Download Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and

Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and
Animals: Reproduction and Development 0.3
by CHED on June 17, 2017
lesson duration of 2 minutes
under General Biology 2
generated on June 17, 2017 at 10:43 pm
Tags: Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals: Reproduction and Development
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Generated: Jun 18,2017 06:43 AM
Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals: Reproduction and
Development 0.3 ( 2 hours and 2 mins )
Written By: CHED on July 18, 2016
Subjects: General Biology 2
Tags: Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals: Reproduction and Development
Resources
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Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
1. Plant and Animal Organ Systems and their Functions
2. Feedback Mechanisms
Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to:
develop a presentation (e.g. role-playing, dramatization and other forms of multimedia) to show how an organism
maintains homeostasis through the interaction of the various organ systems in the body
Learning Competencies
Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction, development, nutrition, gas
exchange, transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory
and motor mechanisms
Introduction 5 mins
Communicating Learning Objectives
1. Introduce the following learning objectives using any of the suggested protocols (Verbatim, Own words, Readaloud)
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I. I can enumerate the different types of reproductive cycles.
II. I can illustrate the life cycles of algae, moss, fern, and flowering plant.
III. I can describe double fertilization in flowering plants.
IV. I can explain processes in plant development
Relevant Vocabulary
1. Gametophyte - Stage of the life cycle of a plant that is haploid; stage that produces gametes via mitosis; these
gametes fuse to form a zygote that develops into a sporophyte
2. Sporophyte - Stage of the life cycle of a plant that is diploid; it is the most recognizable structure in most flowering
plants; it produces haploid spores by meiosis in structures called sporangia
3. Haplontic life cycle - Life cycle where the haploid stage (gametophyte) is multicellular and the only diploid stage is
the fertilized egg cell
4. Haplodiplontic life cycle - Life cycle that includes multicellular diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte)
generations
5. Diplontic life cycle - Life cycle where the diploid stage (sporophyte)is multicellular and the haploid stage
(gametophyte) is represented by the single-celled gametes
6. Angiosperms - Also known as flowering plants; group of plants that produce reproductive structures called flowers
in their sporophyte stages
7. Flower - Reproductive structure in flowering plants; made up of four major whorls
8. Sepals - The outermost whorls of a flower; collectively called the calyx
9. Petals - Whorl inner to the sepals; may be brightly colored in some; collectively called the corolla
10. Stamen - Whorl inner to the petals; the male reproductive structure of the flower; bears the male sporangia (also
known as microsporangia)
11. Anther
Anther - Part of the stamen that contains the microsporangia that develops into pollen grains
12. Filament - Part of the stamen that serves as the stalk of the anther
13. Pistil or carpels - Innermost whorl of the flower; the female reproductive structure of the flower; bears the female
sporangia (also known as the megasporangia)
14. Stigma - Part of the pistil where the pollen grain derived from the microsporangium attaches during pollination
15. Style - Part of the pistil that serves as the stalk of the stigma; leads to the ovary
16. Ovary - Found at the base of the pistil; contains one or more ovules; eventually becomes the fruit
17. Ovule - Contains the female sporangia or megasporangia; eventually becomes the seed
18. Complete flower - A flower with sepals, petals, stamens and carpels
19. Incomplete flower - A flower that lacks one or more of the floral whorls
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20. Perfect flower - A flower that has both stamens and carpels; a bisexual structure
21. Imperfect flower - A flower that has only either the stamens (staminate flower) or the carpels (carpellate flower);
also known as a unisexual flower
22. Monoecious plant - A plant having perfect flowers or both staminate and carpellate flowers on the same
individual
23. Dioecious plant - A plant having only either the staminate or carpellate flower
24. Pollination - The placement of the pollen grain from the anther to the stigma of a carpel
25. Pollen grain - The immature male gametophyte that develops within the anthers of stamens; derived from the
microsporocytes inside the microsporangia of anthers. Inside the mature pollen grain, there is a tube cell and a
generative cell. The tube cell develops into the pollen tube as it enters the style and eventually enters the micropyle of
the ovule. The generative cell divides into two sperm nuclei and traverses the pollen tube
26. Embryo sac - The female gametophyte found inside the ovule; derived from the megasporocyte inside the
megasporangia; a mature embryo sac contains 8 nuclei. Eventually, these nuclei become enveloped by membranes to
become real cells. These are the one egg cell; two synergids that flank the egg; two polar cells that are often fused;
and three antipodals opposite the synergids and egg.
