Download Ch. 24 Sec. 4 Toward Victory Text

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SECTION
Section
4
Step-by-Step Instruction
The Tide Has Turned
“
The tide has turned! The free men of the world are
marching together to Victory! I have full confidence
in your courage and devotion to duty and skill in
battle. We will accept nothing less than full Victory!
Review and Preview
”
Students have read about the sacrifices
made by Americans to support the
Allied war effort. Now they will learn
how the Allies won the war.
—General Dwight D. Eisenhower,
speech to troops, June 5, 1944
䊴
U.S. troops in Germany, 1945
Toward Victory
Objectives
• Learn how the Allies were finally able to
defeat Germany.
• Discover how a powerful new weapon
brought the war in the Pacific to a close.
• Explore the horrors of the Holocaust.
• Understand the consequences faced by
captured enemy leaders.
Reading Skill
Use Context to Determine Meaning
Here are additional clues to determine meaning.
Draw on your own experience or knowledge. Look
for contrast clues, in which a familiar word
contrasts with the unfamiliar word. Search for
synonym clues, in which a familiar word has a
similar meaning.
Key Terms and People
Harry S Truman
island hopping
kamikaze
genocide
war crimes
Why It Matters By mid-1942, the Allies had begun to turn
back Axis advances in the Pacific, in North Africa, and in
Europe. Ultimately, the Allies were victorious. After the
war, the United States assumed the lead in a new global
conflict—the Cold War.
Section Focus Question: How did the Allies win
World War II and what were the results?
Victory in Europe
In 1943, Russia was bearing the brunt of the Nazi assault.
Stalin urged the Americans and British to open up a “second
front” in Europe by invading France. However, Roosevelt
and Churchill did not think their forces were ready for such
a difficult task. Instead, they chose a more realistic goal—
removing Italy from the war.
Italy Surrenders In July 1943, American and British
troops crossed the Mediterranean from Tunisia. They swiftly
took control of the Italian island of Sicily. By fall, they were
fighting their way northward along the Italian Peninsula.
The king of Italy dismissed Mussolini from office. On
September 8, 1943, the new government surrendered to the
Allies. Even so, German troops in Italy continued to fight.
The Allies would face a long struggle before they finally
controlled Italy.
D-Day In 1944, Allied forces were ready to undertake the
invasion of France. Under the command of General Eisenhower,
the Allies carefully planned the landing. It would be an
operation of massive dimensions, involving thousands of ships
and aircraft.
On June 6, 1944—known as D-Day—more than 155,000
American, British, and Canadian troops crossed the English
Channel. They landed on five beaches at Normandy, in
western France. Troops at four of the beaches quickly overcame German opposition.
Section Focus Question
How did the Allies win World
War II and what were the
results?
Before you begin the lesson for the day,
write the Section Focus Question on the
board. (Lesson focus: They took the Germans
by surprise at Normandy and bombed Japan
with atomic weapons. When the Allies moved
into Poland and Germany they found that the
Nazis had been committing genocide. The Nazi
and Japanese leaders were tried for war crimes
and many of them were executed.)
Prepare to Read
Build Background
Knowledge
L2
Remind students that the United States
entered World War II more than two years
after it began. Ask students how the attitudes of American soldiers might have
been different from those of Allies who
had been fighting for several years. (Possible answer: U.S. soldiers were likely more
enthusiastic and hopeful about the outcome.)
Set a Purpose
■
Section 4 Toward Victory 821
L2
Read each statement in the Reading
Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to
mark the statements True or False.
Teaching Resources, Unit 8,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 47
Use the information below to teach students this section’s high-use words.
High-Use Word
Definition and Sample Sentence
vital, p. 824
adj. necessary; of great importance
Ratifying the Constitution was vital for the survival of the newly
formed United States.
efficient, p. 826
adj. acting effectively, without wasted cost or effort
Edison’s electric power plant provided industry with an efficient
source of power.
