Download i. relative age of rock strata or events

CHAPTER 3 - DYNAMIC ( “CHANGING”) CRUST
I. EARTHQUAKES
-FAULT:
. TERMINOLOGY
1) FOCUS2) EPICENTER
-MEASURING THE STRENGTH OF EQ’S
-INTENSITY- *MERCALLI SCALES (RATED I-XII)
-MAGNITUDE:
-SEISMOGRAPH
-RICHTER SCALE: 1-9
TYPES OF WAVES
- PRIMARY, OR P-WAVES
-SECONDARY, OR S-WAVES
-SURFACE WAVES
- LOCATING THE EPICENTER-REF. TABLE
***SHORTER THE TIME DIFF…..THE CLOSER THE EPICENTER
***GREATER THE TIME DIFF…..THE FARTHER THE EPICENTER
-USING TABLES YOU CAN DETERMINE THE TIME THE EQ OCCURRED
- DISTANCE NOT LOCATION-VELOCITY OF WAVES THROUGH THE EARTH
***ABLE TO MAKE INFERENCES ABOUT THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF EARTH
II. MODELS OF EARTH’S CRUST AND INTERIOR
- WHAT SEISMIC WAVES TELL US:
1. CRUST - CONTINENTAL - 20-40 KM
- OCEAN- 10 KM
-MOHO
2. MANTLE-2900KM…DENSE, MAFIC MINERALS…..OLIVINE,
- METEORITES.
3. COREb) OUTER CORE- LIQUID
c) INNER CORE- SOLID-. MINOR (?) CHANGES
1) DEFORMED ROCK STRATA (LAYER)
2) DISPLACED ROCK STRATA (FAULTING)
3) DISPLACED FOSSILS
- MAJOR CRUSTAL CHANGES
1) ZONES OF CRUSTAL ACTIVITY2) OCEAN-FLOOR SPREADING
3) CONTINENTAL DRIFT
- PLATE TECTONICS
***EXPLAINS ALL OTHER CRUSTAL ***
1) PLATE INTERACTIONS
a) DIVERGING BOUNDARIES- PLATES MOVING AWAY
b) TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES
c) CONVERGING- 2 PLATES COLLIDE………SUBDUCTION
2) HOW DO PLATES MOVE
-STRUCTURE OF EARTH
-LITHOSPHERE
-ASTHENOSPHERE
- CONVECTION CURRENTS
IV. MISCELLANEOUS STUFF
-HOT SPOTS
-BEING SAFE WITH EQ AND VOLCANOES
A. DEATH BY EQ- BEING CRUSHED ,FIRE……. BAD, TSUNAMIS- IF NEAR WATER, LANDSLIDES
B. PREVENTION
1. DON’T LIVE NEAR____________________________
2. IMPROVE BUILDING CODES AND TECHNOLOGY
C. DEATH BY VOLCANO- BEING BURNED, FIRE……..BAD, HOT ASH, TOXIC GASES
CHAP 5- INTERPRETING GEOLOGIC HISTORY
* PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITARIANISM……*** THE KEY TO THE PAST IS THE PRESENT
*RELATIVE AGE VS. ABSOLUTE AGE
I. RELATIVE AGE OF ROCK STRATA OR EVENTS
A. 2 MAIN PRINCIPLES
1) PRINCIPLE OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY
2) PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
-ONLY TRUE IF LAYERS HAVE NOT BEEN OVERTURNED
B. IGNEOUS INTRUSIONS AND EXTRUSIONS
1) INTRUSIONS2)EXTRUSIONS- LOOK FOR CONTACT MET.
