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General Physics II 95.104 Lecture 4 Electric Potential (Ch 17) These lecture slides are not for dissemination or posting on the internet, and are not a substitute for attending lectures. Topics in Chapter 17 • Electric Potential Energy • Potential Difference (voltage) • Equipotential Lines • Acceleration of Charged objects by Electric fields • The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy • Capacitance • Dielectrics • Storage of Electric Energy Electrostatic Potential Energy and Potential Difference • Don’t be intimidated by the names, this is just the work-energy theorem again. ΔPE=W=F*d. • Think about this analogy between gravitational and electrical potential energy: GPE = mg.h EPE = qE.d • If you push a charge against the electric field, you do work, increasing the object’s EPE. • If you release a charge in an E-field, it accelerates, just like dropping a weight. The change in EPE = KE • Both Electrostatic and Gravity are inverse square-law forces • Both are also Conservative Forces ConcepTest 17.7a Work and Electric Potential I 1) P → 1 Which requires the most work, to move a positive charge from P to points 1, 2, 3 or 4 ? All points are the same distance from P. 2) P → 2 3) P → 3 4) P → 4 5) all require the same amount of work 3 2 1 P r E 4 ConcepTest 17.7a Work and Electric Potential I Which requires the most work, to move a positive charge from P to points 1, 2, 3 or 4 ? All points are the same distance from P. For path #1, you have to push the positive charge against the E field, which is hard to do. By contrast, path #4 is the easiest, since the field does all the work. 1) P → 1 2) P → 2 3) P → 3 4) P → 4 5) all require the same amount of work 3 2 1 P r E 4 Electrostatic Potential Energy and Potential Difference The electrostatic force is conservative Change in electric potential energy is negative of work done by electric force: Change in PE is the work done either against (or by) the field, in moving a charge. Electric Potential Electric potential is defined as potential energy per unit charge: Unit of electric potential: the volt (V). 1 V = I J/C. (Remember Electric Field was Force per unit charge) Complete the Conceptual Soundbite: • Electric Field (E) is _____ per unit ______ • Electric Potential (V) is _____ per unit ______ 1. Force, Charge, Energy, Charge 2. Energy, Charge, Force, Charge 3. Energy, Force, Force, Mass 4. Force, Mass, Energy, Mass Potential Difference Difference in Potential from one place to another. Only changes in potential can be measured, there is no “absolute zero” for voltage. Potential difference is work done per unit charge, so Volts are Joules per Coulomb 17.5 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges These plots show the potential due to (a) positive and (b) negative charge. Physicists often talk about something “rolling down a potential” -what do they mean? Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field Suppose we want to know the change in potential energy per unit charge, we call this quantity the Electric Potential ( symbol “V”) EPE = W = F.d = qE.d (From Newton’s 2nd Law) Then “Energy per unit charge” would be V = EPE/q = qEd/q = Ed Finally note that due to the definition of Electric field and charge, the potential energy of a positive test charge gets smaller as the field pushes it from high to low potential, so we need a minus sign, so: V = -Ed Compute the Electric Field between the two charged wires shown in the figures below: 7.0 cm ConcepTest 17.1a Electric Potential Energy I 1) proton A proton and an electron are in a constant electric field created by oppositely charged plates. You release the proton from the positive side and the electron from the negative side. Which feels the larger electric force? 2) electron 3) both feel the same force 4) neither – there is no force 5) they feel the same magnitude force but opposite direction electron electron - + r E proton proton ConcepTest 17.1a Electric Potential Energy I A proton and an electron are in a constant electric field created by oppositely charged plates. You release the proton from the positive side and the electron from the negative side. Which feels the larger electric force? 1) proton 2) electron 3) both feel the same force 4) neither – there is no force 5) they feel the same magnitude force but opposite direction Since F = qE and the proton and electron have the same charge in magnitude, they both experience the same force. However, electron electron - the forces point in opposite directions because the proton and electron are oppositely charged. + r E proton proton ConcepTest 17.1b Electric Potential Energy II A proton and an electron are in a constant electric field created by oppositely charged plates. You release the proton from the positive side and the electron from the negative side. Which has the larger acceleration? 1) proton 2) electron 3) both feel the same acceleration 4) neither – there is no acceleration 5) they feel the same magnitude acceleration but opposite direction electron electron - + r E proton proton ConcepTest 17.1b Electric Potential Energy II A proton and an electron are in a constant electric field created by oppositely charged plates. You release the proton from the positive side and the electron from the negative side. Which has the larger acceleration? 