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VOL : XX, NO : 1, MARET 2013 ENGINE PERFORMANCE USING GASOLINE ETHANOL MIXTURE TOWARD OPTIMUM HYBRIDNESS ON HYBRID POWER SYSTEM 2.8 HP Sena Mahendra FPTK IKIP Veteran Semarang Email : [email protected] ABSTRACT The research was conducted to determine the changeover optimum hybridity level on hybrid power system. The writer used two kinds of fuel as the comparison against premium. Fuel number one is the mixture gasoline and ethanol (gasohol) 5% (E-5) and the second fuel is the mixture gasoline and ethanol (gasohol) 10% (E-10). Both are at various levels of torque. The results show that the mixture 10% gasohol (E-10) increase the hybridity level. The optimum hybridity level at 3.5 Nm of torque shows an increase of 42%. The same torque decrease power consumption only 10.2% and it showed the increased of fuel consumption in 9%. Keywords : Hybrid, hybridness , fuel consumption, optimum, ethanol mixture 1. INTRODUCTION. Ethanol is short for ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), sometimes it is called grain alcohol, pure alcohol, absolute alcohol, or alcohol. Ethanol is used in various industries, such as material for mixed liquor (sake or gin), cosmetic raw materials, fuel mix alcohol gasoline (gasohol) on the internal combustion engine, and octane enhancer. The research of the mixture ethanol and gasoline as a fuel for vehicle, have been carried out in various countries. It will greatly reduce exhaust emissions and global warming. In The Washington Auto Show, Ford Motor Company launched the Ford Escape Hybrid E-85, it is a research vehicle, combining two petroleum-saving technologies hybrid-fueled electric power and flexible capabilities. Hybrid powered system use two or more energy source at the same power system. The combination will take a consideration upon advantage and disadvantage from each system. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) has an advantage on spontaneous acceleration. Acceleration is needed to accelerate vehicle on a heavy situation because of road load. On the other hand, ICE is not efficient when compared with electric motor. ICE’s thermal efficiency is only about 28% and this condition because of heat loss on cooling system, heat absorbption on silinder block, and high temperature emission. If compared with ICE, electric motor works efficiently with no emission, but electric motor need a huge electrical power to start. Based on the facts, there are some effort to MAJALAH ILMIAH PAWIYATAN 1 VOL : XX, NO : 1, MARET 2013 combine both advantages from ICE and electric motor to make an efficient system with low fuel consumption and low emission either. Specific fuel consumption and the power used on each system are influenced by the load, while the load is cannot kept constant. Due to the reason, the system must be managed but still concern on minimum specific fuel consumption on ICE and electric consumption on electric motor. This research was conducted to determine the changeover optimum level of hybridity of hybrid power system. The fuel used is a mixture gasoline with ethanol (gasohol) 5% and 10% at various levels of torque. 2. BASIC THEORY Hight Heating Value (HHV) calculated using a bomb calorimeter experiment, where fuel combustion is cooled to ambient temperature so most of the water vapor formed by the combustion of hydrogen condenses and releases its latent heat. The data obtained from the testing of the bomb calorimeter is the temperature of the cooling water before and after ignition. Furthermore, to calculate the calorific value, can be calculated by equation as follows: HHV = (T2-T1-Tkp) x Cv (kJ/kg) (1) (2.1) where: HHV = High heating Value (kJ/kg) T1 = Cooling water temperature before ignition (°C). T2 = Cooling water temperature after ignition (°C). Cv = Specific heat bomb calorimetre (73529.6 kJ/kg °C). Tkp = Temperature rise due to ignition wire (0.05 °C). Power is the amount of work done per time unit expressed in kilowatts. Objects experiencing business processes will form the track with a certain distance per unit time (t). Velocity of doing business that charged him to cover a certain distance per unit time is called power or energy. Power can be calculated using the equation: (2) (2.2) where : P = Power (watt) n = revolution per minute (rpm) T = Torque (N.m) MAJALAH ILMIAH PAWIYATAN 2 VOL : XX, NO : 1, MARET 2013 To determine the torque, following equation: (3) (2.3) (4) (2.4) whereas : with : F = gravity (N) m = mass of object (kg) g = acceleration gravity (m/s2) l = length of arm on dynamometer (m) specific fuel consumption : (5) (2.5) whereas: (6) (2.6) where : SFC = specific fuel consumption (kg/kW.h) mf = fuel cinsumption (kg/h) P = power (kW) b = fuel used in test (cc) t = time required to discharge fuel in burette (s) fibb = fuel density (kg/l) 3. RESEARCH METHOD The first step, High Heating Value (HHV) test for gasoline and the mixture of gasoline with ethanol (gasohol ) 5% and 10%. We use bomb calorimetre. The result show that the comparison by the High Heating Value (HHV) for gasoline, gasohol E-5 and gasohol E-10, valued at: 47206 kJ/kg, 46911.88 kJ/kg and 45882.47 kJ/kg. The second step, experiment is done to find electric motor and ICE’s characteristic on constant load and different revolution using brake dynamometer. The ascending of revolution is 250 rpm on ICE and 50 rpm on electric motor. MAJALAH ILMIAH PAWIYATAN 3 VOL : XX, NO : 1, MARET 2013 Data taken from ICE are revolution per minute, torque and time needed to finish 5 cc fuel of gasoline, gasohol E-5 and gasohol E-10. Then, the data taken from electric motor are revolution per minute, torqe, voltage and electric current consumed by electric motor at each revolution. By the ICE’s testing will be calculated each Brake Specific Fuel Consumption using premium, gasohol E-5 and gasohol E-10 to verificate the result of overall experiment. Then, from electric motor testing it shows that there is an efficiency which is the result of comparison between electricity consumption and brake power as a function. This function will be used as approachment to find electric motor’s brake power on hybrid system. ICE’s specification : Brand : Multi Equipment. Type : 4 strokes OHV. Bore : 53 mm Stroke : 36 mm Fuel : gasoline Fuel system : carburator Electric motor’s specification : Revolution : 1680 rpm Max voltage : 170 Volt DC Max current : 9,8 Ampere Max power : 1,5 kW Dynamometer’s specification : Brand : De Lorenzo Type : Generator DC Shunt Max voltage output : 220 Volt Max current output : 22,7 Ampere MAJALAH ILMIAH PAWIYATAN 4 VOL : XX, NO : 1, MARET 2013 Figure 1. Hybred powered system Figure 2. Electric motor transmision’s ratios The experimental method on hybrid powered sytem are following : 1. Testing are done on torque 1.5 N.m, 2.5 Nm, and 3.5 N.m. 2. Setting ICE’s revolution so the Torque Measuring Unit (TMU) displaying wanted torque. Set electric motor’s on and set revolution until voltmeter shows positive nominal and amperemeter on zero. It means DC electric motor does not works as a generator. 3. Decreassing ICE’s revolution by regulate throtle untill torque on TMU show decrease. Then, increase electric motor’s revolution by turning voltage regulator untill torqe on TMU show the torque wanted. 4. Repeating step 3 untill torque does not change when ICE’s power is affecting to torque change. 5. Observing and processing the data based on time needed to burn 5 cc of fuel (gasoline, gasohol E-5 and gasohol E-10), revolution per minute, torque, voltage and ampere consumed by electric motor. Power on hybrid power sytem is a combination of internal combustion engine (ICE) power and electric motor power. To find the brake power on electric motor the writer uses MAJALAH ILMIAH PAWIYATAN 5 VOL : XX, NO : 1, MARET 2013 the graph relation between electricity consumption versus electric motor’s shaft. The graph gained from the earlier test on electric motor. Power on hybrid system can be represented by equation : PB = (f(PML)) + PMB where : PB : hybrid system’s brake power f(PML) : graphical function from relation between electricity consumption versus electric motor’s brake power : ICE’s power PMB Hybridness is an index which is expressing percentage of electric motor usage on hybrid system. When hybridness 1, it means system is using 100% power from electric motor. Indeks of hybridness expressed by equation : H= where : PML : electric motor’s power PMB : ICE’s power 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION a. ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) The test results show, the torque generated engine with gasoline is still highest compared to the torque generated of engine fuel consumptions with gasohol E-5 and E10. The maximum torque generated engine with gasoline is 4.4 Nm at 3250 rpm and 3500 rpm. While the highest torque generated engine with fuel gasohol-E-5 is 4.2 Nm at 3500 rpm. Last, the highest engine torque with fuel consumption gasohol E-10 is 3.6 Nm at 3000 rpm. Figure 3. Torque versus Engine Speed MAJALAH ILMIAH PAWIYATAN 6 VOL : XX, NO : 1, MARET 2013 Figure 4. Power versus Engine Speed Enigne’s max power which is used gasoline as a fuel is on 1.612 kW at 3500 rpm. Power which is produced by the engine with E-5 is 1.539 kW. max power which is used E-10 has 1.157 kW max power at 3250 rpm. Figure 5. Specific Fuel consumption versus Engine speed Figure 5 shows, the highest specific fuel consumption of gasohol E-10 is 1.34 kg / kWh at 1750 rpm. At the same rotation, specific fuel consumption of gasoline and gasohol E-5 is 0.92 kg / kWh and 1:02 kg / kWh. b. Electric Motor Test on electric motor without transmision ratio shows a graph between electricity consumption versus its brake power on 1000 rpm up to 1800 rpm. This result is shown on figure 6. MAJALAH ILMIAH PAWIYATAN 7 VOL : XX, NO : 1, MARET 2013 Figure 6. Brake Power versus Electric consumption. Line function from this graph will be used for approach presumtive of electric motor’s power based on its electric consumption. Figure 7. Brake Power versus Electric Consumption. Relation between electric motor’s brake power and torque versus revolution have linear trend (figure 7). c. Hybrid System Figure 8. Power Consumption versus hibridness at torque1,5 N.m with gasohol E-5 MAJALAH ILMIAH PAWIYATAN 8 VOL : XX, NO : 1, MARET 2013 Figure 8 is, examples of comparison charts to find the optimum level of hybridity, electrical consumption and fuel consumption at torque 1.5 Nm, 2.5 Nm and 3.5 Nm with gasoline and gasoline-ethanol mixture. Figure 9. Optimum Hybridness versus Torque The results (figure 9) shows. At torque 3.5 Nm, the highest optimum hybridness use gasohol E-10, which is 0.31. At the same torque, optimum hybridness gasohol E-5 and gasoline occurred on the same level, ie 0.28. Figure 10. Optimum Fuel Consumption versus Torque The results (figure 10) shows, the highest fuel consumption is achieved by gasohol E-10 is 0.55 kg / h with torque 3.5 Nm. At the same torque, gasohol E-5 and gasoline is 0.51 kg/hour and 0.50 kg / hour. Figure 11. Electric Consumption versus Torque MAJALAH ILMIAH PAWIYATAN 9 VOL : XX, NO : 1, MARET 2013 The results (figure 11) shows at torque 3.5 Nm, the highest of electric consumption is achieved gasohol E-10, which is 0.54 kW. At the same torque, electric consumption of gasohol E-10 and gasohol E-5 is same, which is 0.49 kW. 5. CONCLUSION. 1. Higher content of ethanol in gasoline-ethanol mixture can decrease the fuel heating value, because the heating value of ethanol is lower than the gasoline. 2. Higher heating value of fuel increases the combustion energy. The opposite, lower heating value of fuel, it leads to the decrease of combustion energy. 3. There is no significant effect at the optimum hybrid between premium and gasoline ethanol mixture. 4. Effect of gasoline with gasoline-ethanol mixture of fuel consumption on hybrid power systems is very small. At torque 2.5 Nm, fuel consumption gasoline and gasohol E-5 there is a decrease of 5%. At the same torque, fuel consumption of gasoline and gasohol E-10 is declined 7.83%. 5. There is no significant effect on electric power consumption of electric motors on hybrid power system between gasoline with gasoline-ethanol mixture. REFERENCES Chalilullah, Rangkuti., “Panduan Praktikum Bom Kalorimeter”, Laboratorium Motor Bakar Teknik Mesin USU, Medan, 1996. Fuhs, A.E., “Hybrid Vehicles and The Future of Personal Transportation”, CRC Press, New York, 2009, p.233. Garett,T.K., “The Motor Vehicle”, Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 2001, p.4. McCormick., “Technical Barriers to the Use of Ethanol in Diesel Fuel, 2001. Sugiarto, B., “Motor Pembakaran Dalam”, Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2005. MAJALAH ILMIAH PAWIYATAN 10