* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Untitled - Notion Press
Dyson sphere wikipedia , lookup
Astronomical unit wikipedia , lookup
Cygnus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Cassiopeia (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems wikipedia , lookup
Perseus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
International Ultraviolet Explorer wikipedia , lookup
Observational astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Tropical year wikipedia , lookup
Stellar classification wikipedia , lookup
History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses wikipedia , lookup
Solar System wikipedia , lookup
H II region wikipedia , lookup
Planetary habitability wikipedia , lookup
Formation and evolution of the Solar System wikipedia , lookup
Aquarius (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Astronomical spectroscopy wikipedia , lookup
Corvus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Stellar kinematics wikipedia , lookup
Star formation wikipedia , lookup
Standard solar model wikipedia , lookup
Notion Press Old No. 38, New No. 6 McNichols Road, Chetpet Chennai - 600 031 First Published by Notion Press 2016 Copyright © Sunny Dhondkar 2016 All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-945579-02-8 This book has been published with all efforts taken to make the material error-free after the consent of the author. However, the author and the publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause. No part of this book may be used, reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the author, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Contents Preface 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Will the Sun Turn into a Black Hole? Is Black a Color? Why Do We Dream? Dream in a Dream… Who Was the First Person? Why Is Unhealthy Food Tasty? Why Is the Sky Blue? Why Does February Have 28 Days? Why Do We Die? Can We Become Invisible? Why Do We Laugh, Cry, Hiccup and Yawn? Why Do We Get Goose Bumps? Will We Be Able to Cure Cancer? Do Electromagnetic Radiations of More Frequency Than Gamma Rays Exist? 15. What Happens When Our Brain Works Extremely? ix 1 13 19 25 31 45 55 63 71 81 91 111 115 127 139 Will the Sun Turn into a Black Hole? 2 Theory vs. Theories Since many years ago, we are always terrified by the reason of thinking about the end of the world. Many of the science fiction movies are headed with a topic of end of the world. They show any reason or prediction for the cause of ending of this world. Many people have done with prophecies in the past that the world will end at a particular time. People show interest in these facts. There are rumors spread daily on such topics. People too get terrified and obey them. There are past misconceptions regarding any reason for the end of the world. We know that even if the sun would turn into a black hole it will need a lot of time. Still it is a terrifying thing. Black holes are a lot complex and mind-boggling. You must take a deep breath, as you are going to face incredible facts and ‘huge’ numbers. Everything about the structure and functions of sun, lifecycle of low mass stars and high mass stars, after the death of respective stars and a lot of stuff is going to be discussed in this chapter. Have you ever heard about this question? You might have heard or you only might be having this question in your doubtful brain. You will need to know the whole process of any particular star during its life and its death. You may think that I am lying when you will read some of the facts and see the huge number, but I will like to say that everything that the stuff I am going to discuss here is hundred percent true. What is the Sun? If you are lucky enough then you would be able to see stars at night. Yes, seeing stars needs a better luck of pollution free atmosphere. If you are living in a city then you will just see one star-like object in the sky in some part of a year. That is not a star, but it is a planet. That star-like body you would see Will the Sun Turn into a Black Hole? 3 is Jupiter. Jupiter is one of the brightest objects in the sky. If the pollution is slightly less than this, then you can see the star, Sirius; yes I am serious, only this one is mostly visible from the metro-cities. It is the second brightest star in the sky. The brightest star in the night sky is, obviously, the sun. Whenever I get some time out of my work, I use to get over the terrace of our building, with me telescope. It is specially designed for a clear view of the planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Venus and Mars. Other planets are very distant or shorter enough to not be seen clearly. The most amazing experience is to see the Saturn. It is very gorgeous with its rings. The factors like pollution and extreme use of lights are causing the less view of the stars and planets. Because of such factors only the view of Jupiter and its four larger moons is clear through my telescope. Still there is a great enjoyment to see