27. Micropyle - The opening through the integuments of the ovule that surrounds the embryo sac; this is where the
pollen tube enters in order to reach the embryo sac
28. Endosperm - Part of the mature seed that is derived from the fusion of the sperm nucleus and the two polar nuclei
of the embryo sac. This becomes a nutritive tissue with triploid cells that serves to store food for the developing
embryo
29. Zygote - Part of the mature seed that forms as a result of the fusion of the egg and one of the sperm nuclei
30. Cotyledon - Embryonic leaf that forms inside the seed
31. Monocot - A plant with only one cotyledon inside its seed (monocotyledonous)
32. Dicot - A plant with two cotyledons inside its seed (dicotyledonous)
33. Seed germination - Process that transforms a seed into a seedling
34. Imbibition - The first step in seed germination; absorption of water
35. Radicle - Embryonic root that emerges from the seed
36. Plumule - Embryonic shoot that emerges from the seed and breaks through the soil surface
37. Epicotyl - Part of the plumule above the cotyledon
38. Hypocotyl - Part of the plumule below the cotyledon
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Instruction 115 mins
1. Divide the class into groups of four and will assign each group to bring flowers and fruits to class. The flowers
(particularly gumamela) and fruits will be used during the delivery of the lesson.
2. Describe the general life cycle of plants: The mature, multicellular organism is a diploid sporophyte. Later, some
cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes which are then released. Gametes fuse and form the zygote which
develops by mitosis to become the multicellular diploid sporophyte.
3. In some plants, the dominant part of the life cycle is a multicellular, haploid gametophyte ( all cells have a haploid
chromosome number). Mitosis releases individual cells that can act like gametes (gamete are produced by mitosis).
The following terms should be mentioned: Gametophyte, Gametangia, Sporophyte, Sporangia
4. Describe the different types of life cycles:
I. Haplontic life cycle
A. Show life cycle of the green alga Chara
i. Chara is a multicellular green alga related to higher plants because it has both chlorophyll a and b and produce plant
starch. Its dominant stage is a multicellular haploid stage which produces gametes that eventually fuse to form
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unicellular zygotes. Each zygote then undergoes meiosis to become haploid, after which it undergoes mitosis to
become the multicellular organism.
II. Haplodiplontic life cycle
A. Show life cycle of a moss (use figure 3 at the end of the document as reference)
i. A moss has a multicellular haploid (gametophyte) stage that produces gametes. These gametes fuse to produce a
zygote that undergoes mitosis to produce a multicellular sporophyte. Within a part of the sporophyte called the
capsule, cells undergo meiosis to produce meiospores. These spores are eventually released and germinate by
dividing mitotically to become a multicellular gametophyte.
III. Diplontic life cycle
A. Type of life cycle found in flowering plants (and in most animals). The organism is in the diploid stage ( all cells are
diploid in chromosome number) except for mature, haploid sex cells which are called gametes.
5. The flower
I. The four major whorls
A. Sepals
B. Petals
C. Stamen with Anther and Filament
D. Carpels- with Stigma, Style, Ovary and Ovule
II. Types of flowers based on the presence of the whorls
A. Complete
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B. Incomplete
III. Types of flowers based on the presence of reproductive whorls
A. Perfect / Bisexual
B. Imperfect / Unisexual
i. Staminate flower
ii. Carpellate flower
Exercise:
Exercise: use the exercise given at the end of this section to identify different floral parts.