■
Have students discuss the statements in
pairs or groups of four, then mark the
worksheets again. Use the Numbered
Heads participation strategy (TE, p. T24)
to call on students to share their group’s
perspectives. The students will return to
these worksheets later.
Chapter 24 Section 4 821
ssahtech24c09naSW4_s.fm Page 822 Friday, September 28, 2007 11:26 AM
On Omaha Beach, however, Americans met an especially fierce
German defense. One American survivor of the assault later recalled
being wounded by a shell as he tried to come ashore:
Teach
Victory in Europe
shrapnel hit my right shoulder and leg. The explosion
“andTheconcussion
seemed to push me into the ground and
p. 821
Instruction
■
knocked the breath out of me. The force of the explosion
blew my helmet off and cut the corner of my left eye. . . . The
Germans were firing everything they could.
L2
”
Vocabulary Builder Before teaching
this lesson, preteach the High-Use
Words vital and efficient using the
strategy on TE p. T21.
—Roy Arnn, letter, November 10, 1990
By day’s end, some 2,500 American soldiers lay dead on Omaha
Beach. However, they had succeeded in their mission. Within a
month, a million Allied troops had stormed ashore.
On August 25, 1944, the Allies entered Paris. After four years
under Nazi rule, French men, women, and children greeted their
liberators with joy.
Key Terms Have students complete the
See It–Remember It chart for the Key
Terms in this chapter.
■
■
■
Have students read Victory in Europe
using the Oral Cloze strategy (TE
p. T22).
Ask: What was the significance of June
6, 1944? (June 6, 1944 is the date of the
Allied invasion of Normandy.)
Ask: Which of the military actions
described in this section would you
consider the turning point of the war
and why? (Possible answers: Italy’s surrender because Mussolini was an important
ally of Hitler. D-Day because it led to the
freeing of Paris. The invasion of Germany,
because Germans were taken over on their
own territory.)
Battle of the Bulge Allied forces pushed eastward. But on
Use Context to
Determine Meaning
Use clues in these
paragraphs to determine the
meaning of the word futile.
Explain all the clues you used.
Germany Invaded In January 1945, a huge Soviet force entered
Germany from the east. Soon, the Western Allies also entered in
large numbers from the west. While the Allied armies advanced on
the ground, their planes bombed German industries and cities.
On April 12, 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt died of a
stroke. His death shattered Americans. Many could hardly
remember anyone else as their leader. At a critical moment, Vice
President Harry S Truman was suddenly thrust into the highest
office in the country. Truman had little experience dealing with
important policy issues. Would he be a decisive leader?
Independent Practice
Have students complete the Study Guide
for this section.
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 24,
Section 4 (Adapted Version also available.)
Monitor Progress
■
December 16, 1944, the Germans counterattacked in Belgium. Hitler
poured his remaining reserves into the attack. Bad weather
grounded Allied aircraft for the first week of the battle. This allowed
German troops to create a “bulge” in the American lines.
The Germans came close to breaking through Allied lines. But, in
the end, their attempt to fight off defeat proved futile. German troops
were short of critical supplies, especially fuel. Also, though each side
lost tens of thousands of men, the Allies had additional troops in
reserve. Germany was running out of soldiers.
Fighting in Northern Europe’s coldest winter in 40 years, American forces won the Battle of the Bulge. Germany now lay wide open
from both east and west.
Victory in Europe Meanwhile, Germany was collapsing. On
April 16, Soviet troops began an assault on Berlin. Hitler took shelter
in a bunker built beneath the city’s streets. There, with his Nazi
empire in ruins, he committed suicide on April 30, 1945.
A week later, representatives of Germany’s armed forces unconditionally surrendered at Eisenhower’s headquarters in France. On
May 8, the Allies celebrated V-E Day, Victory in Europe.
As students complete the Notetaking
Study Guide, circulate to make sure students understand the significance of the
D-Day invasion. Provide assistance as
needed.