C. FAULTSII. CORRELATION TECHNIQUES
A. TERMINOLOGY
BEDROCKOUTCROP
B. METHODS
1) “WALKING AN OUTCROP”
2) SIMILARITY OF ROCKS
3) FOSSIL EVIDENCE
-INDEX FOSSIL
CHARACTERISTICS
4) VOLCANIC DEPOSITION AS TIME MARKER
III. GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
A) MAIN TOOL USED IS FOSSIL EVIDENCE
-EVOLUTION
B) GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
1) 4 ERAS
a)PRECAMBRIAN
b) PALEOZOIC
c) MESOZOIC
d) CENOZOIC
*FOR EXACT YRS USE REF TABLES
*REF TABLE FOR NYS BEDROCK RECORD
C) LIFE AND THE ATMOSPHERE
-EARLY ATMO: MOSTLY CO, CO2, AMMONIA, METHANE
-ATMO CHANGED…CO2 AND O2
d) GAPS IN THE ROCK RECORD
1- UNCONFORMITIESa) 4 STEPS TO PRODUCING A UNCONFORMITY
1) UPLIFT
2) EROSION3) SUBSIDENCE)
4) DEPOSITION
IV ABSOLUTE DATING
A. RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
1. ISOTOPE:
2. RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES/ RADIOACTIVE DECAY
3. DETERMINING ABSOLUTE AGE
-HALF-LIFE
***************IMPORTANT*********************
-DECAY OCCURS AT A CONSTANT RATE
-NOT EFFECTED BY CHANGES IN TEMP. OR PRESSURE
-RATE DOES NOT CHANGE OVER TIME
B. ISOTOPES USED-see ref table
****NEED TO USE THE BEST ISOTOPE*****
CHAPTER 6- ATMOSPHERIC VARIABLES
WEATHER-METEOROLOGY- STUDY OF WEATHER
- ATMOSPHERIC VARIABLES
1) AIR TEMPERATURE
2) MOISTURE
3) AIR PRESSURE
4) WIND
STATION MODEL-ref table
1) AIR TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
ADDITIONAL FACTORS AFFECTING AIR TEMP
-CLOUD COVER- CLOUD COVER… TEMPS
- AIR POLLUTION
- BODIES H20
- ALTITUDE
2) MOISTURE
-ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY-CAPACITY AND SATURATION
****VARIES WITH TEMP******
-  TEMP….. THE CAPACITY
***IMPORTANT: AIR IS NOT USUALLY SATURATED, BUT WHEN IT IS…
STUFF HAPPENS
-RELATIVE HUMIDITY(RH)
***TEMP IS VERY IMPORTANT WHEN DETERMINING RH
-DEW POINT TEMPERATURE
-  AIR TEMP…… DEW POINT
- DEW POINT…… RH
- DEW POINT TEMP AND AIR TEMP CLOSER-  PROBABILITY OF PRECIP
-MEASURING DEW POINT TEMP AND RH-REFERENCE TABLES
3)AIR PRESSURE
-BAROMETER MEASURES AIR PRESSURE
-UNITS- INCHES OF MERCURY………30.5
MILLIBARS (METRIC)……….1030
***REFERENCE TABLE
-AIR PRESSURE LEVELS SHOWN USING ISOLINES CALLED ISOBARS
-FACTORS AFFECTING AIR PRESSURE
1-TEMP….. PRESSURE
2-MORE WATER VAPOR AIR CONTAINS…..LOWER THE PRESSURE
W.V………. PRESSURE
3.  ALTITUDE…….DENSITY  AND PRESSURE
STATION MODEL AND BARO. PRESSURE
-THE PRESSURE GIVEN WITH A STATION MODEL IS AN
“ABREVIATION”. NEED TO CONVERT TO A REAL #

IF THE NUMBER IS ABOVE 500, PLACE A 9 BEFORE IT AND PLACE A
DECIMAL BETWEEN THE LAST 2 DIGITS
773 = 977.3
*IF THE NUMBER IS BELOW 500 PLACE A 10 BEFORE IT AND PLACE A DECIMAL BETWEEN THE
LAST 2 DIGITS
351= 1035.1
4) AIR MOVEMENTS (WINDS AND CURRENTS)
WINDCURRENT
CAUSES OF WIND
-DIFFERENCES IN TEMP CAUSES DIFF IN PRESS
-WINDS MOVE ***FROM HIGH TO LOW PRESSURE**
-GREATER THE PRESSURE GRADIENT THE GREATER THE WIND SPEED
CORRIOLIS EFFECT
5) PRECIP AND CLOUDS
a) ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE
-*EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
FACTORS AFFECTING EVAP.
- TEMP… EVAP.