these stuffs at night. That is a good experience. It gives me a feeling of an astronomer in this short age. I also use this telescope to identify the color of stars, which helps me to identify the stars, since their color is one of the bases of their classifications. Stars are distinguished on the basis of their size, temperature, mass and luminosity. Many people say that the sun is a middle sized star, but it is not. Many of the stars in our galaxy are dim ‘dwarf stars,’ very shorter than the sun. The sun ranks in the top ten percent of the stars in the galaxy. It is a big hot ball of mostly consisting hydrogen gas. The sun is 150 million km away from us. The diameter of the sun is hundred times of diameter of earth. If we talk about the size then a million of earths could be fitted inside it. At the very core of the sun, the pressure of the gases is approximately 300 times the atmospheric pressure of earth. The temperature is too much high marking 15 million degrees Celsius. The sun has a mass of two followed by thirty zeroes. The sun converts a lot of hydrogen into helium. I said a lot! 4 Theory vs. Theories In numerical value the sun converts 700 million tons of hydrogen into 695 million tons of Helium in a second. The mass can neither be created and nor be destroyed, it is a fundamental law, then where does the remaining 5 million tons of mass goes? The rest of mass is converted into energy. This energy is equivalent to detonating 400 billions of one megaton nuclear bombs. This amount of energy is created in only a second, amazing! The sun is radiating energy from these many years by the process of nuclear fusion of the hydrogen atoms into Helium atoms. As I said that 700 million tons of hydrogen is converted into 695 million tons of helium in a second, it happens because of this process of nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei collide at very high speed and join to form a new type of atomic nucleus. Atom is the fundamental unit for the structure of every object in this universe. Every atom is made up of sub-atomic particles, which are protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are concentrated at the centre, so they are together called a nucleus. They were thought to be the shortest structures, but other ones are discovered in the previous century, which will be discussed in the fourteenth chapter. These nuclei are collided and are joined to form a different atom. The hydrogen fusion takes place at the core of the sun. The sun does not have a solid surface like earth. It is made up of gas. The hydrogen atom is completely ionized at the core of the sun. That means, the sun is tremendously hot that the electrons of hydrogen atom are stripped away from it. This creates a state of matter called Plasma. Talking simply, plasma is a gaseous soup of charged particles. There is a convectional process inside the sun. The gases at the core of the sun become hotter and start to move upwards. The colder gases near the surface star to move downwards to Will the Sun Turn into a Black Hole? 5 the core. During this convectional process, the plasma too, is moved up i.e. towards the surface of the sun. This plasma is stopped at the surface because of their own magnetic field. This plasma glows more on the surface of the sun. But as it becomes colder, it gets dimmer. You might have seen a dark spot on the surface of the sun. That is not any mystery any more. Many people think that it is a hole. This dark spot is the dimmed cold plasma. That is not much cold but just colder than the surface of the sun. Properties of Other Stars The stars are ‘mainly’ classified on the basis of their size and temperature. Many times there is a problem that some stars look more luminous and there is confusion that the particular star is closer or does it have more size and temperature. So, this type of classification does not let such confusion. One more reason of this type of classification is the temperature can tell the type of light emitted by the star and its elemental composition. The hottest stars are ‘O’ type stars. Slightly colder are ‘B’ type stars, colder are ‘A’ type stars, then colder than these are ‘F’ type stars, then ‘G,’ then ‘K’ and then ‘M’ type stars. After building up of this classification many colder stars were discovered, these were ‘L,’ ‘K’ and ‘Y’ type stars. Our sun is a ‘G2’ type star. Sirius is an ‘A0’ type star and the Betelgeuse is a ‘M2’ type star. That tells that the Sirius is hotter than the Sun and the Betelgeuse is colder than both of them. The more the star is hotter, the light emitted by it is moved towards blue color light of the electromagnetic spectrum and the more it is colder it is moved towards red color light. For more reference about the electromagnetic radiations and spectrum you must see to the second, seventh and fourteenth chapters. 