Anxious American soldiers wait to
go into battle.
Why was D-Day important?
822 Chapter 24 The World War II Era
Answers
The Allies surprised the
Axis Powers and began taking back
Europe.
Reading Skill The German
attempt to break through the Allied lines is
described as futile. The Germans were
badly outmanned and short of supplies. So
futile must mean effort that cannot result
in success, that is certain to fail.
822 Chapter 24
Differentiated Instruction
L1 Less Proficient Readers
L1 Special Needs
Check Understanding Check students’
understanding of the word invasion. Have
them rewrite the following sentence in
their own words: Thousands of soldiers
landed on the beach for the Normandy
invasion. Have students write three more
sentences about the D-Day invasion in
their own words to demonstrate their
understanding of the term. Have students
share and revise their sentences in pairs or
groups of four.
ssahtech24c09naSW4_s.fm Page 823 Friday, September 28, 2007 11:26 AM
Seeing the Main Idea
0°
20
D-Day,
June 6, 1944
500
KEY
0 miles
500
Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection
GREAT London
BRITAIN
Have students look at the map on p. 823.
Ask students to consider why the Allies
decided to start their invasion at Normandy. (Possible answers: It was near Allied
territory: Britain. Hitler was preoccupied to the
east with the Soviet Union, so he was weak in
the west.)
°E
60
0 km
E
40 °
20°E
°W
World War II in Europe
Main Axis powers, 1942
Greatest extent of Axis control, 1942
Neutral nations, 1942
Allied territory, 1942
Allied advances
60
°N
g
En
li
sh
Ch
an
Major battles
l
ne
N
UTAH
OMAHA
W
0 km 50
E
S
Sein
e
d y
N o r m a n
0 miles
50
Albers Conic Equal-Area Projection
World War II in Europe
(map)
Beach invaded on D-Day
R.
p. 823
FRANCE
NORWAY
FINLAND
Instruction
N
44
GREAT
BRITAIN
Battle
of Britain
London
See inset
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
a
Ba
NETH.
BELG.
1944
45
HUNGARY
ROMANIA
AL
RTU
G
Black Sea
ALBANIA
43
Salerno
TURKEY
GREECE
19
1944
Palermo
Yalta
1944
SERBIA
44
19
PO
194
BULGARIA
Anzio
43
Sicily
SYRIA
Tunis
TUNISIA
3
44
19
CROATIA
Rome
MOROCCO
Stalingrad
19
45
19
3
194
Warsaw
1945
MONTENEGRO
Algiers
3
194
1944
19
ITALY
SPAIN
19
SLOVAKIA
SWITZ.
SP. MOROCCO
Ask: What were the furthest reaches of
Axis power? (Finland and Norway to the
North, France to the west, northern Africa
to the South and into the Soviet Union to the
east.) Have students discuss how the
Allies could have accepted such a bold
undertaking before reacting. Use the
Idea Wave strategy (TE, p. T24) to elicit
responses. (Possible answers: It happened
gradually, so they did not realize its extent.
Hitler kept agreeing to stop, and they
trusted that he would. Allied leaders simply
were not prepared to consider the possibility
of such an extensive scope of military
aggression.)
SOVIET UNION
GERMANY
Vichy
40°N
■
S
44
45
19
945
1
Battle
of the
19
45
Bulge LUX.
FRANCE
1944
ic
1945
Paris
VICHY
FRANCE
lt
Berlin
1945
Dunkirk
Normandy
Have students examine the map on this
page. Point out the inset and keys. Ask
students to pay attention to arrows indicating directions and dates of troop
movements.
W
Moscow
CYPRUS
(Br.)
Mediterranean Sea
LEBANON
For: Interactive map
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mvp-8244
History Background
Bulge, German soldiers tried to sneak
behind Allied lines wearing American uniforms. American soldiers devised passwords to catch them. For example, “Who is
the husband of [movie star] Betty Grable?”
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 24,
Section 4 (Adapted Version also available.)
Monitor Progress
Section 4 Toward Victory 823
Secret Password During the Battle of the
Independent Practice
Have students continue to fill in the Study
Guide for this section.
After the massive Allied landing on D-Day, American and British troops
pushed steadily eastward toward Germany. At the same time, Soviet
troops were already advancing westward.
(a) Interpret a Map Describe the movement of Allied troops on D-Day.
Where did they go next?
(b) Evaluate Information Why were there no troop movements or
fighting in Spain?
L2
■
Se
DENMARK
IRELAND
map
E
19
SWEDEN
North
Sea
Leningrad
is a question an American sentry might
have asked. American soldiers knew to
reply, “Harry James”—a famous bandleader at the time. German spies who could
not answer the question were captured.
As students fill in the Notetaking Study
Guide, circulate to make sure students
understand the sequence of battles that
took place in Europe. If students do not
seem to have a good understanding, have
them reexamine the map. Provide assistance as needed.
Answers
(a) Allied troops departed
from Great Britain by sea and landed
along the coast of Normandy. They went
to Paris next. (b) Possible answer: Spain
was neutral.
Chapter 24 Section 4 823
ssahtech24c09naSW4_s.fm Page 824 Friday, September 28, 2007 11:26 AM
Victory in the Pacific
Victory in the Pacific
p. 824
The Battle of Midway in 1942 had halted Japan’s advance in the
Pacific. After that, the Americans went on the offensive.
Instruction
L2
■
Have students read Victory in the
Pacific. Remind students to answer the
Section Focus Question.
■
Discuss the strategy of the American
troops. (They island-hopped, jumping from
one island to another. The idea was that they
would gain control of strategic islands on
their way to Japan.) Ask: Do you think
this was an effective strategy? (Possible
answers: Yes, steady progress across the
Pacific proves it. No, There were too many
casualties for it to be considered effective.)
■
Have students identify the Japanese
strategy of kamikaze warfare. Ask: Why
might Japanese pilots have been willing to sacrifice their own lives in kamikaze attacks? (Possible answers: They
thought surrender was dishonorable. They
could be sure to damage to Allied ships.)
Island Hopping American commanders adopted a strategy
Vocabulary Builder
vital (Vì tuhl) adj. necessary; of
great importance
known as island hopping, in which American forces would
capture some Japanese-held islands and go around others. Each
island taken was a stepping stone toward Japan.
On August 7, 1942, U.S. Marines landed on Guadalcanal (gwah
dal cah NAL) in the south Pacific. Hampered by hunger and disease,
the Americans fought for six grueling months until they controlled
the island. The fierce combat on Guadalcanal was typical of what U.S.
Marines would face throughout the island-hopping campaign.
Navajo soldiers made a key contribution to the island-hopping
strategy. Using their own language, these code-talkers radioed vital
messages from island to island. The Japanese intercepted the
messages but were unable to understand the rare Navajo language.
In January 1945, army units landed on Luzon, in the Philippines,
and then advanced on Manila. After nearly a month of urban
warfare, the Americans secured the city. MacArthur had fulfilled his
promise to return to the Philippines. The Philippine
campaign cost the lives of over 14,000 Americans and
350,000 Japanese, as well as some 100,000 Filipino
civilians.
Douglas
MacArthur
1880–1964
The military was in Douglas MacArthur’s
blood. His father was a general who
had won the Medal of Honor during the
Civil War. As a young man, MacArthur
attended the Military Academy at West
Point. He graduated first in his class,
with the highest average in years.
MacArthur’s brave leadership in the
Pacific allowed him to follow in his
father’s footsteps. In 1942, he, too, was
awarded the Medal of Honor.
Biography Quest
How did MacArthur contribute to Japan
after World War II ended?
For: The answer to the question about
MacArthur
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mvd-8244
Japan Holds Firm Meanwhile, island-hopping
marines approached Japan. Their last two stops were
Iwo Jima (EE woh JEE muh), in February, and
Okinawa (oh kuh NAH wuh), in April. The
Americans paid a terrible price for the two islands.
