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Geology 12 Internal Structures & Processes Provincial Exam Questions EXTRA PRACTICE TEST #5 KEY Geology 12 Test #5 - Extra Practice ANSWER KEY Internal Structures & Processes Refer to your yellow data booklet for tables and charts. Multiple Choice Answers: 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. C 11. D 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. A 21. A 22. C 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. C 27. A 28. B 29. B 30. A Written Response answers follow the questions. Geology 12 Unit #5 Extra Practice Test KEY - Internal Structures and Processes KEYcities relative to an earthquake Use the map below showing the locations of four to answer question 1. X W granite unconsolidated sands and gravels sandstone dense shale E Z Y E earthquake epicentre W location of city 50 km 1. How will the Richter Scale readings compare in each city shown on the map? A. B. C. D. They will all be the same. W and X will be the largest. Z will be larger than W, X and Y. Y and Z will have the largest readings. 2. Which of the following observations about Africa and South America were not used by Wegener in developing his theory of continental drift? A. B. C. D. similar fossils raised beaches jigsaw puzzle fit rocks with similar structures 3. Magnetic reversals are recorded in oceanic crust. Which of the following concepts does this evidence support? A. B. C. D. Oceanic crust is moving toward the ridge. The age of the earth is younger than expected. Crust is being destroyed at the mid-ocean ridge. The ocean floor is spreading away from the mid-ocean ridge. - 16 - 4. Which of the following sources of heat is mostly responsible for keeping the Earth partially molten? A. B. C. D. solar energy radioactivity greenhouse effect friction between the plates Use the following diagram of tectonic plates near the southwest coast of BC to answer questions 5 and 6. North American Plate Juan de Fuca Ridge X Juan de Fuca Plate ade asc i-C ald s rib noe Ga olca v Pacific Plate 5. Which of the following rocks would most likely form along the Juan de Fuca Ridge? A. B. C. D. pillow basalt banded gneiss biotite granite anthracite coal 6. Which of the following is not evidence for lithospheric plate motion? A. B. C. D. jigsaw fit of the continents coal deposits in Antarctica matching rock structures in Africa and South America striations on granite bedrock in southern British Columbia 7. A seismograph located on the opposite side of the Earth from a major earthquake will only detect one type of seismic body wave produced by the earthquake. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this? A. B. C. D. S-waves are refracted by the core. P-waves will not pass through the core. S-waves will not pass through the core. P- and S-waves interfere in the core. Use the following table of properties to answer question 8. I II includes all of the mantle includes oceanic and continental crust III includes the uppermost mantle IV entirely plastic V entirely liquid VI rigid and brittle VII approximately 100 km thick VIII approximately 3000 km thick 8. Which of the following sets of properties apply to Earth’s lithosphere? A. B. C. D. I, II, IV, VIII I, III, IV, VIII II, III, VI, VII III, IV, V, VII ________________________________________________ 9. Under what set of conditions is a rock most likely to break rather than bend? A. B. C. D. rapid deformation, low temperature rapid deformation, high temperature slow deformation, low temperature slow deformation, high temperature Use the following diagram and description of the magnitude 8.1 Queen Charlotte Island earthquake of 1949 to answer questions 10 to 13. - shaking very frightening u VII - structural damage possible - shaking frightening to most VI - damage rare fault break epicentre V Terrace Prince Rupert - felt by all - no damage e IV - felt by some Roman numerals refer to intensity of shaking on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale Canada’s largest historic Vancouver Victoria earthquake (magnitude 8.1) 500 km occurred on August 22, 1949. Seattle It occurred on the Queen Charlotte Fault (Canada’s equivalent of the Portland San Andreas Fault) – the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates that runs underwater along the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands off the west coast of British Columbia. The shaking was so severe on the Queen Charlotte Islands that cows were knocked off their feet, and a geologist with the Geological Survey of Canada working at the north end of Graham Island could not stand up. Chimneys toppled, and an oil tank at Cumshewa Inlet collapsed. In Terrace, on the adjacent mainland, cars were bounced around, and standing on the street was described as “like being on the heaving deck of a ship at sea.” In Prince Rupert, windows were shattered and buildings swayed. © Natural Resources Canada 10. Along which of the following types of plate boundary did the Queen Charlotte earthquake occur? A. B. C. D. hot spot diverging transform subduction 11. What is the main reason this earthquake did not produce a tsunami? A. B. C. D. the focus was in bedrock the epicentre was on land the energy released was small the crustal movement was horizontal 12. What are the most likely Mercalli and Richter scale readings that could have been recorded in Prince Rupert? Mercalli Scale (intensity) Richter Scale (magnitude) A. V 6.1 B. VI 6.1 C. V 8.1 D. VI 8.1 13. Which of the following Prince Rupert house construction styles would best survive a similar earthquake? A. B. C. D. wood frame bolted to concrete basement walls masonry block cemented to concrete basement walls wood frame, not attached to concrete basement walls masonry block, not cemented to concrete basement walls Use the following diagram of a cross section through the Earth to answer question 14. 