- SURFACE AREA…..  RATE OF EVAP
-THE CLOSER THE AIR IS TO SAT. POINT, THE SLOWER THE RATE.
b) CONDENSATION:
1) AIR MUST BE SATURATED.. AIR TEMP = DEW POINT TEMP, RH 100%
2) CONDENSATION NUCLEI MUST BE PRESENT
c) CLOUDS- REALLY SMALL H20 DROPLETS HELD UP BY AIR CURRENTS
****WHEN WARM MOIST AIR RISES CLOUDS FORM AND PRECIP LIKELY*****
*** PROBLEM: SMOG
d) PRECIP- H20 FROM ABOVE
***DEATH OF CLOUD
-H20 DROPLETS GET BIGGER…TOO HEAVY….FALL DOWN
-EX. RAIN, SLEET, SNOW, HAIL
***ATMOSPHERE CLEANS ITSELF DURING CLOUD FORMATION AND
PRECIPITATION
CHAPTER 7- WEATHER SYSTEMS
FORECASTING
-THE WAY ATMOS. VARIABLE INTERACT IS VERY COMPLEX-chaos
SYNOPTIC WEATHER MAPS-SUMMARY OF WEATHER CONDITIONS
AIR MASS
SOURCES- BASED ON MOISTURE AND TEMP
-MARITIME- MOIST-m
-CONTINENTAL- DRY- c
-POLAR- COLD- P
-TROPICAL-WARM- T
-ARCTIC- “MAD” COLD- A
AIR MASS TRACKS
PRESSURE SYSTEM
LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM (CYCLONES)- COUNTER CLOCKWISE
- (YUCKY AND/OR RAINY WEATHER)
-HIGH PRESS SYSTEM(ANTICYCLONES)-CLOCKWISE
***NICE WEATHER
FRONTS- BOUNDARY BETWEEN 2 AIR MASSES
***VERY OFTEN UNSTABLE AREAS
COLD FRONT
*CUMULONIMBUS
*BRIEF, BUT VIOLENT THUNDERSTORMS
*LOCATED ON OR JUST BEHIND THE FRONT LINE
WARM FRONT
-CIRRUS CLOUDS
-STRATUS
NIMBOSTRATUS
-EXTENDED PERIOD OF PRECIP,
STATIONARY FRONT
OCCLUDED FRONT
-OFTEN AN AREA OF HEAVY PRECIP
*MID LATITUDE CYCLONES!*
****MAJOR SOURCE OF WEATHER FOR THE US
-CYCLONES TRACTS: SOUTHWEST
NORTHEAST
PLANETARY AIR MOVEMENTS
CONVECTION CELLS
SMALL SCALE – SEA BREEZES/LAND BREEZE- THE OPPOSITE
LARGE SCALE
1)CONVERGENCE
2) DIVERGENCE ZONE
PLANETARY WIND BELTS
NORTHEAST TRADE WINDS
THE SOUTHWESTERLIES
-0- DOLDRUMS- NO WIND
-30N-HORSE LATITUDES- NO WIND
JET STREAM
SEVERE WEATHER
1) THUNDERSTORM
-LIGHTNING
-HAIL
2) TORNADOES- FORM OUT OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS
-MOST DESTRUCTIVE STORM
*SAFETY:
-BE AWARE OF YOUR SURROUNDINGS, BE INFORMED.
-SEEK SHELTER:
3) HURRICANES- LARGEST, MOST POWERFUL OF ALL STORMS
-NRG FOR STORM- WARM MOIST RISING AIR
*SAFETY: BE AWARE/INFORMED
-LEAVE!
-IF STAYING:
-SECURE LOOSE OBJECTS-SUPPLIES:
-LOCATE EMERGENCY SHELTER
CHAPTER 8-WATER, THE SUN AND CLIMATE
I. H20 AND MUD
WATER CYCLE:
A. ONCE H20 IS ON THE SURFACE:
1)RUN-OFF
2)INFILTRATE
3) EVAPORATE/TRANSPIRE
B. INFILTRATION AND SOIL H20 MOVEMENT
USUALLY:
SOIL IS PERMEABLE
BEDROCK IS IMPERMEABLE
-FACTORS AFFECTING INFILT.
1)POROSITY- - POR………. H20 CAN INFILT. AND QUICKER
POROSITY DEPENDS ON 3 FACTORS:
a) SHAPE:
b) PACKING:
c) SORTING:
****SIZE NOT A FACTOR****
2) PERMEABILITY-PARTICLE SIZE ……PERMEABILITY
3) SLOPE
4) SOIL SATURATION- SATURATION…….. INFILT.
5) CAPILLARITY-SMALLER PARTICLES…. GREATER CAP. MOVEMENT
C. RUN-OFF-*FACTORS THAT EFFECT RUN-OFF ARE OPPOSITES OF INFILT.
1) MOST RUN-OFF ENDS UP IN STREAM……RIVER….BIG RIVERS….OCEAN
2)  PRECIP….. STREAM DISCHARGE
- VEG…. LAG TIME
3) WATERSHED (DRAINAGE BASIN)- DIVIDED BY HIGHER LAND (MTS.)
