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APESUnit5:EcosystemEcology(Ch.4)StudyGuide Youshouldbeabletoanswerthefollowingquestions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. The study of how organism interact with each other and their environment Same species living in the same area Different populations living in the same area Community and abiotic components interacting in an area Flow of energy, cycling of matter, and gravity which holds the atmosphere in place & allows movement of chemicals in the matter cycles Biotic –living (plants) Abiotic –nonliving (temperature) Energy flows in one direction while matter cycles Energy goes from concentrated organized states to disordered, diffused states (entropy)/ it applies to energy in ecosystems because energy is concentrated when it comes in from the sun but organisms turn it into low quality forms of energy like heat make their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis terrestrial: mosses seedless non-vascular, ferns seedless vascular, angiosperms, & gymnosperms (both have seeds and are vascular) 6H20 + 6CO2 makes C6H1206 + 602 when organisms create organic compounds for nutrients from inorganic compounds organisms that must consume their food from other sources primary (herbivores), secondary (omnivores or carnivores), tertiary (carnivores) herbivore(plant eater)- deer, carnivores (meat eater)- snake and omnivores( eat both)- raccoon scavengers- feed off of large pieces of dead or decaying matter detritus feeders- feed off of detritus (medium pieces of dead or decaying matter) decomposers are bacteria & fungi , they break down organic matter at a molecular and return chemicals/nutrients back into the environment arrows point towards what doe the eating or shows the flow of energy C6H1206 + 602 makes 6H20 + 6CO2 mitochondria creating energy from sugar in a cell in the absence of oxygen, alcohol, acetic acid, or hydrogen sulfide total mass or dry weight of living matter often refers to mass available in a trophic level % of usable energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next shows how energy availability decreases as you go up trophic levels/ 10% rule 10% of the energy from one trophic level is passed on to the next gross primary productivity- the rate at which producers in an ecosystem convert solar energy into biomass, Measured in Kcal/m2/year and net primary productivity the rate at which producers use photosynthesis to store energy minus the rate at which they use some of this stored energy highest NPP- swamps, marshes, estuaries, & tropical rainforest steps in the water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration Humans intervene by Withdrawal of large amounts of freshwater at rates faster than nature can replace it Clearing of vegetation from land & cover it with buildings & asphalt à increases runoff, erosion Draining wetlands for farming and urban development à increases flooding, Water Pollution, Warmer climate à change precipitation patterns, carbon cycle-CO2 is also dissolved in the oceans (major sink/reservoir)à used in photosynthesis by marine producersà involved in marine food webs, Stored in limestone or sediments, Over millions of years, buried deposits of dead plant matter & bacteria are compressed between layers of sedimentà high pressure and heat convert them to fossil fuels Where is carbon stored? ocean, limestone, fossil fuels How have humans intervened in the carbon cycle? Burn fossil fuels à releases carbon dioxide into 31. Electricity (burn coal), Transportation (burn oil), Clearing forests, Removes carbon-absorbing trees, Burning trees puts out CO2, CO2 is a greenhouse gas that , traps heat in our atmosphere 32. What are the steps of the nitrogen cycle? Atmosphere is major reservoir for nitrogen (N2) But N2 cannot be taken in by organisms, Nitrogen fixation: nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert N2 to ammonia (NH3) which is rapidly converted to ammonium (NH4+) a form that is readily used by producers, An abiotic means of fixing nitrogen is by lightning (N2 is converted to NO3) Nitrification: bacteria convert NH4+ to nitrite (NO2-) then nitrate (NO3-) Assimilation: Nitrate, Ammonium, and ammonia are taken up by plants (cycles in food web) Ammonification: through decomposition nitrogen compounds are converted into ammonium where it can be taken up by plants Denitrification: nitrate is converted to N2O (nitrous oxide then eventually N2 33. What do organisms need nitrogen for? protein building 34. How are fossil fuels involved in the nitrogen cycle? burning fossil fuels releases nitric oxide (NO) to atmosphere & creates contributes to acid rain 35. What is eutrophication? What is the result of eutrophication? accumulation of nutrients , resulting in algal blooms, and then eventually oxygen depletion 36. What is a dead zone? area of water (like Gulf of Mexico at the mouth of the Mississippi) where there is not oxygen and no marine life 37. What is a red tide? toxic algal bloom, can poison fish, mammals, or birds through inhalation or contact 38. What are the steps, including the main sinks, of the phosphorus cycle? Reservoir: salts containing phosphate (PO43-) in rock formations & bottom of oceans, As water erodes rock, phosphate ions enter soil à Phosphate taken up by plants & enter food web, Important for nucleic acids and energy transfer molecules (ATP), Most soils contain little phosphate, so limits plant growth (limiting factor!) That’s why fertilizers have phosphate. (no gas phase in phase) 39. How have humans intervened in the phosphorus cycle? Removing phosphate salts from mining Phosphate-rich runoff enters aquatic systems (esp. freshwater) & causes algal blooms (eutrophication) 40. What are the basic parts, including the main sink, of the sulfur cycle? Much of world’s sulfur is in rocks & minerals & sulfate (SO42-) salts in ocean sediments, S enters the atmosphere from: Volcanoes & break down of organic matter by anaerobic decomposers releases hydrogen sulfide (H2S), Sulfate (SO42-) particles come from dust storms & forest fires, In atmosphere sulfur dioxide (SO2) is converted to sulfur trioxide gas (SO3) & sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Sulfate cycles through food webs 41. How have humans intervened in the sulfur cycle? Factory emissions: sulfur in coal is released into atmosphere when we burn it, this leads to acidic precipitation (sulfuric acid), Refining petroleum & Smelting metallic ores (copper, lead, zinc) releases sulfur containing compounds STUDY FRQ #4 from 2014