Download Memory PPT

Memory
Definition:
Memory
Encoding
•Putting info in the
brain
Storage
Retrieval
Elaboration –
trying to understand it
Making it meaningful to you
Encoding is effective when
• You pay attention. “Selective attention” If you don’t pay
attention, your sensory memory will hear blah, blah. You
have to _________to get info into your ___________
Memory
Encoding
Storage
•Keeping the info in
the brain
Retrieval
Memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
•Getting stuff
out of your
brain
Review
•
a.
b.
c.
d.
Getting information into the brain is called
_____; getting information out of memory is
called ______.
storage; retrieval
Encoding; storage
Encoding; retrieval
Storage; encoding
What are the Three Stages of Memory?
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
(STM)
Long-term
Memory
Three Box Model of Memory
The First Stage - Sensory Memory
• Iconic – images linger on your ______ (like an
afterimage)
• Echoic – sounds lingering in _______
• Hepatic –
• Olfactory – smells linger in your _____
• Gustatory – taste of something lingers on your
_________
The Three Stages of Memory
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory STM
Preserves
Long-term
Memory
Short Term Memory
• The stuff we encode from
the sensory goes to STM.
• Events are encoded visually,
acoustically or semantically.
• Auditory - Holds
about__________________
• Visual – Holds around 3
items
• We recall digits better than
letters.
• Serial Position Effect –
Primacy and Recency effect
Storage:
Short-Term Memory
Percentage
90
who recalled
consonants 80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
 Short-Term
Memory
3
6
9
12
15
18
Time in seconds between presentation
of contestants and recall request
(no rehearsal allowed)
 limited in
duration and
capacity
 “magical”
number=
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Ways to remember things in STM…so
they go to LTM
• Chunking: Organizing
items into familiar,
manageable units.
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
• Mnemonic devices
• Method of loci
• Peg Word Approach
• Rehearsal
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless
No Plums."
Encoding
 Chunking
 organizing items into familiar, manageable units
 like horizontal organization--1776149218121941
 often occurs automatically
 use of acronyms
 HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
 ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice
Cream
Encoding
 Imagery