*POLLUTION CAN TRAVEL “DOWNHILL” THROUGH THE WATERSHED*
D. GROUNDH20
1) ZONE OF SATURATION
-H20 COMPLETELY FILLS IN PORE SPACE- CALLED GROUND H20
- H20 TABLE
-CHANGES WITH PRECIP
2) ZONE OF AERATION
**GROUNDH20 FLOWS DOWN HILL:
***TIP OF THE DAY: DON’T PUT A WELL DOWNHILL FROM A PIG FARM***
3)GRAVITY WELLSII. SUN AND TEMP
A. INSOLATION
INcoming SOLar radiATION
B. INTENSITY OF INSOLATION
 THE AREA AND KEEP NRG CONSTANT… INTENSITY
C. FACTORS THAT AFFECT INTENSITY OF INSOLATION
1)   OF INSOLATION ……… INTENSITY….TEMP
*WHAT EFFECTS THE  OF INS:
a) LATITUDE
b SEASONSc) TIME OF DAY
2) DURATION OF INSOLATION-IN GENERAL,  DURATION……. TEMP
-VARIES W/ SEASON:
-VARIES WITH LATITUDE:
D. INSOLATION AND EARTH’S SURFACE
-ONLY 50% OF INCOMING INSOLATION REACHES THE EARTH
-SOME OF THIS INS. IS REFLECTED- DEPENDS ON:  OF INS., COLOR AND TEXTURE
-LAND VS H20 -LAND HEATS UP AND COOLS OFF FASTER THAN H20:
-TERRESTRIAL RADIATION
E. THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
“ROACHES CHECK IN BUT THEY CAN’T CHECK OUT”
*** THE NRG THAT AIR TEMP COMES FROM TERRESTRIAL RADIATION
THAT IS TRAPPED BY THE ATMOS.
 CO2 OR GREENHOUSE GASES…... TEMP
F. INSOLATION-TEMP LAG
-AIR TEMP. IS BASED ON AMOUNT OF INCOMING NRG (ABSORPTION) VS.
RE-RADIATION (OUTGOING)
1)DAILY:MAX TEMP- MID AFTERNOON (2-3PM)
2) SEASONAL TEMP 
MIN TEMP: MID JAN-FEB. (   OF INS AND DURATION )
INCOMING = OUTGOING…….RADIATIVE BALANCE-TEMP CONSTANT
MAX TEMP: MID JULY AUGUST ……. RADIATIVE BALANCE
III. CLIMATE
P > Ep
Ep > P
HUMID CLIMATE
ARID CLIMATE
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE:
A. LATITUDE
B. ELEVATION
C. LARGE BODIES OF H20
D. OCEAN CURRENTS
E. MOUNTAIN BARRIERS
F. WIND BELTS
CHAPTER 9- EARTH IN SPACE
CELESTIAL SPHERE
-HORIZON-ZENITH
A. EARTH’S PLACE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
GEOCENTRIC MODEL
HELIOCENTRIC MODELS
B. APPARENT MOTIONS OF STARS AND PLANETS
-MOVEMENT ACROSS THE SPHERE TENDS TO BE E
W
1-STAR TRAILS
a. STARS IN SOUTHERN, EASTERN, WESTERN PART OF SKY:
B. CIRCUMPOLAR STARS
2- CONSTELLATION *THE NIGHT-SIDE OF THE EARTH FACES DIFF. PARTS OF THE UNI.
3-PLANETARY MOTIONS*-RETROGRADE MOTION
C. MOTIONS OF EARTH
1. ROTATION
AXIS OF ROTATION
- TILT OF THE AXIS- 23.5
*GREATER THE TILT…..GREATER THE SEASONAL 
c. EVIDENCE OF ROTATION
1) FOUCAULT PENDULUM
2) CORIOLIS EFFECT
d) HOW LONG: 24 HOURS- APPARENT SOLAR DAY
***WE USE MEAN SOLAR DAY- ALWAYS 24 HRS
2. REVOLUTION
D. “APPARENT” DAILY MOTION OF SUN
-WINTER SOLSTICE - DEC 21- RISES AND SETS 23.5  SOUTH OF EAST-WEST
-MAX ALT. 24.5 
-90 AT TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
-VERNAL EQUINOX- MARCH 21-RISES /SETS DUE EAST-WEST
-MAX ALT. 48
- 90 AT EQ.
SUMMER SOLSTICE- JUNE 21- RISES AND SETS 23.5 NORTH OF EAST-WEST
-MAX ALT. 71.5
-90 AT TROPIC OF CANCER
AUTUMNAL- SEPT 23- RISES AND SETS EAST-WEST
-MAX 48
-90 AT EQ
***SHADOWS- IN NY
LENGTH OF DAYLIGHT
CHAPTER 10- BEYOND PLANET EARTH
SOLAR SYSTEM REVISITED: IMPROVEMENTS ON HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
ANOTHER DEAD SMART GUY (with a really neat name): TYCHO BRAHE
*RECORDED EXTENSIVE OBSERVATIONS OF C.B. OVER 20 YRS.
*HAD A METAL NOSE
EVEN SMARTER DEAD GUY:
JOHANNES KEPLER- TOOK BRAHE’S NOTEBOOKS AND DEVELOPED…….
A. 3 LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
1.
PLANETS TRAVEL IN ELLIPTICAL ORBITS WITH THE SUN AT ONE FOCI
(PL. FOCUS)
WHAT’S AN ELLIPSE?
A- FLATTENED CIRCLE
B- LINE DRAWN ACROSS THE WIDEST PART CALLED- MAJOR AXIS
C- 2 FIXED POINTS ALONG MAJOR AXIS CALLED FOCI.
D- AMOUNT OF FLATTENING: ECCENTRICITY
ECCENTRICITY = DISTANCE BETWEEN FOCI =
LENGTH OF MAJOR AXIS
EX. FOCI DIST. = 2CM
M..A.
= 10 CM
D
L
ECCENTRICITY = .2
AS D DECREASES SHAPE BECOMES MORE “CIRCLE-LIKE” AND
ECC. GOES TO 0
EX. PLUTO
VENUS
ECC = .25
ECC = .01
DUE TO ELLIPTICAL ORBIT THE EARTH’S DISTANCE TO THE SUN 
- PERIHELION- CLOSEST- JAN. 3
- APHELION- FARTHEST- JULY 4
2. EQUAL AREAS LAW
-ORBITAL SPEED NOT CONSTANT
-CLOSER TO THE SUN (OR FOCUS) = INCREASED SPEED
-FURTHER FROM THE SUN (OR FOCUS) = REDUCED SPEED
3. HARMONIC LAW-THE CLOSER THE PLANETS TO THE SUN……THE SHORTER THE
PERIOD OF REVOLUTION
WHY DO PLANETS MOVE IN THE FIRST PLACE?
B. UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
LAST DEAD SMART GUY FOR AWHILE:
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
*IDENTIFIED GRAVITY AS THE FORCE THAT “POWER” THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
THE LAW:
- ANY 2 BODIES WILL HAVE A GRAVITATIONAL FORCE BETWEEN THEM
- THE MASS OF EITHER BODY……… THE FORCE
AND
- THE DISTANCE BTWN BODIES…….. THE FORCE
***APPLIED TO WHOLE UNIVERSE
***ORBITS ARE A BALANCE BTWN GRAVITY AND INERTIA
*INERTIA: BODY IN MOTION, STAYS, MOVING STRAIGHT
C. THE SOLAR SYSTEM
1) FORMATION: SPINNING “STARDUST” (H, He, MOSTLY LIGHT STUFF)
STARTS TO STICK TOGETHER (our friend gravity) AND SWIRL
TOWARDS A CENTRAL POINT.
-OUT OF ALL THIS SWIRLING AND STICKING….ONE BIG
SPINNING SUN AND 9 SPINNING HUNKS OF ROCK AND GAS.
2) 2 CATEGORIES OF PLANETS
-ROCKY: MOSTLY SOLID
- DENSITY,
-HEAVIER ELEMENTS (C, N,O)
-INNER
*MERCURY-HOT, NO ATMO
*VENUS- HOTTER, BAD GREENHOUSE
*EARTH-JUST RIGHT- LIQUID H20, “RIGHT” TEMP, FREE 02
*MARS- NO ATMO, COOOOOOOLD!
