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Geology 12
Internal Structures & Processes
Provincial Exam Questions
EXTRA PRACTICE TEST #5
KEY
Geology 12 Test #5 - Extra Practice
ANSWER KEY
Internal Structures & Processes
Refer to your yellow data booklet for tables and charts.
Multiple Choice Answers:
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. C
11. D 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. A
21. A 22. C 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. C 27. A 28. B 29. B 30. A
Written Response answers follow the questions.
Geology 12 Unit #5 Extra Practice Test KEY - Internal Structures and
Processes
KEYcities relative to an earthquake
Use the map below showing the
locations of four
to answer question 1.
X
W
granite
unconsolidated
sands and gravels
sandstone
dense shale
E
Z
Y
E
earthquake
epicentre
W
location of city
50 km
1. How will the Richter Scale readings compare in each city shown on the map?
A.
B.
C.
D.
They will all be the same.
W and X will be the largest.
Z will be larger than W, X and Y.
Y and Z will have the largest readings.
2. Which of the following observations about Africa and South America were not used by
Wegener in developing his theory of continental drift?
A.
B.
C.
D.
similar fossils
raised beaches
jigsaw puzzle fit
rocks with similar structures
3. Magnetic reversals are recorded in oceanic crust. Which of the following concepts does this
evidence support?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Oceanic crust is moving toward the ridge.
The age of the earth is younger than expected.
Crust is being destroyed at the mid-ocean ridge.
The ocean floor is spreading away from the mid-ocean ridge.
- 16 -
4. Which of the following sources of heat is mostly responsible for keeping the Earth partially
molten?
A.
B.
C.
D.
solar energy
radioactivity
greenhouse effect
friction between the plates
Use the following diagram of tectonic plates
near the southwest coast of BC to answer questions 5 and 6.
North American Plate
Juan de
Fuca Ridge
X
Juan
de
Fuca
Plate
ade
asc
i-C
ald s
rib noe
Ga olca
v
Pacific
Plate
5. Which of the following rocks would most likely form along the Juan de Fuca Ridge?
A.
B.
C.
D.
pillow basalt
banded gneiss
biotite granite
anthracite coal
6. Which of the following is not evidence for lithospheric plate motion?
A.
B.
C.
D.
jigsaw fit of the continents
coal deposits in Antarctica
matching rock structures in Africa and South America
striations on granite bedrock in southern British Columbia
7.
A seismograph located on the opposite side of the Earth from a major earthquake will only
detect one type of seismic body wave produced by the earthquake. Which of the following is
the most likely reason for this?
A.
B.
C.
D.
S-waves are refracted by the core.
P-waves will not pass through the core.
S-waves will not pass through the core.
P- and S-waves interfere in the core.
Use the following table of properties to answer question 8.
I
II
includes all of the mantle
includes oceanic and continental crust
III
includes the uppermost mantle
IV
entirely plastic
V
entirely liquid
VI
rigid and brittle
VII
approximately 100 km thick
VIII
approximately 3000 km thick
8. Which of the following sets of properties apply to Earth’s lithosphere?
A.
B.
C.
D.
I, II, IV, VIII
I, III, IV, VIII
II, III, VI, VII
III, IV, V, VII
________________________________________________
9. Under what set of conditions is a rock most likely to break rather than bend?
A.
B.
C.
D.
rapid deformation, low temperature
rapid deformation, high temperature
slow deformation, low temperature
slow deformation, high temperature
Use the following diagram and description of the magnitude 8.1
Queen Charlotte Island earthquake of 1949 to answer questions 10 to 13.
- shaking very frightening
u VII - structural damage possible
- shaking frightening to most
VI - damage rare
fault
break
epicentre
V
Terrace
Prince Rupert
- felt by all
- no damage
e IV - felt by some
Roman numerals refer to intensity of shaking
on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
Canada’s largest historic
Vancouver
Victoria
earthquake (magnitude 8.1)
500 km
occurred on August 22, 1949.