Six thousand Americans died at Iwo Jima; twelve
thousand at Okinawa.
Even more startling, however, was the willingness of the Japanese to die rather than surrender.
Only 1 percent of Iwo Jima’s defenders survived. On
Okinawa, Japanese soldiers jumped off cliffs to their
deaths rather than be captured.
In the last days of the war, the Japanese
unleashed a deadly new form of combat. It was based
on an ancient code, which taught that surrender
dishonored a warrior. In kamikaze (kah muh KAH
zee) missions, suicide pilots crashed their planes into
American ships. These events convinced American
war planners that only a full-scale invasion of Japan’s
home islands would force a surrender.
After Hitler’s defeat in Europe, the Allies were
able to turn their full attention to the Pacific. By the
spring of 1945, American bombers were pounding
the Japanese home islands. American ships
bombarded the coast and destroyed shipping.
824 Chapter 24 The World War II Era
Differentiated Instruction
L1 English Language Learners
Answer
MacArthur issued directives that revived the economic health of
Japan, and reformed its politics in a way
that allowed democracy to be established.
He set Japan on a path to become a peaceful and prosperous nation.
824 Chapter 24
L1 Less Proficient Readers
Share an Opinion Review with students
the types of battle that took place in the
Pacific during the final stages of World
War II. Make sure they understand the
meaning of kamikaze warfare and the significance of the bombings at Hiroshima
L1 Special Needs
and Nagasaki. Organize the class into
small groups and have students share their
feelings about using such extreme measures to win a war. Use the Give-One, GetOne strategy to help students prepare their
answers.
ssahtech24c09naSW4_s.fm Page 825 Friday, September 28, 2007 11:26 AM
ahon09_sena_ch24_S4_s.fm Page 825 Saturday, July 7, 2007 4:09 PM
Instruction (continued)
World War II in the Pacific
■
Alaska (U.S.)
60˚N
SOVIET UNION
19
A l e u ti a n
1945
45
MONGOLIA
MANCHURIA
CHINA
Nanjing
ril
Shanghai
Okinawa
45
19
Chongqing
Burma
Road
19
45
19
ra
at
3
194
Tarawa
194
3
1,500
1,500
Solomon
Is.
Guadalcanal
1942
1942
Major battles
180˚
150˚E
■
Ask: Was it necessary to drop a second
atomic bomb on Japan? (Possible
answers: Yes, Japan did not surrender after
the first atomic bomb was dropped. No,
dropping just one bomb would have been
sufficient, once the Japanese had time to
understand its destructive power.)
Greatest extent of
Japanese control, 1942
2
120˚E
90˚E
AUSTRALIA
Have students consider why the United
States dropped atomic bombs on Japan.
(The Allies felt that they would be unable to
force a Japanese surrender using conventional means. Invading and occupying
Japan’s home islands would cost too many
lives, and take years to accomplish).
Areas under Japanese
control, 1942
Coral Sea
Coral Sea
■
Allied advances
Gilbert Is.
New
Guinea
0 km
0 miles
Robinson Projection
KEY
194
INDIAN
OCEAN
Ma
rsh
s.
m
Su
0˚ Equator
Wake I.
Caroline Is.
MALAYA
Ha
wa
ii
Pearl Harbor
lI
al
Philippine
Islands
Guam
Leyte
Gulf
19
44
Singapore
Borneo
Celebes
DUTCH EAST INDIES
Java
1942
Mariana
Is.
Saipan
194
4
Teaching Resources, Unit 8,
Concept Lesson, p. 54; Concept Organizer, p. 6
S
Midway Island
Iwo Jima
45
E
120˚W
THAILAND
FRENCH Manila
INDOCHINA
19
UNITED
STATES
W
OCEAN
Is.