1) proton 2) electron 3) both feel the same acceleration 4) neither – there is no acceleration 5) they feel the same magnitude acceleration but opposite direction Since F = ma and the electron is much less electron electron - massive than the proton, then the electron experiences the larger acceleration. + r E proton proton ConcepTest 17.1c Electric Potential Energy III 1) proton A proton and an electron are in a constant electric field created by oppositely charged plates. You release the proton from the positive side and the electron from the negative side. When it strikes the opposite plate, which one has more KE? 2) electron 3) both acquire the same KE 4) neither – there is no change of KE 5) they both acquire the same KE but with opposite signs electron electron - + r E proton proton ConcepTest 17.1c Electric Potential Energy III A proton and an electron are in a constant electric field created by oppositely charged plates. You release the proton from the positive side and the electron from the negative side. When it strikes the opposite plate, which one has more KE? 1) proton 2) electron 3) both acquire the same KE 4) neither – there is no change of KE 5) they both acquire the same KE but with opposite signs Since PE = qV and the proton and electron have the same charge in magnitude, they both have the same electric potential energy initially. Because energy is conserved, they both must have the same kinetic energy after they reach the opposite plate. electron electron - + r E proton proton 17.3 Equipotential Lines An equipotential is a line or surface over which the potential is constant. Electric field lines are perpendicular to equipotentials. The surface of a conductor is an equipotential. Equipotential Lines Imagine the green lines are contours on a map showing a hill and a valley ConcepTest 17.6 Equipotential of Point Charge 1) A and C Which two points have the same potential? 2) B and E 3) B and D 4) C and E 5) no pair A C B E Q D ConcepTest 17.6 Equipotential of Point Charge 1) A and C Which two points have the same potential? 2) B and E 3) B and D 4) C and E 5) no pair Since the potential of a point charge is: A Q V =k r only points that are at the same distance from charge Q are at the same potential. This is true for points C and E. C B They lie on an Equipotential Surface. Follow-up: Which point has the smallest potential? E Q D ConcepTest 17.7b Work and Electric Potential II 1) P → 1 Which requires zero work, to move a positive charge from P to points 1, 2, 3 or 4 ? All points are the same distance from P. 2) P → 2 3) P → 3 4) P → 4 5) all require the same amount of work 3 2 1 P r E 4 ConcepTest 17.7b Work and Electric Potential II Which requires zero work, to move a positive charge from P to points 1, 2, 3 or 4 ? All points are the same distance from P. 1) P → 1 2) P → 2 3) P → 3 4) P → 4 5) all require the same amount of work For path #3, you are moving in a direction perpendicular to the field lines. This means you are moving along an equipotential, which requires no work (by definition). Follow-up: Which path requires the least work? 3 2 1 P r E 4 The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy A charge subjected to an Electric field experiences a force, and if it is free to move it accelerates, and hence gains kinetic energy. (Think of an electron in a TV tube, or X-ray machine) One electron volt (eV) is the energy gained by an electron moving through a potential difference of one volt. Cathode Ray Tube: TV and Computer Monitors, Oscilloscope Old style Televisions and computer monitors oscilloscopes etc… have a large cathode ray tube as their display. Variations in the field steer the electrons on their way to the screen. Imagine an electron accelerated by the electric field inside a TV tube, how fast does it go ? +V Say V = 20,000 volts Change in EPE = qV = 1.6x10-19 * 20x103 = 3x10-15 Joules Change in EPE = change in KE = 1/2 mv2 so: v = sqrt (2KE/m) = sqrt(2 * 3x10-15 / 9.1x10-31) = 8.4x107 m/s In physics we often use eV because it is a “natural“ unit. By definition, the electrons here have a kinetic energy of 20 keV Capacitance We have seen that when charges are separated, there is a force-field between them. This field can both store energy, and do work. A capacitor consists of two conductors that are close but not touching. A capacitor has the ability to store electric charge. 17.7 Capacitance Parallel-plate capacitor connected to battery. (b) is a circuit diagram. 17.7 Capacitance When a capacitor is connected to a battery, the charge on its plates is proportional to the voltage: (17-7) The quantity C is called the capacitance. Unit of capacitance: the farad (F) 1 F = 1 C/V (or Coulombs per volt) Think about what the capacitance depends on ConcepTest 17.8 Capacitors Capacitor C1 is connected across 1) C1 a battery of 5 V. An identical 2) C2 capacitor C2 is connected across a battery of 10 V. Which one has the most charge? +Q –Q 3) both have the same charge 4) it depends on other factors ConcepTest 17.8 Capacitors Capacitor C1 is connected across 1) C1 a battery of 5 V. An identical 2) C2 capacitor C2 is connected across a battery of 10 V. Which one has the most charge? 3) both have the same charge 4) it depends on other factors +Q –Q Since Q = C V and the two capacitors are identical, the one that is connected to the greater voltage has the most charge, which is C2 in this case. 17.7 Capacitance The capacitance does not depend on the voltage; it is a function of the geometry and materials of the capacitor. For a parallel-plate capacitor: (17-8) In other words the Capacitance is fixed, and determines how much charge is stored for a given applied Voltage. Capacitance depends on THREE factors • Area • Separation (think coulomb force) • Material Think about a Capacitor as being like a dam but for electricity instead of water. What factors affect the amount of energy that can be stored by a dam? A. Height of the dam B. Volume of the lake C. Shape of the lake D. Area of the lake ConcepTest 17.9a Varying Capacitance I What must be done to 1) increase the area of the plates a capacitor in order to 2) decrease separation between the plates increase the amount of 3) decrease the area of the plates charge it can hold (for a constant voltage)? 4) either (1) or (2) 5) either (2) or (3) +Q –Q ConcepTest 17.9a Varying Capacitance I What must be done to 1) increase the area of the plates a capacitor in order to 2) decrease separation between the plates increase the amount of 3) decrease the area of the plates charge it can hold (for a constant voltage)? 4) either (1) or (2) 5) either (2) or (3) +Q –Q Since Q = C V, in order to increase the charge that a capacitor can hold at constant voltage, one has to increase its capacitance. Since the capacitance is given by C = ε 0 A , that can be d done by either increasing A or decreasing d. Dielectrics -Improving the basic capacitor A dielectric is an insulator, placed between the capacitor’s plates, and is characterized by a dielectric constant K. Capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor filled with dielectric: (17-9) Inserting a dialectric INCREASES the capacitance Why? Dielectrics - what’s going on inside a Capacitor? Dialectrics increase the amount of charge a capacitor can hold, at a given voltage. The molecules in a dielectric tend to become oriented in a way that reduces the external field. This means that the electric field within the dielectric is less than it would be in air, allowing more charge to be stored for the same potential. Alternative conceptual viewpoint: The induced charges of the molecules in the dialectric (an insulator) attract additional charges onto the plates (from the battery). 17.8 Dielectrics Dielectric strength is the maximum external field a dielectric can experience without breaking down. Think about factors affecting suitability in different applications e.g. Look at water, but its not usually a good choice! Say a capacitor is connected to a battery and charged. We then slide a piece of plastic between the plates. What happens? 1. Nothing 2. More charge flows onto the plates (from the battery) 3. Some charge flows out of the plates (back to the battery) The keys in your computer/laptop keyboard are all capacitors Pressing the key squeezes the two charged plates closer together, changing the capacitance 17.9 Storage of Electric Energy A Capacitor’s main use is to store energy. It can be charged slowly and then discharged rapidly. For example in a camera flash unit. A charged capacitor stores electric energy; the energy stored is equal to the work done to charge the capacitor. (17-10) See this week’s HW question about boiling water 17.9 Storage of Electric Energy The energy density, defined as the energy per unit volume, is the same no matter the origin of the electric field: (17-11) The sudden discharge of electric energy can be harmful or fatal. Capacitors can retain their charge indefinitely even when disconnected from a voltage source – be careful! A capacitor consisting of two large metal plates, is charged, and then disconnected from the battery. What happens if I pull the plates further apart? 1. Nothing 2. Increase the energy stored on the capacitor 3. Decrease the energy stored in the capacitor 4. Increase the charge stored 5. Decrease the charge stored 17.11 The Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) The electrocardiogram detects heart defects by measuring changes in potential on the surface of the heart. Summary • Electric potential energy: • Electric potential difference: work done to move charge from one point to another • Relationship between potential difference and field: • Work done by (or against) an Electric Field W = qV • Equipotential: line or surface along which potential is the same Capacitors • Nontouching conductors carrying equal and opposite charge. Shape irrelevant. • Capacitance: unit is the Farad (joule per coulomb) • Capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor: • Energy stored in a capacitor Next Lecture: Electric Circuits (Ch 18) ConcepTest 17.9b Varying Capacitance II A parallel-plate capacitor 1) the voltage decreases initially has a voltage of 400 V 2) the voltage increases and stays connected to the 3) the charge decreases battery. If the plate spacing is now doubled, what happens? 4) the charge increases 5) both voltage and charge change +Q –Q ConcepTest 17.9b Varying Capacitance II A parallel-plate capacitor 1) the voltage decreases initially has a voltage of 400 V 2) the voltage increases and stays connected to the 3) the charge decreases battery. If the plate spacing is now doubled, what happens? 4) the charge increases 5) both voltage and charge change Since the battery stays connected, the voltage must remain constant ! Since C = ε 0 A when the spacing d is doubled, d the capacitance C is halved. And since Q = C V, that means the charge must decrease. Follow-up: How do you increase the charge? +Q –Q ConcepTest 17.9c Varying Capacitance III A parallel-plate capacitor initially has a potential difference of 400 V and is then disconnected from the charging battery. If the plate spacing is now doubled (without changing Q), what is the new value of the voltage? +Q –Q 1) 100 V 2) 200 V 3) 400 V 4) 800 V 5) 1600 V ConcepTest 17.9c Varying Capacitance III A parallel-plate capacitor initially has a potential difference of 400 V and is then disconnected from the charging battery. If the plate spacing is now doubled (without changing Q), what is the new value of the voltage? Once the battery is disconnected, Q has to remain constant, since no charge can flow either to or from the battery. Since C = ε 0 A when the spacing d is doubled, the d capacitance C is halved. And since Q = C V, that means the voltage must double. 1) 100 V 2) 200 V 3) 400 V 4) 800 V 5) 1600 V +Q –Q