Seattle
It occurred on the Queen Charlotte
Fault (Canada’s equivalent of the
Portland
San Andreas Fault) – the boundary
between the Pacific and North
American plates that runs underwater along the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands off the west coast
of British Columbia. The shaking was so severe on the Queen Charlotte Islands that cows were knocked
off their feet, and a geologist with the Geological Survey of Canada working at the north end of Graham
Island could not stand up. Chimneys toppled, and an oil tank at Cumshewa Inlet collapsed. In Terrace, on
the adjacent mainland, cars were bounced around, and standing on the street was described as “like being
on the heaving deck of a ship at sea.” In Prince Rupert, windows were shattered and buildings swayed.
© Natural Resources Canada
10. Along which of the following types of plate boundary did the Queen Charlotte earthquake
occur?
A.
B.
C.
D.
hot spot
diverging
transform
subduction
11. What is the main reason this earthquake did not produce a tsunami?
A.
B.
C.
D.
the focus was in bedrock
the epicentre was on land
the energy released was small
the crustal movement was horizontal
12. What are the most likely Mercalli and Richter scale readings that could have been recorded in
Prince Rupert?
Mercalli Scale
(intensity)
Richter Scale
(magnitude)
A.
V
6.1
B.
VI
6.1
C.
V
8.1
D.
VI
8.1
13. Which of the following Prince Rupert house construction styles would best survive a similar
earthquake?
A.
B.
C.
D.
wood frame bolted to concrete basement walls
masonry block cemented to concrete basement walls
wood frame, not attached to concrete basement walls
masonry block, not cemented to concrete basement walls
Use the following diagram of a cross section through the Earth to answer question 14.
0r
earthquake
103r
no P- or S-waves
received
centre of
Earth
143r
103r
only P-waves
received
143r
no P- or S-waves
received
14. Which of the following is the most likely reason that there is a zone that receives neither
P- nor S-waves from the earthquake? Earth has a layer where
A.
B.
C.
D.
both the P- and S-waves are absorbed.
both the P- and S-waves are refracted.
the P-waves are refracted and the S-waves are absorbed.
the P-waves are absorbed and the S-waves are refracted.
15. What evidence do geologists have for the location of the bottom of the lithosphere?
A.
B.
C.
D.
S- and P-waves speed up as they pass into the liquid outer core.
S- and P-waves slow down as they pass into the plastic outer core.
S- and P-waves speed up as they pass into the liquid asthenosphere.
S- and P-waves slow down as they pass into the plastic asthenosphere.
16. When an igneous rock cools and shrinks, what is the type of geological structure that will
most likely form?
A.
B.
C.
D.
joint
fault
foliation
cleavage
17. The father of the Continental Drift Theory, Alfred Wegener, was a weather scientist.
His curiosity about the possibility of moving continents arose from his study of
paleoclimatology (the study of ancient climates).
a) Describe one piece of evidence relating climate to ancient glaciation that could be used as
evidence to prove his Continental Drift Theory.
(1 mark)
Any one for 1 mark:
• glacial artifacts found in areas that are now tropical
• glacial deposits found in areas that are now tropical
• glacial striations originating from a common ancient source
b) Describe one piece of evidence relating climate to plants or animals that could be used as
evidence to prove his Continental Drift Theory.
(1 mark)
Any one for 1 mark:
• fossils of animals found in areas that could not support them now
• fossils of tropical plants found in areas that are too cold to support them now
• coal deposits (remnants of tropical swamp environment) found in areas that are too cold
for them to form today
c) Wegener’s theory could not explain how the continents actually moved.
Describe how geologists today explain how continents move.
• continents are on moving plates ¨ 1 mark
• plates move due to convection currents in the mantle, therefore continents move
along with plates
(2 marks)
} ¨ 1 mark
Note: Current theory suggests that slabpull may play a major role in plate movement.
Geology 12 – 0608 Written-Response Key
Page 6
Use the following to answer question 18:
i) Earth diagram and three seismograph stations: S1, S2 and S3;
ii) time-distance graph for P- and S-waves;
iii) seismograms for a single earthquake, E.
Time-distance graph
Earth diagram
S
S2 3
12
S-wave
11
S1
10
9
E
8
Time
(min)
Earth
7
P-wave
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2000
1000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Distance (km)
Seismograms for stations S1, S2 and S3
Time (min)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
12
13
14
S1
P-wave
S-wave
S2
P-wave
S3
P-wave
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
S-wave
7
10
11
Time (min)
© 2005 Province of British Columbia. All rights reserved.
