, the political leadership, as well as the nation itself, was sharply divided because of the disastrous feud
between King Constantine and
Eleftherios Venizelos over the
question of whether Greece
should have entered the war on
the side of the Allies or remained neutral in the First
World War.
At a time when Greece
should have been preparing mil-
For the next four years,
Metaxas made a serious effort,
with the country’s rather limited
resources, to strengthen its military forces, and to bring some
order to the economy. No dictator was ever popular in modern
Greece, and Metaxas was no exception. Still, there was little
overt opposition to his regime.
The Metaxas government
adopted some of the rituals and
symbols of the Nazi and Fascist
regimes, but it turned out to be
a deliberate attempt to create
the impression of a connection
to the totalitarian regimes in
Germany and Italy. It was a deception perpetrated with British
blessing.
Greece were taken by surprise
when, in the early morning of
Monday, October 28, they heard
on Greek radio a dramatic announcement that Italian forces
had attacked Greece, and that
"our forces are fighting in defense of our national soil." Just
the day before, the Italian embassy in Athens had thrown a
lavish reception, attended by
many high-level government officials, during which the Italian
ambassador raised a toast to
Greek-Italian friendship.
A few hours later, around
three o’clock in the morning, the
military attaché drove Italian
Ambassador Count Grazzi to
Metaxas’ modest home in Kifis-
mition. In late August, Hitler
and Mussolini had met in Vienna and settled, as they saw
fit, several territorial disputes
affecting Hungary, Romania and
Bulgaria. In mid-September,
while signing the Tripartite Pact
with Japan, Germany had
agreed that "Greece and Yugoslavia belong exclusively to
the Italian sphere of interest."
In early October, General Ion
Antonescu had overthrown King
Carol of Romania, and had invited German troops into his
country. Italian forces had already been in Albania, on
Greece’s northwestern frontier.
Metaxas did not hesitate. He
had already decided. Greece
OXI DAY
OCTOBER28,1940
On the 75th Anniversary of Oxi Day,
The Washington Oxi Day
Foundation
celebrates the profound role
Greece played in bringing about
the outcome of WorldWarII
and honors today those whose
David vs. Goliath courage,
like the Greeks in WWII,
canalterhistory and
preserve freedom and democracy.
www.OxiDayFoundation.org
Andy Manatos, President
Mike Manatos, Executive Director
Young members of the Greek National Youth Organization
EON hail in presence of Ioannis Metaxas. The Metaxas government adopted some of the rituals and symbols of the Nazi and
Fascist regimes, but it turned out to be a deliberate attempt to
create merely an impression of connection to the totalitarian
regimes in Germany and Italy.
was not going to surrender.
With a simple gesture, he gave
back to the ambassador the
piece of paper with the following response: "Alors c’est la
guerre," he said in French.
"Then, we are at war."
The Italian ambassador tried
some diplomatic talk. "Not necessarily. If you agree…" At that
moment, the old man in the
night robe carried the honor of
Greece, a history of three thousand years, on his frail shoulders. He did not use the word
"No," which a day later was used
by a Greek newspaper in a historic headline, "OXI." But what
he said meant exactly that. It
was an answer that would stand
forever next to Leonidas
"MOLON LAVE (come and get
it)" at Thermopylae.
The German dictator, who
was preparing "Operation Barbarossa" – the invasion of Russia
– was upset by Mussolini’s action. It was a complication
which could affect the Operation Barbarossa. He rushed to
meet Mussolini on October 28
at the Brenner Pass. He tried to
dissuade his Italian partner from
carrying out the operation
against Greece and instead to
plan a joint action to seize the
island of Crete, which was
strategically more important.
Mussolini assured him that
Greece would fall within days,
and after that, they could take
care of Crete. According to the
British ambassador in Athens,
Mussolini’s optimism had been
fed by Count Grazzi’s reports
which stressed Metaxas’ unpopularity, low profile and overcautious policies. Had the Italian
ambassador so grossly misunderstood Metaxas, or had he deliberately misinformed Mussolini? Whatever the case, the
Italian dictator was in for a
painful surprise.
After advancing a few miles
into Greek territory, the Italian
divisions were forced to retreat
by the mobilized Greek army,
which reached the front within
days thanks to the silent mobilization through the "personal
invitations." The Greek citizensoldiers may not have had the
superior weapons of the Italian
divisions, but they were fighting
for their country, for their freedom.