0r earthquake 103r no P- or S-waves received centre of Earth 143r 103r only P-waves received 143r no P- or S-waves received 14. Which of the following is the most likely reason that there is a zone that receives neither P- nor S-waves from the earthquake? Earth has a layer where A. B. C. D. both the P- and S-waves are absorbed. both the P- and S-waves are refracted. the P-waves are refracted and the S-waves are absorbed. the P-waves are absorbed and the S-waves are refracted. 15. What evidence do geologists have for the location of the bottom of the lithosphere? A. B. C. D. S- and P-waves speed up as they pass into the liquid outer core. S- and P-waves slow down as they pass into the plastic outer core. S- and P-waves speed up as they pass into the liquid asthenosphere. S- and P-waves slow down as they pass into the plastic asthenosphere. 16. When an igneous rock cools and shrinks, what is the type of geological structure that will most likely form? A. B. C. D. joint fault foliation cleavage 17. The father of the Continental Drift Theory, Alfred Wegener, was a weather scientist. His curiosity about the possibility of moving continents arose from his study of paleoclimatology (the study of ancient climates). a) Describe one piece of evidence relating climate to ancient glaciation that could be used as evidence to prove his Continental Drift Theory. (1 mark) Any one for 1 mark: • glacial artifacts found in areas that are now tropical • glacial deposits found in areas that are now tropical • glacial striations originating from a common ancient source b) Describe one piece of evidence relating climate to plants or animals that could be used as evidence to prove his Continental Drift Theory. (1 mark) Any one for 1 mark: • fossils of animals found in areas that could not support them now • fossils of tropical plants found in areas that are too cold to support them now • coal deposits (remnants of tropical swamp environment) found in areas that are too cold for them to form today c) Wegener’s theory could not explain how the continents actually moved. Describe how geologists today explain how continents move. • continents are on moving plates ¨ 1 mark • plates move due to convection currents in the mantle, therefore continents move along with plates (2 marks) } ¨ 1 mark Note: Current theory suggests that slabpull may play a major role in plate movement. Geology 12 – 0608 Written-Response Key Page 6 Use the following to answer question 18: i) Earth diagram and three seismograph stations: S1, S2 and S3; ii) time-distance graph for P- and S-waves; iii) seismograms for a single earthquake, E. Time-distance graph Earth diagram S S2 3 12 S-wave 11 S1 10 9 E 8 Time (min) Earth 7 P-wave 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2000 1000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Distance (km) Seismograms for stations S1, S2 and S3 Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 12 13 14 S1 P-wave S-wave S2 P-wave S3 P-wave 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 S-wave 7 10 11 Time (min) © 2005 Province of British Columbia. All rights reserved. 058geol12k – Page 12 18. a) Draw an appropriate seismogram for station S 2 in the space provided between S1 and S3. Ensure that you label the S-wave arrival and consider the amplitude. Note the scale and grid given. (2 marks) 2 marks for correct seismogram at station S2 Seismograms for stations S1, S2 and S3 Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 12 13 14 S1 P-wave S-wave S2 P-wave S-wave S3 P-wave 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 S-wave 7 8 9 10 11 Time (min) Range of S2 P- S-wave time difference acceptable is 3.5–4.5 minutes. Amplitude is between S1 and S3 size. b) How far away from the earthquake was S1? between 1500–2000 km (1 mark) ¨ 1 mark c) What information in the seismogram suggests that S3 is outside the seismic shadow zones? (1 mark) S3 has both S- and P-waves. ¨ 1 mark © 2005 Province of British Columbia. All rights reserved. 058geol12k – Page 13 Use the following block diagram of the southwest coast of BC to answer question 19. North American Plate Juan de Fuca Ridge Juan de Fuca Plate ade asc i-C ald s rib noe Ga olca v Pacific Plate 19. The subduction zone that lies under BC’s coast created the Garibaldi-Cascade volcanic chain. a) Why do these volcanoes lie parallel to the subduction zone? (1 mark) As the plate is subducted, it will melt at the same depth and distance from the subduction zone. ¸ ¨ 1 mark ˝ ˛ b) Describe one piece of evidence that could be found in or on the seafloor rocks that would indicate that seafloor spreading has occurred at the Juan de Fuca Ridge. (1 mark) Any one for 1 mark: • • • • The age of the rocks becomes progressively older further from the ridge. Symmetrical magnetic stripes on either side of the ridge. High heat flow at or near the ridge. Thickness of sediments increase further away from the spreading ridge. © 2005 Province of British Columbia. All rights reserved. 