058geol12k – Page 12
18. a) Draw an appropriate seismogram for station S 2 in the space provided between S1 and S3.
Ensure that you label the S-wave arrival and consider the amplitude.
Note the scale and grid given.
(2 marks)
2 marks for correct seismogram at station S2
Seismograms for stations S1, S2 and S3
Time (min)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
12
13
14
S1
P-wave
S-wave
S2
P-wave
S-wave
S3
P-wave
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
S-wave
7
8
9
10
11
Time (min)
Range of S2 P- S-wave time difference acceptable is 3.5–4.5 minutes.
Amplitude is between S1 and S3 size.
b) How far away from the earthquake was S1?
between 1500–2000 km
(1 mark)
¨ 1 mark
c) What information in the seismogram suggests that S3 is outside the seismic shadow zones?
(1 mark)
S3 has both S- and P-waves. ¨ 1 mark
© 2005 Province of British Columbia. All rights reserved.
058geol12k – Page 13
Use the following block diagram of the southwest coast of BC to answer question 19.
North American Plate
Juan de Fuca
Ridge
Juan
de
Fuca
Plate
ade
asc
i-C
ald s
rib noe
Ga olca
v
Pacific
Plate
19. The subduction zone that lies under BC’s coast created the Garibaldi-Cascade volcanic chain.
a) Why do these volcanoes lie parallel to the subduction zone?
(1 mark)
As the plate is subducted, it will melt at the same depth and distance from the
subduction zone.
¸ ¨ 1 mark
˝
˛
b) Describe one piece of evidence that could be found in or on the seafloor rocks that would
indicate that seafloor spreading has occurred at the Juan de Fuca Ridge.
(1 mark)
Any one for 1 mark:
•
•
•
•
The age of the rocks becomes progressively older further from the ridge.
Symmetrical magnetic stripes on either side of the ridge.
High heat flow at or near the ridge.
Thickness of sediments increase further away from the spreading ridge.
© 2005 Province of British Columbia. All rights reserved.
058geol12k – Page 15
Use the following two seismograms and the time-distance graph to answer question 10.
S
P
Seismogram X
10 h
5 min
10 h
10 min
S
P
Seismogram Y
10 h
5 min
10 h
10 min
Time-distance graph for P- and S-waves
12
S-wave
11
10
9
Time
(minutes)
8
7
P-wave
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Distance (km)
046geolk
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July 28, 2004
20. The two seismograms, X and Y, were recorded at different locations for the same earthquake.
a) Describe two pieces of evidence, seen on the seismograms, which prove that seismogram Y
was recorded closer to the epicentre of the earthquake.
(2 marks)
Any two for 1 mark each:
• P-waves arrive at Y before X.
• The difference in P and S-wave arrival times is smallest for Y.
• The amplitude of seismogram Y is the largest.
b) What is the difference in arrival times between the S- and the P-waves for seismogram X?
(1 mark)
Approximately 3.5 to 3.7 minutes.
¨ 1 mark
c) What is the distance from seismogram X to the epicentre of the earthquake?
Approximately 2000 to 2500 kilometres.
Note:
o
N
046geolk
(1 mark)
¨ 1 mark
answer c) must correspond to answer given in b)
(whether b) was correct or not)
- 16 -
July 28, 2004
Use the following diagram to answer question 21.
Warringtown
W
Map
Seaview
S
river
S
W
ocean
10 km
L
E
G
E
N
D
W S city locations
E earthquake epicentre
granitic
bedrock
deltaic
sediments
ocean
E
21. Which of the following locations will likely suffer the most damage if a magnitude 7 earthquake
were to occur at map location E?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Seaview
Warringtown
sediment north of the river
bedrock close to the epicentre
________________________________________________
22. Which of the following block diagrams best illustrates a thrust fault?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Use the following block diagram to answer questions 23 and 24.
x
30∞
30∞
23. The hanging wall has moved down. What is the type of fault?
A.
B.
C.
D.
joint
normal
reverse
strike-slip
24. What type of forces would have created a fault of this type?
A.
B.
C.
D.
shear
tensional
confining
compressional
Use the following photograph of a deformed rock structure
found on the Earth’s surface to answer question 25.