BURMA
Formosa
PACIFIC
150˚W
Hong
Kong
N
an
44
INDIA
Is.
JAPAN
KOREA
Tokyo
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
1945
TIBET
30˚N
Dutch Harbor
Ku
45
19
Beijing
CANADA
Is .
Attu I.
After the Battle of Midway,
the United States took the
offensive against the
Japanese Empire in the
Pacific.
Millions of Japanese were short of food. Yet, Japanese leaders still
talked of winning a glorious victory.
The Atomic Bomb President Truman made plans for invading
Japan in the autumn. His military advisers warned him that the
invasion might cost half a million American casualties. In July,
however, Truman learned that a secret weapon—the atomic bomb—
had been successfully tested in the New Mexico desert. The new
weapon was so powerful that it could destroy an entire city.
On August 6, 1945, an American plane dropped an atomic bomb
on the city of Hiroshima. The destruction was like nothing the world
had ever seen. Within minutes, the blast and searing heat had killed
more than 130,000 people. Still, the Japanese refused to surrender.
On August 9, a second atomic bomb was dropped on the city of
Nagasaki. Some 35,000 people died instantly. Many more in both
cities would die slower deaths from radiation poisoning.
At last, on August 14, 1945, the emperor of Japan announced that
the nation would surrender. That day became known as V-J Day. On
September 2, 1945, MacArthur formally accepted Japan’s surrender
aboard the battleship USS Missouri, anchored in Tokyo Bay. World
War II was over at last.
L2
To help students better understand the
concept of technology, which is important to the understanding of this section,
use the Concept Lesson Technology.
Provide students with copies of the Concept Organizer.
(a) Interpret a Map How
close did the Allied
island-hopping campaign
get to Japan itself?
(b) Understand Sequence
Describe the troop
movements and
sequence of battles that
led to the recapture of
the Philippines.
For: Interactive map
Visit:
Web Code: mvp-8244
Independent Practice
Have students continue to fill in the Study
Guide for this section.
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 24,
Section 4 (Adapted Version also available.)
Monitor Progress
As students fill in the Notetaking Study
Guide, circulate to make sure students
understand the strategies of the war in the
Pacific and the significance of the Americans’ use of atomic weapons. If students do
not seem to have a good understanding,
have them reread the section. Provide
assistance as needed.
What was kamikaze warfare?
Section 4 Toward Victory 825
History Background
The Manhattan Project In June of 1942,
the United States combined its efforts with
those of the British and Canadian governments in a program that developed atomic
weapons. Code named “The Manhattan
Project” because many of the earliest
developments had been accomplished at
Columbia University in Manhattan, the
final development and testing was coordi-
nated from Los Alamos, New Mexico. Scientists in exile from homelands with Fascist regimes collaborated on the effort to
create the bomb. Just over a year later, on
July 16, the first nuclear bomb was tested.
The bombs were soon put to use on the
industrial cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, leading to Japan’s surrender.
Answers
(a) around 400 miles (b)
After fierce battles at Guadalcanal and the
Coral Sea, Allies recaptured New Guinea,
and then moved into the Philippines.
warfare in which suicide
pilots would crash into their target
Chapter 24 Section 4 825
ssahtech24c09naSW4_s.fm Page 826 Friday, September 28, 2007 11:26 AM
1945 These survivors of a Nazi death
camp can hardly believe they are free.
The Holocaust
p. 826
Instruction
L2
■
Have students read The Holocaust.
Remind students to use context clues to
identify the meaning of any unfamiliar
words.
■
Ask: What was the Holocaust? (The Nazi
genocide of millions of Jews, Poles, Slavs,
Gypsies, Communists, and people with
physical and mental disabilities) Ask: Why
did it happen? (Hitler had convinced his
followers and pressured others into believing
that these people were inferior and deserved
to die.)
■
■
Remind students that there were no war
crimes trials following World War I.
Ask: Why did the international community prosecute World War II war
crimes? (Possible answer: The genocide perpetrated in the Holocaust was one of the
worst crimes in human history.)