6 Theory vs. Theories Dependant on the temperature, a star can be of blue, red, yellow and even orange color. The fact is that you will never find a green star. Travel far away from the city you live; as far as you can (Antarctica will be the best spot). Watch the sky and start to spot the stars of different colors. Mostly, you would see the blue, white and red stars. The ‘green color’ stars will be present nowhere. This is because of your eyes. If a star emits green light, then it would also emit blue, red, yellow and orange. Then these colors mix up and your eyes see it white. If you see spectra of our sun then you would notice that green light is mostly emitted by it. Thus, the sun is also white. Stars of more mass to appear blue and less mass appear less. If talking about our solar system, some people say that Jupiter is a failed star. This means that, Jupiter was in the process of becoming a star just like sun, but did not got much mass for being. But this is false. Jupiter isn’t a failed star, but a successful planet. Jupiter has only one percent of mass required to create a pressure for hydrogen fusion. The failed stars are called as ‘Brown dwarfs.’ How do stars die? Low mass stars The answer of the main question I have been discussing is mainly dependant on the lifecycle and the death of the stars. In the lifespan of the low mass stars, they spend whole life in fusing hydrogen to form helium. There is a misconception about the lifecycle of stars. Some people think that stars of low mass die early while stars of high mass last longer, thinking that high mass stars would be having more amounts of hydrogen to be fused into helium and hence, living longer. In reality it is opposite of this statement. That is, stars of high mass die more shortly while stars of low mass last longer. This is because, the Will the Sun Turn into a Black Hole? 7 more the mass of a particular star, the more will be the pressure at its core. The more pressure at the core, the quickly hydrogen atoms are fused. So, if the star has high mass then it will run out of fuel quickly and eventually die more quickly. The stars of low mass last much longer. A red dwarf is a type of low mass star. How much time would such low mass star lives? It lives for trillions of years. If a red dwarf is born some time after the big bang (astronomically, some time means a lot of years to us), then it will last for more 990 billion years! The universe is very young for such stars. The stars of ‘G’ type, our sun too, have a life span of 12 billion years. The sun is already approximately a 5 years old star. The lifecycle and death of low mass stars like our sun will be the way discussed here. As I discussed that hydrogen fusion takes place at the core of the sun, the hydrogen is fused and helium is produced like ash. This increases the density of sun day by day. It is compressed daily and as you may know that the compression of gas increases the heat, therefore the heat at the core of the sun is increasing day by day. The sun will fuse the hydrogen for more expected seven billion years. At this time the sun will be full of helium atoms and there will be no hydrogen. The helium can be fused into carbon, neon and oxygen in high mass stars. The sun is not capable and does not have that much mass to generate heat and pressure for the fusion of helium. Even though the fusion is stopped the core will continue to contract and heat up. The pressure at the core is increased and the sun is expanded and becomes a so-called ‘sub-giant.’ After some time the sun expands up to the 150 times of its present size. Now the sun is a ‘red giant.’ I said that the more the temperature of a star, it is moved to the blue color in the spectrum. Then why would sun become red if it will become hotter? If a gas is heated, it expands, just like that, the gravity of sun will not 8 Theory vs. Theories overcome the pressure and it will expand, the density will decrease and the energy released per cubic centimeter will be low. So, it will look ‘red.’ The sun will blow like a hurricane and it will lose one third of its mass. The remaining mass will be such hot that it will fuse helium into carbon. That will be having tremendous energy. The helium will be fused at the core and the carbon will be like ash. The sun again starts to contract. The remaining mass of sun will run out of helium and just carbon will be left in it. The fusion is stopped. At this time the sun will blow up all of it outer layers. The remnant of this blast will be a super compact ball, which is not much bigger than earth. This ball is called as ‘White dwarf.’ Still the sun is not dead. The white dwarf does not radiate energy, so it takes a lot of time to it for cooling down and fade away for the next tens of billions of years! The sun will need a lot of time to die. This white dwarf is so much dense that the gravity of it is hundreds of thousands of times that of earth. If an object weights 50 kg on earth, then it will weigh 5000 tons on the surface of white dwarf. High mass stars Here I am talking about the stars of more mass than the sun. Stars that have mass 8 times that of sun have a lot of pressure and heat for fusion. The temperature at the core of such stars is 500 million degrees Celsius. They first fuse hydrogen to form helium. After many years when the amount of helium is more, the helium is fused to form elements such as carbon, oxygen and neon. The carbon is in more quantity. There are a lot of steps in the process of fusion, but the results are like this at last. After the total fusion of helium, the carbon is fused to form neon, magnesium and some sodium. Will the Sun Turn into a Black Hole? 9 During the fusion of carbon the temperature of the core reaches to a billion degrees Celsius. After that neon fusion creates more magnesium and some oxygen. Then the oxygen fuses to form silicon. As the heavier elements are fused, the temperature also increases. The temperature is reached to a tremendous magnitude. This higher temperature makes it available for the fusion of more other heavier elements. The silicon is then fused to form iron. These stars do not turn into a ‘Red Giant’ like the sun, but into a ‘Red Super Giant.’ These stars are very huge and extremely luminous. In such large stars the fusion of different elements are in different layers. At the core there is a formation of nickel and iron, at the upper layer of the core is formation of silicon and sulfur, at more upper is oxygen, neon and magnesium, then it is again oxygen and some carbon, upper of it is helium, carbon and neon, then helium and nitrogen and at the uppermost layer is hydrogen and helium. These stars of eight times of solar mass last for only hundred million years (it is ‘only’ because of comparison between high mass and low mass stars). The stars of two times of solar mass live for two billion years. In the low mass stars fusion of lighter elements creates and radiates energy, but of iron it is different. Iron fusion sucks up energy instead of creating. This increase the shrinking and heating of stars. At this condition the iron nuclei suck up the electrons that are whizzing around. The fusion of silicon to form iron just requires fraction of a second. The gravity at this core is extremely strong. It overcomes the pressure created by fusion and the outer parts of the star crash down on the inner pars. Now mind-boggling things would happen. If this massive star is at most of 20 times of solar masses then the core collapse would stop at some time. At last it forms a neutron star. If the 10 Theory vs. Theories mass is more than 20 times of solar mass then it will continue collapsing. None of the forces in the universe would be able to stop the core collapsing. This collapsing gets to a point. The gravity at this point becomes such intense that not even light can escape from its gravitational force. This is a black hole. These stars of the mass of more than 8 to 20 times of solar mass end with a ‘supernova.’ The stars of these masses leave superheated plasma during supernova. The energy of this star is released in the form of light and neutrino. Neutrino is also a type of sub-atomic particle. The stuff remaining after supernova is a compact ball of entirely neutrons. It is a quantum mechanical law that electrons resist to be squeezed with other electrons. But the force of collapse is so much in these stars that the protons, electrons and other subatomic particles are squeezed to form neutrons. These neutron stars may have the total mass of the sun in just a diameter of 20 km! The neutron stuff is called neutronium. The volume of only one cubic centimeter of this neutronium has the mass of four hundred million tons. At an average a neutron star has the gravity hundred billion times that of earth. We know that the escape velocity at earth is approximately 11 km/sec. At the sun it is 600 km/sec. The escape velocity at the neutron star is 150,000 km/sec, which is the half of the speed of light! As the core of the star collapses, the escape velocity at it also increases. When the core is more mass than a neutron star then it collapses more and at some time the escape velocity reaches to the speed of light. As the speed of light is the speed limit in the universe, nothing can travel faster than it. As no matter can come out from it, it looks a hole and no light can escape, so it looks black. This is the core of a high mass star, a… black hole! There are 200 million black holes, only in the Milky Way galaxy. Will the Sun Turn into a Black Hole? 11 Things that happen in the black hole remains in the black hole i.e. remains unknown. The properties of a black hole are very complex. After decades of research there is not a specific answer to it. Humans those who don’t obey the laws think that they are daredevils, but in reality, up there are black holes who dare to not obey the laws of physics… We have come to the conclusion of this question. Many people have the misconception that the sun will turn into a black hole, but the sun does not have such properties and is incapable to become a black hole. If we would gather more 20 suns and mix them up then we may get a black hole in future. Enjoyed reading this sample? Purchase the whole copy at