 Mnemonics

Encoding
 Peg Word
•
Peg List
– 1-gun Visualize the first item being fired from a gun
– 2-zoo Visualize an association between the second thing
and a zoo
– 3-tree Visualize the third item growing from a tree
•
List to Memorize
– Apple: Picture an apple being fired from a gun
– Butter: picture a gorilla stomping up and down on a
stick of butter
– Razor Blades: Picture a tree with razor blades for leaves
Rehearsal
Effortful learning usually requires
rehearsal or conscious repetition.
Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by
using nonsense syllables: TUV
YOF GEK XOZ
http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de
*Hermann Ebbinghaus
(1850-1909)
• ______________________–
Process in which information is repeated or
reviewed to keep it from fading while in
working memory. (keep it in short term
memory)- repeat phone number over and
over again
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Elaborative rehearsal
• The application of personal meaning and
understanding to help ensure that the
information is encoded into LONG TERM
MEMORY.
• Ex. You associate William James-first American
psychologist with something you already
know(Jamestown-First American Colony)
What is serial positioning
effect?
Imagine a grocery list: milk, eggs, butter,
bread, celery, chocolate, Big Red, Beans,
chips.
We most likely will remember_________
Working Memory
Believed to be composed of
Central Executive Processor
(reasoning and decision making – in frontal lobe)
(visual & spatial
information)
(speech, words, &
numbers)
(contains episodes
or events)
The Three Stages of Memory
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Long-term
Memory
Stores material
organized
according to
meaning, also
called_______
Explicit Memoriesrequires _______________to recall
• Episodic Memories
• Semantic Memories
Implicit Memories
do not require conscious thinking
• Procedural Memories
• (skills like tie shoes)
• Conditioned Memories
• (little albert fear of white
rats)
Long-term memory
Declarative memory
Procedural memory
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
Includes memory
for:
Includes memory
for:
How Do We
Retrieve Memories?
Whether memories are
implicit or explicit, successful
retrieval depends on
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Recall Versus Recognition
Recall
Recognition
•
•
•
•
Retrieval Cues
• _______________–
Stimuli that are used to bring a memory to
consciousness or into behavior
• Example: hints that a teacher gives you during
a test without giving you the answer.
Priming
To retrieve a specific memory from the web of
associations, you must first activate one of the
strands that leads to it. This process is called
priming. Relearning – implicit memory.
State Dependent Memory
The power of context
Scuba divers recall more words underwater if they
learned the list underwater, while they recall more
words on land if they learned that list on land (Godden
& Baddeley, 1975).
Fred McConnaughey/ Photo Researchers
Mood & Memory
Mood Congruent Memory:
Forgetting: Why do we forget?
• Encoding failure: stuff didn’t quite stick, too little
rehearsal
• Decay: time erodes memories, remember Ebbinghaus’
curve
• Retrieval failure: just can’t seem to call it up, such as “tipof-the-tongue” phenomenon
• Interference: other memories getting in the way –
retroactive & proactive
• Motivated forgetting: you want to forget, or unconscious
repression.
• Disease & Brain Trauma: Dementia – such as Alzheimer’s,
concussions
• Chemical effect – drugs can interfere with encoding,
storage and retrieval (rohypnal, alcohol)
Ebbinghaus’ Famous
Forgetting (Retention) Curve – Decay Theory
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting:
People unknowingly revise
their memories.
Repression:
Culver Pictures
Sigmund Freud
Forgetting
Getting a new bus
number and
forgetting old bus
number.
• Retroactive
Interference:
• Proactive Interference:
Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends
name.
More Retrieval
• Source amnesia/misattribution – explicit memory
disorder in which someone can recall information
but not know where or how it was obtained
• TOT phenomenon(tip of tongue- retrieval cue
failure)
• Déjà vu
• Hindsight bias
• Flashbulb memories
• ECT – STM loss
• Eidetic imagery Vid #1 Vid #2
Constructive Memory
• Memories are not always what they seem –
Faulty recall
• Elizabeth Loftus
• A constructed memory is a created memory.
• Misinformation effect
• Confabulation
Eyewitness Testimony
Actually it’s rather unreliable
Studies show it has a 50% failure rating.
• Memory is “blurred” our mind’s eye picture of events, places, people
is rather vague – our memory is not like video tape, we tend to
remember the “gist” of things, not the particulars
• People “fill in the gaps” (confabulate). They will create items in a story
line so the story makes sense.
• Memory distorts perception: tend to overestimate slow speeds and
underestimate fast speeds of moving vehicles
• Memory is personal: different eyewitnesses may have different
interpretations of the same event, we tend to “see” what we think we
see.
• Memory is biased by the retrieval method (how questions are
framed)
• Memory changes over time with retelling, witnesses tend to
incorporate more information into a story with its retelling. (Pinocchio
Effect)
Memory Effects
1. Next-in-line-Effect:
2. Spacing Effect:
3. Serial Position Effect:
What parts of brain are involved in memory?
• The Prefrontal
Cortex--Site of
Working
Memory (STM)
The hippocampus is part of a network of regions in the brain
important for memory. Research suggests that the mediodorsal
nucleus of the thalamus, amygdala , and hippocampus may work in
concert to regulate which information is consolidated in memory
Amnesia: Biochemistry
• Blocking dopamine, serotonin and noradrenalin in the limbic
system is linked to amnesia. Drugs interfere here. Marijuana
disrupts STM.
• Stress hormones such as cortisol & epinephrine which help us
initially react quickly to stress & can cement a trauma into our
long term memory (real fast) .
• But if stress is prolonged, these
_____________________________________________
• Lack of enough acetylcholine will significantly impair memory.
Guess what is lacking in Alzheimer’s?
Anterograde Amnesia
Following trauma to the brain (concussion, surgery, or
drug induced neural damage) we find we cannot make
______________. New information is just not encoding.
We call this anterograde amnesia.
Memory Intact
No New Memories
Trauma
Anterograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Following trauma to the brain (concussion, surgery, or
drug induced neural damage) we find we cannot
__________________________. “Retro” (going back) is
difficult, can’t call up old stuff. We call this retrograde
amnesia.
Old Memories gone
New Memories OK
Trauma
Retrograde amnesia
• Any soap opera where someone can’t
remember who they are, where they live, etc.
• Quarterbacks who can’t remember games
when they got concussions.
Biological Perspectives of Memory
Loss
•
•
•
•
Cerebellum
Hippocampus
Thalamus
Amygdala
Neurochemistry
• _________________is a brain disorder usually
occurs in chronic __________. Their brains
become unable to use glucose as fuel, result in
brain damage.
• Results in both retrograde and anterograde
amnesia.
• The syndrome is named after Sergei Korsakoff,
the neuropsychiatrist who popularized the
theory.
Improving Memory
1. Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall.
2. Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking
about the material.
3. Make material personally meaningful.
4. Use mnemonic devices:



associate with peg words — something already
stored
make up a story
chunk — acronyms
Improving Memory
5. Activate retrieval cues — mentally recreate the
situation and mood.
6. Recall events while they are fresh — before you
encounter misinformation.
7. Minimize interference:
© LWA-Dann Tardiff/ Corbis
1. Test your own knowledge.
2. Rehearse and then determine what you do not yet
know.