The Holocaust and Genocide
1945 Allied armies liberated the Nazi death
camps, exposing the full horror of the Holocaust.
People around the world asked how they could
prevent such genocide from happening again.
2004 Since 1945, genocides have occurred in such
places as Cambodia, Bosnia, and Rwanda. In 2004,
the U.S. secretary of state accused the Sudan
government of starving or murdering up to
50,000 people in the Darfur region.
Genocide in the Modern World When attempts
at genocide occur today, what actions do the United
States and the world take to stop them?
For: The continuing legacy of the Holocaust
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mvc-8244
Have students complete the worksheet
World War II Civilian Casualties.
The Holocaust
World War II was the bloodiest conflict in human history. It took
the lives of up to 60 million people, including about 400,000 Americans. Some two thirds of those killed were civilians. Still, some of the
worst horrors were not fully revealed until after Germany’s defeat.
Only then did the world learn the full extent of Nazi brutality.
Teaching Resources, Unit 8,
World War II Civilian Casualties, p. 52
Independent Practice
Have students complete the Study Guide
for this section.
Victims of the Nazis As you have read, Nazism was built on
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 24,
Section 4 (Adapted Version also available.)
Monitor Progress
■
As students complete the Notetaking
Study Guide, circulate to make sure students understand the extent of the
human destruction waged by the Nazis.
Provide assistance as needed.
■
Tell students to fill in the last column of
the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for
what they learned that confirms or
invalidates each statement.
■
Have students go back to their Word
Knowledge Rating Form. Rerate their
word knowledge and complete the last
column with an example.
Teaching Resource, Unit 8,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 47; Word
Knowledge Rating Form, p. 43
826 Chapter 24
Vocabulary Builder
efficient (ee FISH ehnt) adj. acting
effectively, without wasted cost or
effort
racism and extreme anti-Semitism. During the war, Hitler moved
beyond restrictions on Jews to what he termed the “final solution to
the Jewish problem”—the attempt to annihilate all Jews in Europe.
Some 6 million Jews were murdered under the Nazis. Entire families, from grandparents to infants, were wiped out. This mass slaughter
is today known as the Holocaust. As a result of the Holocaust, a
new word entered the English language: genocide. Genocide is the
deliberate attempt to wipe out an entire nation or group of people.
Other groups also became victims of the Nazis. The Nazis
murdered millions of Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, communists, and people
with physical or mental disabilities.
Death Camps The Nazis developed an efficient system of mass
murder. They built six death camps in Poland. Millions of women,
men, and children were transported to these camps in railway cattle
cars. Hundreds at a time were killed in gas chambers. Others were
subjected to torture or horrifying medical experiments.
826 Chapter 24 The World War II Era
Differentiated Instruction
L3 Advanced Readers
L3 Gifted and Talented
Explore the Question Have students
complete the worksheet Impact of the
United States on World War II to understand how the United States helped the
Allies to victory in World War II. Have
students share their findings with the
class.
Teaching Resources, Unit 8,
Impact of the United States on World War II, p.
50
ssahtech24c09naSW4_s.fm Page 827 Friday, September 28, 2007 11:26 AM
6TK
As Allied soldiers liberated the death camps, they were shocked
by the sight and smell of piles of corpses. The survivors were living
skeletons. One American radio reporter told his listeners:
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04
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In another part of the camp they showed me the children,
“hundreds
of them. Some were only 6 years old. One rolled
Im
age
up his sleeves, showed me his number. It was tattooed on
his arm. B-6030, it was. The others showed me their
numbers. They will carry them till they die. . . . I could see
their ribs through their thin shirts.
”
—Edward R. Murrow, PM, April 16, 1945
Murrow concluded, “I reported what I saw and heard, but only part
of it. For most of it, I have no words.”
Assess and Reteach
Assess Progress
Have students complete Check Your
Progress. Administer the Section Quiz.
