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Transcript
World War II Herbert Hoover’s Foreign Policy o Isolationism Supported the belief that the US should not enter into firm commitments to preserve the security of other nations. Viewed peace conferences and treaties as moral efforts. Opposed using economic sanctions against aggressors. Felt it would lead to military involvement. Japanese Aggression in Manchuria o September 1931 Japanese troops march into Manchuria renaming it Manchuko and establish puppet government. League of Nations only passed a resolution condemning Japan for its actions. Japan then walked out of the League of Nations – never to return. League showed its inability to maintain peace. o Stimson Doctrine Response to violation of Open Door policy Sec of State Stimson declared in 1932 that the US would honor its Nine-Power Treaty of 1922 and refuse to recognize legitimacy of Manchuko. League supported this and issued a similar statement. o Latin America Hoover pursued relations with Latin America. As president elect he went on goodwill tour in 1929. Ended interventionist policies of Taft and Wilson. Arranged for troops to leave Nicaragua by 1933. Negotiated treaty with Haiti for troops to leave by 1933. Franklin Roosevelt’s Policies, 1933-1938 o Good-Neighbor Policy Pan-American Conferences 1933 – Montevideo, Uruguay – vowed to never intervene in Latin American internal affairs. US History II AP HJK 2004/2005 World War II Cuba o Repudiated teddy Roosevelt’s previous policies. 1936 – Buenos Aries – pledged to submit future disputes to arbitration. Stated that if there was European aggression that they would find the hemisphere prepared. 1934 – President persuaded Congress to nullify the Platt Amendment. Only retained the right for the US to have a Naval base there – Guantanamo Bay. Mexico 1938 –resident Lazaro Cardenas seized oil properties owned by US companies. FDR did not intervene and encouraged US companies to negotiate a settlement. o Economic Diplomacy London economic Conference 1933 – League supported at end of Hoover. When wanted to stabilize currency FDR pulled out. No agreements reached. Recognition of the USSR – FDR did this in 1933 to increase trade and boost the economy. Philippines – Tydings-McDuffie act in 1934 – provided independence by 1946 and gradual military removal. 1935 Philippines elected a new president even though US was still in control. Reciprocal Trade Agreements 1934 – Congress enacted a plan by Cordell Hull to give the president power to reduce tariffs up to 50% for any nation that reciprocated. o Events Abroad: Fascism and Aggressive Militarism Italy 1922 Benito Mussolini seizes power with Fascist party. “Il Duce”. Germany Rise of Nazi’s during the 1920’s. US History II AP HJK 2004/2005 World War II Hitler gains control of legislature in early 1933. Japan Increases power in 20’s and 30’s. Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Persuaded Hirohito to engage in war to increase natural resources. o American Isolationists Revisionist history of World War I Early 1930’s widely accepted view was that WWI was a poor choice that only served greed of bankers and manufacturers. Congressional investigating committee led by Sen. Gerald Nye of North Dakota. Neutrality Acts To ensure neutrality if war broke out in Europe. Neutrality act of 1935 – authorized president to prohibit all arms shipment. Forbade US citizens from traveling on ships from belligerent nations. Neutrality Act of 1936 – cut extensions of loans to belligerent nations. Neutrality act of 1937 – forbade shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the Spanish civil war. Spanish Civil War 1936 outbreak of civil war. Fascism (General Francisco Franco) and Republicanism (Loyalists) Most agreed with Loyalist but could do nothing due to acts. Fascism won. America First Committee In 1940 isolationists formed to push public opinion against pro-British FDR policies. o Prelude to War Appeasement Ethiopia 1935 Rhineland 1936 China 1937 US History II AP HJK 2004/2005 World War II o Full scale war in 1937 erupted. o US gunboat (panay) was sunk by Japanese planes but apology was quickly accepted by US. Sudetenland 1938 – o GB Chamberlain and French Daladier met in Munich with Hitler. o Munich has become synonymous with appeasement. US response o Idea of quarantine thought but dropped by FDR. Preparedness o By 1938 while preaching neutrality increased military budgets by 2/3. o Isolationists accepted for defense. From Neutrality to War – 1929-1941 o Outbreak of War in Europe Nonaggression pact of August 1939 Invasion of Poland 9/1/39 Blitzkrieg By June 1940 all of Europe had fallen except Great Britain. o Changing U.S. Policy FDR believed British survival was crucial. FDR chipped away at neutrality laws. By 1940 most Americans accepted need to strengthen defense but still debated direct aid to Great Britain. “Cash and Carry” Belligerent nations could buy arms is they used their own ships. Favored GB. Selective Service Act (1940) Selective Training an Service Act of September 1940 o 21-35 registration for 1.2 million trained. o Opposed by isolationist but outnumbered. Destroyers-for-bases deal US History II AP HJK 2004/2005 World War II FDR gave 50 older destroyers to GB for the right to build military bases on British islands in the Caribbean. o Election of 1940 FDR o Pronounced no war Wendell Wilkie o Never for public office before o Agreed with need to be prepared for war with FDR. Results o FDR wins w/ 54% o Broke Washington two-term tradition. o Arsenal of Democracy Four Freedoms Aid to GB in defense of 4 freedoms o Freedom of speech, religion, from want, from fear. Lend Lease Act 1941 signed o Permitted GB to all it needed on credit o End of cash and carry. Atlantic Charter Agreements for after the war. Self determination, no territorial expansion, free trade. Shoot-on-sight Escorted GB ships carrying lend lease materials. FDR ordered all German ships shot on sight. Undeclared level of war. o Disputes with Japan 1940 entry into axis powers Occupation of Dutch East Indies US Economic Action Prohibited export of steel to all countries except GB. 1941 – Japan occupied French Indochina US History II AP HJK 2004/2005 World War II o Cut off credits to vital materials – especially oil. Negotiations Agreements were unable to be reached. FDR hoped to hold off conflict until forces were ready Japan wanted to act quickly o Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 2400 Americans killed (1100 on Arizona) 20 warships sunk or damaged and 150 planes destroyed. Partial Surprise New attack was imminent but not when due to code breaking Declaration of War December 8 on Japan December 10, Italy and Germany on US WWII The Battlefronts o Two theaters of war. o Fighting Germany Defense at sea and air attacks Submarine warfare Bombing Germany North Africa to Italy Operation Torch in Africa – November 1942 o Led by Ike and Montgomery o Pushed out by May 1943 Sicily then Italy until the end of the war in 1945 D-Day to Victory June 6, 1944 o Operation Overlord December of 1944 o Battle of the Bulge Surrender Hitler suicide April 30, 1945 Surrender May 7, 1945. US History II AP HJK 2004/2005 World War II Holocaust Discovery as troops advanced through Europe. o Fighting Japan In Germany it was a group effort to defeat Germany. US, GB, USSR. Japan was primarily the U.S. After Pearl Harbor Japan controlled most of East and Southeast Asia. Korea, eastern China, Philippines, British Burma and Malaya, French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos), Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), and most of the Pacific Island west of Midway Island. Turning Point, 1942 Two major naval battles. o Battle of the Coral Sea May 7-8 Aircraft carriers stopped invasion of Australia. o Battle of Midway June 4-7 Interception and decoding of Japanese messages led to US destroying four Japanese aircraft carriers and 300 planes. Island Hopping Strategy adopted by Admiral Chester Nimitz. Seizing small strategic islands one at a time and putting air power and supplies. Enabled the to make a more sustained attack on the main island of Japan and other battles before. Major Battles Leyte Gulf - October 1944 o Largest Naval battle in history. o Japanese navy virtually destroyed. o First time kamikaze warriors were used. Kamikazes also inflicted damage in the Okinawa battle in April to June 1945. US History II AP HJK 2004/2005 World War II Okinawa resulted in 50,000 US deaths and 100,000 Japanese. Atomic Bombs Manhattan Project 1942 o Robert Oppenheimer o 100,000 employed - $2 billion to produce. Successfully tested on July 16, 1945. o Almagordo, New Mexico – Trinity Truman and others urged Japan to surrender unconditionally or face “utter destruction”. August 6th dropped on Hiroshima – Little Boy. August 9th dropped on Nagasaki – Fat Man. o 250,000 would die immediately or soon after. Japan Surrenders Within a week after the second bomb, Japan surrenders. US allowed Hirohito to stay in the throne but powerless. MacArthur received the official surrender on the USS Missouri on September 2, 1945 in Tokyo Harbor. The Home Front o Industrial Production 1942 War Production Board Mange war industries. 1942 Office of War Mobilization Set production priorities and controlled war materials. Cost plus system Government paid contractors cost plus a certain percentage profit. Industries did great business. By 1944 unemployment had basically disappeared. By 1944 US production was twice of all the Axis powers combined. Instead of autos it was tanks and planes. US History II AP HJK 2004/2005 World War II Efficiency could turn out a ship in 14 days in California shipyard’s. Wages, prices and rationing Office of Price Administration (OPA) Regulated most civilians lives Freezing prices, wages, and rents. Rationing meat, sugar, auto tires, and gasoline. Unions Unions and Corporations agreed to no strikes during war. Workers became disgruntled. Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act of 1943 passed over FDR veto o Gave government the power to take over war-related businesses threatened by strike. o FDR used this to take over RR in 1944. Financing the War Increased taxes Selling war bonds o $135 billion 1944 automatic withholding in pay checks started. US spent $100 billion in 1945 alone. o Impact on Society African Americans Northern and Westward migration for industrial jobs. Resulted in many race riots in NY and Detroit in 1943. NAACP membership increased. CORE congress of racial equality formed in 1942. Mexican Americans Moved to industry Braceros entered US for agriculture without immigration issues LA riots between whites and Hispanics 1943. Native Americans US History II AP HJK 2004/2005 World War II 25, 000 served in military o Navaho code talkers Others served in industries. Japanese Americans Executive Order 9066 o West coast o Interned over 100,000 in the Midwest and west. o Did not affect other parts of US. o 1988 Korematsu vs US (1944) granted reparations to internees of $20,000. Women 200,000 non combatant military. 5 million entered the workforce. o Rosie the Riveter Were paid well below what men would have made. Propaganda Office of War Information Posters, songs, new bulletins. o The Election of 1944 Less interest than usual FDR replaces VP Wallace with Truman Thomas Dewey had no hope FDR wins with 53% FDR would serve less than three months mostly to be served by Truman. Wartime Conferences o Casablanca – January 1943 FDR and Churchill Agree to invade Sicily and demand “unconditional” surrender from axis. o Tehran – November 1943 FDR, Churchill, Stalin US and GB would drive to liberate France in 1944 and USSR would invade Germany. USSR would eventually join fight against Japan. o Yalta – February 1945 US History II AP HJK 2004/2005 World War II Big Three Divide Germany Free elections in Eastern Europe? USSR enter Japan on August 8, 1945 USSR have concessions in some regions of Pacific. Formation of UN. o Death of FDR April 12, 1945 Cerebral Hemorrhage Warm Springs, Georgia Truman assumes presidency. o Potsdam – July 1945 Stalin, Truman, Clement Atlee GB. Unconditional Japanese surrender. War crimes trials. US History II AP HJK 2004/2005