-GAS GIANTS: MOSTLY GAS AND LARGE
- DENSITY
-LIGHTER ELEMENTS (H, HE)
-OUTER
*JUPITER, SATURN, URANUS, NEPTUNE
*PLUTO-DOESN’T FIT, PROBABLY “CAPTORED “ MOON
3) OTHER SPACE STUFF
a. ASTEROID- HUNKS OF SPACE ROCKS
-MOST LOCATED IN A BELT BTWN MARS AND JUPITER
-PEBBLES TO MOUNTAIN SIZED
b. METEORS- SPACE ROCKS COMING THROUGH THE ATMO
*MAKE A WISH
-BURN UP-SHOOTING STAR-IF SOME SURVIVES- METEORITE
-METEOR SHOWERS- EARLY DEC., EARLY JAN, AUG.
-HIT EARTH SOMETIMES
-NOT GOOD- WINTER TIME ALL YR. LONG
-INFERENCE: PRESENTS OF IRIDIUM, NOT FOUND ON
EARTH
c. COMETS- DIRTY SNOW BALL FLYING THROUGH SPACE
-HIGHLY ELLIPTICAL ORBITS
-CYCLIC APPEARANCE
-TAIL: SUN MELTS ICE, BLOWS AWAY
d. MOONS- ORBIT PLANETS
D. STARS
1) NRG SOURCE- NUCLEAR FUSION
H
He
2) CATEGORIES: BASED ON BRIGHTNESS AND TEMP (COLOR)
*H-R DIAGRAM: MAIN SEQUENCE, WHITE DWARFS, RED GIANTS
3) OUR VERY OWN STAR-RATHER ORDINARY STAR IN SIZE AND HEAT
-1 MILLION EARTHS COULD FIT IN THE VOLUME OF THE SUN
-5,500C AT SURFACE- SAME AS WELDING ARC
-5 BILLION YEAR SUN WILL CHANGE
-RED GIANT-
NRG
- SATURN = PRESENT EARTH LIGHT
- EARTH = WAY HOT
-WHITE DWARF- REALLY COLD
-SUNSPOTS
-AREAS OF COOLER TEMP (1,500C) ON THE SURFACE OF THE SUN
-CONC. OF MAGNETIC FORCES SLOWS DOWN SOLAR ACTIVITY
CAUSING COOL SPOT
-MOVE DUE TO SUN’S ROTATION
-11 YEAR CYCLE
4) GALAXIES: HUGE COLLECTION OF STARS
-OUR GALAXY: MILKY WAY-SPIRAL SHAPED
-TIME TO FEEL INSIGNIFICANT:
-M.W IS 100,000 LY ACROSS
-EARTH IS ONE OF 100 BILLION STARS IN THE M.W.
-OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IN LOCATE ON A SPIRAL ARM, VERY
FAR FROM GALACTIC CENTER
-NEAREST GALAXY: ADROMEDA, 2 MILLION LIGHT YRS AWAY
-MILLIONS OF GALAXIES IN THE UNIVERSE
E) FORMATION OF UNIVERSE
-BIG BANG! :
1) ALL MATTER IN THE UNI WAS CONC INTO A CENTRAL CORE.
2) THIS CORE EXPLODED (MAKING QUITE A LOUD BANGING NOISE) SENDING ALL MATTER
RACING “OUTWARD”
3) THE UNI WE SEE NOW IS THE RESULT OF THIS BIG BANG
-EVIDENCE:
RED SHIFT:
-SPECTRUM OF ALL GALAXIES AND STARS ARE SHIFTED
TOWARD THE RED SIDE OF THE SPECTRUM
-THIS INDICATES THAT THE OBJECT WAS MOVING AWAY
WHEN THE LIGHT LEFT IT
-THE FARTHER THE OBJECT THE GREATER THE SHIFT
*THIS INDICATES THE UNI IS EXPANDING
*SHIFT USED TO ESTIMATE SIZE AND AGE OF THE UNI
LIGHT YEAR: 10 TRILLION KM
“APPARENT” DIAMETER OF PLANETS, THE MOON AND SUN
-THE DIAMETER THE OBJECT APPEARS TO HAVE- NAKED EYE OR TELLY
-THE DIAMETER OF PLANETS, MOON, AND SUN APPEARS TO CHANGE IN
A CYCLIC MANNER OVER TIME.
-DUE TO WHAT?
-CLOSER-FURTHER-
CHANGING DISTANCE BETWEEN EARTH AND
OBJECT- DIFF. ORBITS
A.D.
A.D.
-EX. SUN CHANGES BY 3%