Download photosynthesis and respiration and flow of energy

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION AND FLOW OF ENERGY CHEAT SHEET
All of Earth's living things are comprised of cells. There is a variety of different cells, each of which perform a variety of functions necessary for the
life of living things. Find a comparison of photosynthesis and cellular respiration to help you better understand how this vital life process works.
What are the Differences Between The Two Processes?
There are a few key differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis:
Cellular Respiration:
*Only plants, some protists, and some bacteria perform
*All living organisms experience cellular respiration.
photosynthesis; these organisms are called
*This process converts the food created by photosynthesis
producers/autotrophs.
into energy which is then utilized by living organisms.
*This process involves making food by using sunlight.
including plants.
In order to produce glucose, this process requires energy.
*This process has an ANAEROBIC step called glycolysis that
*In plants and protists, this process occurs within the
is used by anaerobic and aerobic organisms and an
chloroplasts, the chlorophyll-containing .
AEROBIC step called oxidative respiration that is used only
*This process has two parts: the light independent reaction
by aerobic organisms when oxygen is available.
(aka Calvin Cycle) that occurs in the stroma of the
*This process creates energy (ATP) by breaking down the
chloroplast and involves the fixing of carbon dioxide and
bonds in glucose.
the light dependent reaction which occurs on the thylakoid
*Glucose supplies chemical energy while ATP supplies
membranes of the chloroplast and involves the capture of
mechanical energy.
sun energy by chlorophyl molecules which generates the
*Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm while oxidative
ATP and NADPH used in the Calvin Cycle.
respiration occurs within the mitochondria.
*In order to release oxygen back into the atmosphere and
*When sugars are reacted with oxygen, water, carbon
create sugar, this process requires water, sunlight, and
dioxide and energy in the form of ATP are released as
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
byproducts.
Glycolysis Glycolysis literally means "_____-splitting." In glycolysis, the ____-carbon sugar glucose is split into ___ molecules of pyruvate, also called
______acid. This process produces a net gain of _____ ATP molecules. Theresulting molecules of pyruvate each have
carbon atoms.
Glycolysis takes place in the cell's _______. The remainder of cellular respiration takes place in organelles called ____________.
The Krebs Cycle The Krebs Cycle takes place in the fluid-filled area inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria known as the ________. Some
________and other energy carrying molecules (_______ and _______) are produced here. The gas ___________
is a byproduct of this
process.
The Electron Transport Chain Most of the ______is produced in this last step of cellular respiration. Electron transport takes place in the infoldings
of the inner-membrane of the mitochondria. These infoldings are called_______. At the end of electron transport,_______ combines with
hydrogen ions and______ (e-) to form _______.by this reaction :½O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → H2O
Overall Process glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + 38 ATP
Fermentation In the absence of _______, the cell resorts to anaerobic metabolism. Only glycolysis occurs and the cell must deal with the pyruvate
created to regenerate the NAD+ it needs for glycolysis to occur again. In animal cells, pyruvate is converted to ________ acid. In yeast and
bacteria, the pyruvate is often converted to _______ In both cases, no new ATP is produced, so the net production of the______-carrying
molecule is only the _______ molecules of ATP produced in glycolysis.
Key Concepts
1. The capture and use of energy in living systems is dominated by two processes: photosynthesis and respiration.
2. Plants take in carbon dioxide and water, and using the energy from the sun, these two gases combine in a chemical reaction to produce
glucose and oxygen. The sun’s energy is stored as chemical energy in the bonds of the glucose. This process of producing glucose is called
photosynthesis. It is represented by the equation:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (from sunlight) ---. C6H12O6 + 6 O2
3. Plants need energy to carry on all of life’s processes: growth, reproduction, gas exchange, make food, respond to stimuli, movement, and
excrete waste. Plants use oxygen in the air (or water) to turn their food (glucose) into energy. This process of using oxygen to release energy
from food is called cellular respiration.
4. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the plant cell. The glucose molecule, using oxygen, is broken apart and turned back into
carbon dioxide and water, the same types of molecules that originally combined to make the glucose. The solar energy that was used to make
the glucose molecule is released to the cell as chemical energy. This process of breaking down glucose for energy is called cellular respiration. It
is represented by the equation:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
5. Sugars created in photosynthesis can be later converted by the plant to
starch for storage, or it can be combined with other sugar molecules to
form specialized carbohydrates such as cellulose, or it can be combined
with other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur to build
complex molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Cellulose is
probably the single most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere.
Evolution, Natural Selection and Classification Cheat Sheet
Natural Selection: (the mechanism by which evolution occurs)
1. More offspring are generated than the environment can support.
2. Variation exists among members of a population. (Some are faster, furrier, fatter, funnier. )
3. Those members with the best variations are most likely to survive and reproduce. (The faster bunny can escape the fox; the young
comedian can joke his way out of a mortal conflict.)
4. Over time, the least beneficial traits are lost in a population of organisms and most beneficial are “selected for” so that changes slowly
accumulate and new species evolve.
Evidences for Evolution:
1. The fossil record (Older rock layers contain simpler fossils than younger rock layers.)
2. Homologous structures (Many structures in animals are similar in structure and arrangement but may not be used the same way.)
3. DNA/Protein sequence similarities (Organisms that are similar in appearance have sequences that are very similar.)
4. Vestigial structures (Structures that are present in an organism but are not longer
used to help it survive, i.e. appendix and tail bone in humans.)
Convergent versus Divergent Evolution:
Analogous structures are structures that have similar functions, like the wings of a bat
and the wings of a bird. They are considered a type of CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
because these organisms to not share a recent common ancestor but their
environments selected for a structure with a similar use.
Homologous structures are structures in related organisms that evolved over time
from a common ancestor but are no longer similar in use due to differences in each
organism’s environmental habitat. For example, the arrangement of bones in the human
arm and the bat wing indicate a common ancestor despite the fact that their u ses are
now very different. This is an example of DIVERGENT EVOLUTION.
It is accepted today that there are three distinct domains of organisms in nature: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. A description of the three
domains follows:
1. The Archaea (archaebacteria)
The Archaea possess the following characteristics: 1. They are prokaryotic cells. 2. Unlike the Bacteria and the Eukarya, the Archaea have
membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains (many also containing rings within the hydrocarbon chains) attached to glycerol
by ether linkages 3.The cell walls of Archaea contain no peptidoglycan. 4. Archaea contain rRNA that is unique to the Archaea as indicated by
the presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Bacteria and Eukarya.5. Archaea often live in extreme environments and
include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles. One reason for this is that the ether-containing linkages in
the Archaea membranes is more stabile than the ester-containing linkages in the Bacteria and Eukarya and are better able to withstand higher
temperatures and stronger acid concentrations.
2. The Bacteria (eubacteria)
The Bacteria possess the following characteristics: 1. they are prokaryotic cells. 2. Like the Eukarya, they have membranes composed
of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages . 3. The cell walls of Bacteria, unlike the Archaea and the Eukarya, contain
peptidoglycan. 4. Bacteria contain rRNA that is unique to the Bacteria 5. Bacteria include mycoplasmas, cyanobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria,
and Gram-negative bacteria.
3. The Eukarya (eukaryotes)
The Eukarya (also spelled Eucarya) possess the following characteristics: 1. they have eukaryotic cells. 2. Like the Bacteria, they have membranes
composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages . 3.Not all Eukarya possess cells with a cell wall, but for
those Eukarya having a cell wall, that wall contains no peptidoglycan. 3. Eukarya contain rRNA that is unique to the Eukarya as indicated by the
presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Archaea and Bacteria.
The Eukarya are subdivided into the following kingdoms:a.
Protista Kingdom: Protista are simple, predominately unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Examples includes slime molds, euglenoids, algae, and
protozoans.
Fungi Kingdom: Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cell types. The cells have cell walls but are not organized into
tissues. They do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients through absorption. Examples include sac fungi, club fungi, yeasts, and molds.
Plantae Kingdom: Plants are multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells are organized into tissues and have cell walls. They
obtain nutrients by photosynthesis and absorption. Examples include mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.
Animalia Kingdom: Animals are multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells are organized into tissues and lack cell walls. They
do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients primarily by ingestion. Examples include sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates.