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SPS9. Students will investigate the properties of waves. a. Recognize that all waves transfer energy. b. Relate frequency and wavelength to the energy of different types of electromagnetic waves and mechanical waves. c. Compare and contrast the characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical (sound) waves. d. Investigate the phenomena of reflection, refraction, interference, and diffraction. e. Relate the speed of sound to different mediums. f. Explain the Doppler Effect in terms of everyday interactions Waves • Waves carry energy • Mechanical (sound): require a medium (solid, liquid, gas) to travel through • Electromagnetic: do not require a medium to travel through (space) Electromagnetic Spectrum! • • • • • • • Radio Micro Infrared Visible (ROYGBIV) Ultra Xrays Gamma Frequency • The number of wavelengths per second passing a point (measured in hertz). – More frequency more energy *As the Frequency increases; wavelength decreases Amplitude • The displacement of a wave from its resting point (equilibrium) – More amplitude more energy Speed of a wave Velocity: m/s Frequency: Hertz (Hz) Wavelength: (m) Speed of Sound Waves • Generally travel slowest through gasses, faster through liquids, and fastest through solids Wave Behavior • Reflection: The bouncing back of energy waves • Refraction: the bending of waves after going through a new medium • Diffraction: Spreading of waves after going through a small opening • Interference: – Constructive: produces a wave greater than each of the individual waves – Destructive: Joining of two waves cancels out all or part of the individual waves Doppler Effect • The deceptive change in frequency of waves • Wave source moves towards you, frequency (or pitch) increases • Wave source moves away from you, frequency (or pitch) decreases SPS10. Students will investigate the properties of electricity and magnetism. a. Investigate static electricity in terms of: friction, induction, conduction b. Explain the flow of electrons in terms of alternating and direct current, the relationship among voltage, resistance and current, simple series and parallel circuits. c. Investigate applications of magnetism and/or its relationship to the movement of electrical charge as it relates to electromagnets, simple motors, permanent magnets Parallel vs. Series Circuits • Parallel: circuit in which electric current has more than one path to follow • Series: Circuit in which electric current has only one path to follow Conductors, Insulators, Semiconductors • Conductors: electrons move easily • Insulators: electrons are not able to move easily • Semiconductors: conductivity properties between that of a conductor and that of an insulator AC vs. DC Current • Alternating Current: Electric current that reverses its direction of flow • Direct Current: Electric current that flows in only one direction (batteries) Ohm’s Law V=IxR V = voltage (volts) I = current (amps) R = resistance (ohms) As resistance increases current decreases Electromagnets Temporary magnet made by wrapping a wire coil around an iron core (nail) -More wraps = stronger magnet Static Electricity • The build up of excess electric charge on an object • Opposites Attract • Likes Repel Flashcard VOCAB Words SPS9 Words • Mechanical Wave • Electromagnetic Wave • Frequency • Amplitude • Speed of a wave (equation) • Reflection • Refraction • Interference (constructive and destructive) • Diffraction • Doppler Effect SPS10 Words • Parallel Circuit • Series Circuit • AC Current • DC Current • Ohm’s Law • Electromagnets • Static Electricity • Conductor • Insulator • Semiconductor