058geol12k – Page 15 Use the following two seismograms and the time-distance graph to answer question 10. S P Seismogram X 10 h 5 min 10 h 10 min S P Seismogram Y 10 h 5 min 10 h 10 min Time-distance graph for P- and S-waves 12 S-wave 11 10 9 Time (minutes) 8 7 P-wave 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Distance (km) 046geolk - 15 - July 28, 2004 20. The two seismograms, X and Y, were recorded at different locations for the same earthquake. a) Describe two pieces of evidence, seen on the seismograms, which prove that seismogram Y was recorded closer to the epicentre of the earthquake. (2 marks) Any two for 1 mark each: • P-waves arrive at Y before X. • The difference in P and S-wave arrival times is smallest for Y. • The amplitude of seismogram Y is the largest. b) What is the difference in arrival times between the S- and the P-waves for seismogram X? (1 mark) Approximately 3.5 to 3.7 minutes. ¨ 1 mark c) What is the distance from seismogram X to the epicentre of the earthquake? Approximately 2000 to 2500 kilometres. Note: o N 046geolk (1 mark) ¨ 1 mark answer c) must correspond to answer given in b) (whether b) was correct or not) - 16 - July 28, 2004 Use the following diagram to answer question 21. Warringtown W Map Seaview S river S W ocean 10 km L E G E N D W S city locations E earthquake epicentre granitic bedrock deltaic sediments ocean E 21. Which of the following locations will likely suffer the most damage if a magnitude 7 earthquake were to occur at map location E? A. B. C. D. Seaview Warringtown sediment north of the river bedrock close to the epicentre ________________________________________________ 22. Which of the following block diagrams best illustrates a thrust fault? A. B. C. D. Use the following block diagram to answer questions 23 and 24. x 30∞ 30∞ 23. The hanging wall has moved down. What is the type of fault? A. B. C. D. joint normal reverse strike-slip 24. What type of forces would have created a fault of this type? A. B. C. D. shear tensional confining compressional Use the following photograph of a deformed rock structure found on the Earth’s surface to answer question 25. © Geocomp Media 25. What is the most likely cause of rock structures like the one shown in the photograph? A. B. C. D. glacial movement extrusion of magma crustal plate collision deposition of sediments For questions 26 and 27, refer to the following reference in the Data Pages. Geological Time Scale Reference Data Pages Use the following geological map to answer questions 26 to 27. I II III X Permian shale Carboniferous sandstone Devonian shale Silurian limestone 1000 m 26. What is the geological structure that lies between II and III? A. B. C. D. dome syncline anticline unconformity 27. Which structural symbol should be placed at X in order to show the strike and dip of the strata? A. B. C. D. Use the following cross-sectional diagram to answer question 28. A 10 m 25 m Limestone Shale (10 m thick) Sandstone (25 m thick) B 28. If 5 metres of movement occurred along A-B, what type of fault would most likely create a trap for hydrocarbons? A. B. C. D. thrust normal reverse strike-slip 2004 Data Booklet GEOLOGICAL MAP L Moose Lake Drill hole P K J H C Granite intrusion G 5 metres Fossils not to scale Unit C Conglomerate (with graded bedding) Unit L sandstone Unit P Fault Lava layers (fine-grained with vesicles) ~ 20 m.y. (Miocene) Unit G Unit H Igneous intrusion Contact metamorphism Unit K -1- ~ 30 m.y. (Oligocene) For questions 29 and 30, refer to the following in the Data Booklet. 2004 Data Booklet Geological Map REFERENCE DATA BOOKLET 29. The geologist who mapped the region shown on the geological map found two pieces of evidence which indicate that the rock layers have been folded into a plunging anticline. Select two observations from the list below, of which only some are true, that would have helped the geologist come to this conclusion. I: II: III: IV: V: VI: A. B. C. D. The rock layers dip towards the middle of the structure The rock layers are oldest towards the middle of the structure The fold structure plunges towards the south west The youngest rock layer is in the middle of the structure The rock layers dip away from the middle of the structure The fold limbs are parallel I and VI II and V III and V IV and VI 30. Which of the drill cores shown below would most likely have been obtained from the drill hole shown in the northeast corner of the map? A. B. C. D. Unit L Unit L Unit L Unit P Unit P Unit P Lava Lava Lava Unit H Unit H Unit K Igneous intrusion Igneous intrusion Unit K Unit K Unit L 10 m Fault Unit C Conglomerate Unit C Conglomerate Unit C Conglomerate 31. A geologist has systematically collected samples from the 25 locations shown on the map below. She has plotted some of the rock-type data on the map. Table of Rock Type Locality evaporites 1, 5 conglomerate 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15 sandstone 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25 shale 18, 22, 24 limestone 23 a) Complete the map to show the geological structure. (2 marks) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 Lake Emma 21 1 km evaporites conglomerate sandstone shale limestone 1 mark for symmetric structure 1 mark for completing contacts Geology 12 – 0608 Written-Response Key Page 9 b) Describe how a geologist would determine whether the structure was an anticline or a syncline. (1 mark) Either one for 1 mark: • syncline: dips are inward • youngest rocks would be in the bottom middle Geology 12 – 0608 Written-Response Key Page 10 Use the following partial map and completed cross section of sedimentary rock layers to answer question 32. Geological Map Y Y pond 10 m black sandstone shale red sandstone siltstone Geological Cross Section 32. a) Using information from the cross section, complete the geological map. (2 marks) See geological map above. Mark breakdown: 12 mark for accurate contacts 1 2 mark for layer labelling 1 mark for basic straight lines in approximately the right place b) Place the correct strike and dip symbol in the box shown on the geological map. (1 mark) 1 mark for a correct placement of the strike and dip symbol. c) Place a Y on the youngest rock unit of the geological map. (1 mark) 1 mark for a correct placement of Y. 036geolk - 15 - July 16, 2003