World public opinion, accustomed until then to read about
the dazzling successes of the
German army with its blitzkrieg
tactics, was astonished by the
Greek military resistance. The
Italians
had 59 infantry battalions,
400
artillery
pieces, 150
light tanks
and 300
airplanes.
T
h
e
Greeks
had 39 infantry battalions and
120 guns. They had no tanks,
but tanks were not very useful
in the mountainous terrain.
They had 115 planes, and only
half of them had been purchased in the previous three
years. Italian weapons superiority was soon rendered irrelevant. In the end, the fighting
came down to man-to-man
combat on the ground. Greek
officers and soldiers fought with
such determination that, by November 8, no Italian troops remained on Greek soil.
Events moved fast in the following weeks and months. The
Greek army liberated several
towns and villages inhabited
mostly by Greeks in the southern region of Albania known as
Northern Epiros. An offensive
launched by the Italian army in
the spring – with Mussolini present – failed dismally.
Metaxas died in January. His
last official statement was, "We
are determined to face a possible German attack by whatever
means and sacrifices may be
necessary, but in no way do we
wish to provoke such an attack.
In any event, we shall do our
duty." His reference to a possible
German attack was not idle talk.
Germany was now facing the
possibility of a British presence
in Greece, while Hitler was
preparing for the attack on Russia. In his view, Germany now
had to secure her flank in the
Balkans. The Italian war against
Greece, which may have appeared as a sideshow at first,
had now become a vital, negative element in Hitler’s war
plans.
The death of Metaxas had
left King George as the principal
decision maker in Greece. By
February, the threat of a German
attack was quite evident. On
February 17, Bulgaria, already
on Germany’s side, signed a
treaty of nonaggression with
Turkey, effectively taking Turkey
out of any involvement in favor
of Greece, if and when Germany
would attack. Next, Hitler
pressed Yugoslavia for permission to use its transportation facilities to move troops to Bulgaria. Initially, the Yugoslav
Government succumbed and
joined the Tripartite Pact, but
then it was overthrown in a military coup.
Early on April 6, German
planes blasted Belgrade mercilessly, while German armored
divisions crossed the Yugoslav
and Greek borders.
Again, the Greek army
fought valiantly and slowed the
German advance. It was on the
morning of April 27 that a long
column of motorcycles appeared
on the main thoroughfare going
through Kifissia to Athens.
Mainland Greece came under
Axis occupation.
But the island of Crete was
still free.
British units with troops from
Australia and New Zealand
were still there. Hitler now
needed to take control of Crete.
This posed a serious dilemma.
Any attempt to take Crete
meant a delay in launching the
attack on Russia, and this did
not seem wise. But then again,
it appeared equally dangerous
to leave Crete under British control and allow it to become a
strong Allied naval and air base.
After a long debate within the
German High Command, the
decision was reached to postpone Operation Barbarossa and
invade Crete. On May 20, 1941
hundreds of troop-transport
planes dropped German paratroopers on strategic locations
on the northern coast of Crete.
German intelligence had told
Hitler that the British forces on
Crete were weak and poorly
armed – which was largely true.
A swift victory was expected. Yet
those forces, together with local
Cretan inhabitants and the small
Greek military units stationed
in Crete, put up such a fierce
defense, it took the Germans
nine days and heavy losses to
gain control of the island.
By then, the launching of Operation Barbarossa was already
one month behind schedule. It
took one more month to shift
military units from the Balkans
to the Russian border. Finally it
was not until June 21, 1941,
that the attack on Russia was
launched.
Two years later, when the
fight in Russia was going very
badly for Germany, a Bulgarian
visitor asked Hitler if he would
have started Operation Barbarossa had he known how difficult it was going to be. "I
would have started earlier," he
replied.
The Greek resistance had undermined Hitler’s timetable. By
the time he was to be approaching Moscow, the Russian winter
had already arrived. The German army never entered
Moscow. Hitler’s war effort was
already doomed.
THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015
OXI Day Special
Weproudlycelebrate
"OXIDAY"
JOHNCATSIMATIDIS
ΖΗΤΩΗ28ηΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ1940
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OXI Day Special
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THE NATIONAL HERALD, OCTOBER 24, 2015
ΖΗΤΩ Η 28 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ 1940
BROOKLYN
NYMethodistHospital
STATENISLAND
StatenIslandOffice
506 6th Street
Brooklyn, NY 11215
Phone: 718.780.5065
Fax: 718.780.5085
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Staten Island, NY 10312
Phone: 718.356.4000
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