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NEOPLASIA AND NEOPLASIA NOMENCLATURE Learning Objectives At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Describe the definition of neoplasia. Describe the nomenclature of neoplasia. Introduction Tumor – Swelling / new growth / mass Two types of growth disorders: Non-Neoplastic Secondary / adaptation due to other cause. Neoplastic. Primary growth abnormality. Non-Neoplastic Proliferation: Controlled & Reversible Hypertrophy – Size Hyperplasia – Number Metaplasia – Change Dysplasia – Disordered Dysplasia An abnormality in cell size, appearance, with or without a disorganized growth pattern Disordered growth – – – Loss of uniformity Loss of architecture Pleomorphism – – Hyperchromasia Abnormal located mitosis Neoplasia Neoplasia • Neoplasm – (new growth) abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of stimulus which initially evoked the change. Neoplastic Proliferation Uncontrolled & Irreversible Benign Localized, non-invasive. Malignant (Cancer) Spreading, Invasive. Definition of neoplasia Neoplasia=neoplasm=tumor Abnormal mass of tissue, with uncontrolled (uncoordinated) growth of genetically altered cells. Purposeless, autonomous, it grows without respect for the needs of the host as a whole Definitions Tumor - a non-specific term meaning lump or swelling. Often synonymous for neoplasm Cancer - any malignant neoplasm or tumor (Hippocrates- „crab”) Oncology= oncos is tumor, logy is study Oncology= study of tumor Metastasis - discontinuous spread of a malignant neoplasm to distant sites Nomenclature Nomenclature (1) Parenchyma: proliferating neoplastic cells Stroma: “supporting” connective tissue and blood vessels (desmoplasia, scirrhous, medullar etc) Suffix “-oma”(fibroma, melanoma, carcinoma, sarcoma etc) Cancer: common term for all malignant tumor “Solid” tumor: tumor that does not derive from blood cells (leukemias are not considered solid tumors because the cells do not usually form cohesive masses with a vascular stroma) Nomenclature • Benign: • One parenchymal cell type: (1) mesenchymal: fibroma, lipoma, chondroma, myoma, haemangioma etc (2) epithelial: papilloma, adenoma, naevus etc – More than one cell type (mixed): fibroadenoma, pleomorphic adenoma etc – Teratogenous (more than one germ layer): mature teratoma, dermoid cyst (2) Adenoma Origin: glandular epithelial cells Type ① Typical adenoma ② Cystadenoma: having single or multiple cysts containing watery secretion. Commonly in ovary Ovary - Cytadenoma Lipoma Well circumscribed mass of yellowish fat Fibroid uterus: (leiomyoma) Nomenclature Cell of origin + Suffix (Oma, Carcinoma & Sarcoma) Fibroma - Fibrosarcoma Osteoma - Osteosarcoma Adenoma - Adencarcinoma Papilloma - Squamous cell carcinoma Chondroma – Chondrosarcoma Choristoma: ectopic rest of normal tissue Hamartoma: mass of disorganized but mature specialized cells or tissue native to the particular site 2. Malignant epithelial tumors (1) Squamous cell carcinoma Origin: squamous cell Morphology: grossly: cauliflower-like, polyp, mushroom-like, ulceration. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS • These arise anywhere there is a stratified squamous epithelium, either healthy (skin, esophagus, mouth, many others) or metaplastic (endocervix, bronchi). * any (or even all) of the following: • • • • • keratin (will stain orange-red on H&E) pearls (i.e., whorls) desmosomes ("intercellular bridges", "prickles") tonofilaments (electron microscopy) single-cell apoptosis (2) Basal cell carcinoma Origin: basal cells of skin Features: locally invasive growth, almost never metastasizes.Commonly in face of old. (3) Transitional cell carcinoma Origin: transitional cells Features: exophytic, finger-like, commonly in bladder, renal pelvis. (4) Adenocarcinoma Origin: adenocytes types: ① Typical adenocarcinoma ② Mucoid carcinoma or colloid Signet-ring cell ③ Solid carcinoma: Poor differentiation , and the tumor cells arrange in solid columns, or masses. REFERENCES Robbin’s and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease. XxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxTHANK YOUxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx