Download Study Notes - Northern Highlands

The Heart
Know the Diagram of the Heart
2 muscular pumps in one:
- Left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body tissues
- Right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
- The heart circulates the blood through the circulatory system
- Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells
The Anatomy of the Heart
1. Consists of 4 chambers
a. 2 aria – superior chambers, thin walls
b. 2 ventricles – inferior chambers, thicker walls
- the left ventricular wall is much thicker than the right ventricular wall because
the left side of the heart pumps blood to the whole body, but the right side only
pumps to the lungs,
2. Valves
a. Tricuspid valve – separates right atrium and right ventricle
b. Bicuspid valve – separates left atrium and left ventricle
c. Semilunar valves
- Aortic semilunar valve – separates left ventricle and aorta
- Pulmonary semilunar valve – separates right ventricle and pulmonary
arteries
- Valves direct the flow of blood and prevent any backflow
- Heart murmur – if a valve is damaged or does not close properly, blood leaks
backward, causing a “noise”
Arteries – blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart
Veins - blood vessels that carry blood TOWARDS the heart
The Path of Blood Through the Heart
- Superior and Inferior Vena Cava (largest veins in the body)
- Right Atrium
- Tricuspid valve
- Right Ventricle
- Pulmonary semilunar valve
- Pulmonary arteries to lungs to get oxygen
- Pulmonary veins
- Left ventricle
- Bicuspid valve
- Left ventricle
- Aortic semilunar valve
- Aorta (largest artery in the body)
The Pulmonary Arteries are the only arteries in the body the carry deoxygenated (blue)
blood
The Pulmonary Veins are the only veins in the body the carry oxygenated (red) blood
Cardiac Output – volume of blood pumped by left ventricle per minute (approximately 5 liters)
Stroke Volume – volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat (approximately 80 ml)
Conditions of the Heart
1. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- “the athlete’s heart
- Increase in Left Ventricular wall thickness out of proportion with the increase in left
ventricular cavity size
- Affects 1 in 500 people
Signs
Chest pain
Shortness of breath on exertion
Poor exercise tolerance
Lightheadedness
Management
Avoid high intensity exercise
Family screening
Medicines
Protection with implantable defib.
Marfan Syndrome
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An inherited, degenerative disorder of the connective tissue
It affects the eyes, heart and blood vessels, and the bones and ligaments
More than 50,000 Americans affected
Signs and Symptoms:
- dislocated lenses of the eye
- aortic aneurysm
- above average height – unusually tall
- near sighted (glasses), arm span exceeds height, flexible or extremely
limber, flat feet, possible scoliosis
- Treatment:
- Cannot be cured
- annual echocardiograms
- eye exams
- Avoidance of strenuous activities such as weight lifting, high impact
aerobics, scuba diving
- Avoidance of contact sports such as boxing, football, rugby
Commotio Cordis
- June 6, 2008 – 12 year old Steven Domalewski was hit by a line drive in the chest –
vegetative state (Wayne, NJ)
- December, 2010 death in Garfield, NJ 16 year old boy
- October, 2013 – Glen Rock, NJ soccer player survived
- A condition that results from a blow to the chest wall at a specific point between
heartbeats that disrupts the electrical activity of the heart
- The heart stops beating and instead shakes and quivers
- Only about 230 people have dies from it since records began in 1998
- Once it happens, the only treatment is defibrillation, but works less than 20% of the
time
- Protection from Commotio Cordis:
- Chest guards
- Metal/Composite bats vs. Wooden bats
Blood Pressure
Normal Blood Pressure – 120/80
Systolic Pressure – the top number, pressure in arteries when the heart is contracting
Diastolic Pressure – the bottom number, pressure in the arteries when the heart is
relaxing
Normal Heart Rate = 60 – 80 beats per minute
Tachycardia – a faster than normal heart rate at rest
Bradycardia – a slower than normal heart rate at rest
Arrhythmia – an irregular heartbeat
EKG
The EKG
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG from the German word Elektrokardiogram) is a test that records the
electrical activity of the heart.
-
Measures the rate and regularity of heartbeats, as well as information about the heart
anatomy.
Interpreting an EKG
P wave – atrial depolarization (contraction)
QRS complex – depolarization of the right and left ventricles
T wave – repolarization of the ventricles