© Geocomp Media
25. What is the most likely cause of rock structures like the one shown in the photograph?
A.
B.
C.
D.
glacial movement
extrusion of magma
crustal plate collision
deposition of sediments
For questions 26 and 27, refer to the following reference in the Data Pages.
Geological Time Scale
Reference
Data Pages
Use the following geological map to answer questions 26 to 27.
I
II
III
X
Permian shale
Carboniferous
sandstone
Devonian shale
Silurian limestone
1000 m
26. What is the geological structure that lies between II and III?
A.
B.
C.
D.
dome
syncline
anticline
unconformity
27. Which structural symbol should be placed at X in order to show the strike and dip of the strata?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Use the following cross-sectional diagram to answer question 28.
A
10 m
25 m
Limestone
Shale
(10 m thick)
Sandstone
(25 m thick)
B
28. If 5 metres of movement occurred along A-B, what type of fault would most likely create
a trap for hydrocarbons?
A.
B.
C.
D.
thrust
normal
reverse
strike-slip
2004 Data Booklet GEOLOGICAL MAP
L
Moose
Lake
Drill
hole
P
K
J
H
C
Granite
intrusion
G
5 metres
Fossils not to scale
Unit C
Conglomerate
(with graded bedding)
Unit L
sandstone
Unit P
Fault
Lava layers
(fine-grained with vesicles)
~ 20 m.y. (Miocene)
Unit G
Unit H
Igneous intrusion
Contact
metamorphism
Unit K
-1-
~ 30 m.y. (Oligocene)
For questions 29 and 30, refer to the following in the Data Booklet.
2004 Data Booklet Geological Map
REFERENCE
DATA BOOKLET
29. The geologist who mapped the region shown on the geological map found two pieces of evidence
which indicate that the rock layers have been folded into a plunging anticline. Select two
observations from the list below, of which only some are true, that would have helped the
geologist come to this conclusion.
I:
II:
III:
IV:
V:
VI:
A.
B.
C.
D.
The rock layers dip towards the middle of the structure
The rock layers are oldest towards the middle of the structure
The fold structure plunges towards the south west
The youngest rock layer is in the middle of the structure
The rock layers dip away from the middle of the structure
The fold limbs are parallel
I and VI
II and V
III and V
IV and VI
30. Which of the drill cores shown below would most likely have been obtained from the drill hole
shown in the northeast corner of the map?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Unit L
Unit L
Unit L
Unit P
Unit P
Unit P
Lava
Lava
Lava
Unit H
Unit H
Unit K
Igneous
intrusion
Igneous
intrusion
Unit K
Unit K
Unit L
10 m
Fault
Unit C
Conglomerate
Unit C
Conglomerate
Unit C
Conglomerate
31. A geologist has systematically collected samples from the 25 locations shown on the map
below. She has plotted some of the rock-type data on the map.
Table of Rock Type
Locality
evaporites
1, 5
conglomerate
2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15
sandstone
8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25
shale
18, 22, 24
limestone
23
a) Complete the map to show the geological structure.
(2 marks)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
23
24
25
Lake
Emma
21
1 km
evaporites
conglomerate
sandstone
shale
limestone
1 mark for symmetric structure
1 mark for completing contacts
Geology 12 – 0608 Written-Response Key
Page 9
b) Describe how a geologist would determine whether the structure was an anticline or
a syncline.
(1 mark)
Either one for 1 mark:
• syncline: dips are inward
• youngest rocks would be in the bottom middle
Geology 12 – 0608 Written-Response Key
Page 10
Use the following partial map and completed cross section of sedimentary rock layers
to answer question 32.
Geological Map
Y
Y
pond
10 m
black
sandstone
shale
red
sandstone
siltstone
Geological Cross Section
32. a) Using information from the cross section, complete the geological map.
(2 marks)
See geological map above.
Mark breakdown: 12 mark for accurate contacts
1
2
mark for layer labelling
1 mark for basic straight lines in approximately the right place
b) Place the correct strike and dip symbol in the box shown on the geological map.
(1 mark)
1 mark for a correct placement of the strike and dip symbol.
c) Place a Y on the youngest rock unit of the geological map.
(1 mark)
1 mark for a correct placement of Y.
036geolk
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July 16, 2003