Plant types based on the presence of reproductive structures: Monoecious or Dioecious
Development in flowering plants
I. Gametophyte - Development through gametogenesis (use figure 6 to illustrate gametogenesis in flowering plants)
A. Male gametophyte - The microsporangium in the anther contains numerous microsporocytes. Each microsporocyte
will undergo meiosis to produce four haploid microspores each microspore develops into a pollen grain (containing two
sperm nuclei and one tube nucleus)
B. Female gametophyte - The megasporangium in the ovule contains megasporocytes. One megasporocyte will
undergo meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores three megaspores degenerate remaining megaspore divides
mitotically three times, an embryo sac with eight haploid nuclei membranes partition to make the embryo sac
multicellular
II. Pollination
A. Transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma
B. May be animal-aided or wind-aided
III. Double fertilization
A. Inside a pollen grain there is a tube cell and generative cell generative cell divides to produce two sperm cells while
the tube cell becomes pollen tube pollen tube elongates along the style and penetrates the ovule in the ovary via the
micropyle (an opening) pollen tube discharges the sperm cells into the embryo sac inside the ovule one sperm unites
with the egg to form the zygote while the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei to become the endosperm, which
serves as food of the early embryo
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IV. Embryo development (embryogenesis)
A. Zygote divides mitotically to produce the proembryo and suspensor, which anchors the proembryo and transfers
nutrients from the parent plant to it cotyledons appear on the proembryo (monocots have only one cotyledon whereas
dicots have two) proembryo elongates into an embryo.
V. Maturation of ovary and ovule
A. Ovary matures into fruit while the ovule becomes the seed. The seed may become dormant for some time.
VI. Seed germination
A. Transformation of seed to seedling
B. Seed undergoes imbibition to break dormancy nutrients stored in the endosperm or cotyledons are digested and
transferred to the growing regions of the embryo to primary meristems (protoderm, ground meristem, procambium)
develop to radicle emerges to plumule breaks through the soil surface
i. Epigeal germination occurs when the cotyledon emerges above ground, thereby exposing the hypocotyl of the
plumule.
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ii. Hypogeal germination occurs when the cotyledon remains below ground, thereby concealing the hypocotyl.
VII. Seedling growth to mature plant
A. Primary meristems differentiate to become the different plant tissues
Enrichment 1 mins
1. What could be the significance of the ability of flowering plants to produce seeds? What advantages does a seed
provide?
2. What is the advantage of having seeds covered in fruits?
Teacher Tip: Seeds can be dormant when conditions become harsh or dry, then germinate when conditions
become favorable, i.e. presence of moisture. Fruits allow better dispersal of the seeds in order to minimize
competition for resources with their parents. Fruits encourage animals to consume them, discarding the
seeds in the process. Other fruits physically disperse the seeds, as seen in the “wings” of the fruits of
dipterocarps, also known as samara
Exercise 1 mins
Materials
1. Gumamela flower
2. Scalpel blade or sharp pencil
3. Optional: other available flowers
Procedure
1. Obtain a flower of gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis).
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2. Locate the outermost floral whorl. You can find it at the base of the flower and resembles a green crown. These are
the sepals, collectively called the calyx. Inner to the sepals but extending beyond them are the prominent petals,
collectively known as the corolla.
3. At the center of the flower is a prominent tube. This is called the staminal tube. Surrounding the tube are minute
stalks with yellow bulbous tips. These are the stamens. The bulbous tips are the anthers containing the
microsporangia while the stalks are the filaments.
4. At the very tip of the staminal tube are five bulbous structures, each borne on a stalk that fuses with the other stalks
as they go down the staminal tube. The structures at the tips are the stigmas of the carpels while the stalks are the
style.
5. Remove the petals carefully so as not to damage the base. Using a scalpel blade or the sharp end of a pencil, make
an incision from the tip of the staminal tube down to the base. Carefully open the staminal tube to reveal the rest of the
fused styles. Follow the styles until they terminate at the base. This base is the ovary.
6. Draw the flower and label the following parts: petals, sepals, stamens, anther, filament, carpels, stigma, style, and
ovary.
7. Optional investigation: do the same for other flowers available. Draw and label the parts. Using all the flowers used
in this exercise, classify them as to whether they are complete or incomplete, perfect or imperfect.
Table 1. Fates of the primary meristems in flowering plant development
Download Teaching Guide Book 0 mins
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