Teaching Resources, Unit 8,
Section Quiz, p. 58
To further assess student understanding,
use the Progress Monitoring Transparency.
Progress Monitoring Transparencies,
Chapter 24, Section 4
War Crimes Trials Shocked by the Holocaust and other Nazi
actions, the Allies took an unprecedented step. For the first time in
history, victors in a war prosecuted leaders of the losing side for war
crimes. War crimes are wartime acts of cruelty and brutality that are
judged to be beyond the accepted rules of war and human behavior.
In the German city of Nuremberg, Allied judges tried prominent
Nazis for plunging the world into war and for the horrors of the
death camps. In 1946, at the first Nuremberg Trials, 12 defendants
were sentenced to death by hanging. Similar trials were held in
Manila and Tokyo to try leaders of the Japanese war machine.
Reteach
A veteran visits the National World
War II Memorial.
L1
If students need more instruction, have
them read this section in the Interactive
Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and
complete the accompanying question.
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 24,
Section 4 (Adapted Version also available.)
Which people were killed in Nazi death camps?
Extend
Looking Back and Ahead After World War I, the United
States returned to isolationism. But after World War II, Americans
accepted a new role in the world. In the next chapter, you will see
how the nation took the lead in a long global conflict—the Cold War.
Section 4
Check Your Progress
L2
For: Self-test with instant help
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mva-8244
Comprehension
and Critical Thinking
Reading Skill
5. Pilots who carried out _____
missions were certain to die.
3. Use Context to Determine
6. The _____ campaign allowed
Meaning Reread the paragraph
1. (a) Identify What was D-Day?
Allied forces to inch slowly toward
with the subheading “Victims of
What did it accomplish?
Japan.
the Nazis.” Use different clues to
(b) Draw Conclusions What do
determine the meaning of annihi- 7. The Nazi attempt to exterminate
you think might have happened if
Jews was an example of _____.
late. Explain all the clues you used
the D-Day landing had failed?
and where you found them.
2. (a) Recall Why did the United
Writing
States decide to drop the atomic Key Terms
8. Create an outline that would
bomb on Hiroshima?
develop the following thesis
Fill in the blanks with the correct key
(b) Identify Alternatives What
statement for a multimedia
terms from this chapter.
other courses might the Americans
report: “The D-Day landing was
4. The leaders who planned the Nazi
have followed? Do you think the
the single most decisive battle in
death camps were executed for
decision to drop the bomb
World War II.” Be sure to include
_____.
was justified?
ideas for media materials.
L3
Have students use the Internet to research
the Whitwell Middle School Paperclip
Project—an activity performed by the students to raise awareness of the effects of
the Holocaust. Then have students prepare
a presentation about the project to present
to the school.
For: Help in starting Extend activity
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mve-0166
Progress Monitoring Online
Students may check their comprehension of this section by completing the
Progress Monitoring Online graphic
organizer and self-quiz.
Section 4 Toward Victory 827
Answer
Section
4 Check Your Progress
1. (a) D-day was the invasion of the beach-
es at Normandy on June 6, 1944. It took
the Germans by surprise and was a
turning point in the war for the Allies.
(b) The Germans might have won the
war.
2. (a) Leaders felt that continuing conven-
tional warfare in the Pacific would be
too risky and less effective.
(b) Possible answers: Continued island
hopping and air strikes, a D-day type
invasion of Japan. Yes, Japan was not
going to surrender otherwise. No, its
effects were too devastating.
3. Possible answer: The second paragraph
provides synonyms—murder, massslaughter, genocide. All together, these
clues suggest that annihilate means “to
completely destroy and get rid of.”
Jews, Poles, Slavs, Gypsies,
Communists, and people with physical or
mental disabilities
8. Students’ outlines should contain details
that support the thesis, and at least three
ideas for media materials.
4. war crimes
5. kamikaze
6. island-hopping
7. genocide
Chapter 24 Section 4 827