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chaPTer 3 newton’s Laws of Motion what Effect Do Forces Have on the Motion of Objects? Key concePTs After completing this chapter you will be able to • distinguish between different types of forces and describe how they affect the velocity and acceleration of an object • explain how Galileo and Newton advanced our knowledge of forces and motion • state and apply Newton’s laws qualitatively • use free-body diagrams to calculate net force and acceleration • solve problems involving forces in one dimension using freebody diagrams and Newton’s laws • conduct an inquiry into the relationship among the acceleration, net force, and mass of an object, and analyze the resulting data The skier on the opposite page has many different forces acting on him at the same time. Each force has an effect on his motion. The ground exerts forces on the skier, gravity is pulling on him, and even the air is pushing him back. When you combine all of these forces, you can determine how the skier will move. At times, the skier will move with a constant velocity, while at other times he will speed up or slow down. The sum of all the forces acting on the skier determines which of these will occur. To help increase the speed of the skier, the skis are designed to decrease the force of friction. The skier can push on the snow-covered ground with his poles to help him speed up. Even the skier’s clothing and safety equipment are designed to help increase speed and reduce drag (air resistance). An experienced skier will adjust his or her stance to reduce air resistance. Extreme velocities are dangerous even to experienced skiers. To help reduce speed, the skier can plow through the snow or skid with his skis across the snow, causing the skis to dig into the snow. Just reading about the physics of skiing will not make you a skilled skier, but understanding the physics behind skiing can make a good skier even better. An understanding of the physics of skiing also helps equipment designers create better skis, poles, and other skiing gear, which help skiers win races. In this chapter, you will explore different types of forces and discover how they affect motion. You will learn Newton’s three laws of motion and use them to explain how and why objects move. You will also solve problems related to forces and motion. • assess the environmental and social impact of technologies that involve forces STARTiNg POInTS Answer the following questions using your current knowledge. You will have an opportunity to revisit these questions later, applying concepts and skills from the chapter. 3. What do you think is true about the direction of the total force acting on the skier if he is slowing down? What if he is speeding up? 1. List as many forces as you can think of that might be acting on the skier in the photograph. For each force, give the direction of the force and suggest what might be exerting the force. 4. What force or forces do you think would cause the skier to (a) speed up? (b) slow down? 2. If the skier is moving slowly at a constant velocity across a horizontal surface, what forces do you think are acting on him? How would your answer change if the skier were moving quickly at a constant velocity? 112 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion 5. The physics of skiing is similar to the physics of skateboarding. (a) List three forces that you think act on both a skier and a skateboarder. (b) How do you think a skateboarder can speed up and slow down? NEL Mini Investigation Predicting Forces Skills: Predicting, Performing, Observing, Analyzing, Evaluating, Communicating The SI unit of force is the newton. In this chapter, you will be required to measure forces using a spring scale or a force sensor. The following activity will help you improve your skills in estimating and measuring forces. Before performing this activity, make sure you know how to zero the spring scale or calibrate the force sensor. Equipment and Materials: two spring scales or force sensors; one 100 g object; one 200 g object 1. Hang a 100 g object from a spring scale or a force sensor and record the reading. 2. Hold a 200 g object in your hand and estimate how much force is required to hold it up. Record your estimate. Hang the object from the spring scale or force sensor. Measure and record the force. NEL SKILLS HANDBOOK A2.1 3. Predict the reading on the spring scale if you hang both the 100 g and the 200 g object from it. Record your prediction. Measure and record the force. 4. Predict the reading on each scale if you use two spring scales or two force sensors to hold up one 200 g object. Record your prediction. Test your prediction and record your results. A. How accurate were your predictions? How could they be improved? T/I B. What can you conclude about forces from your observations? Write one or two statements that summarize your observations. T/I C Introduction 113 3.1 Figure 1 Forces are all around you. dynamics the study of the causes of motion Types of Forces Forces are all around you, acting on every object that you see. The motion of cars, trucks, planes, and boats is determined by the forces acting on them. Engineers must consider forces carefully when designing bridges and buildings. You are always using forces to move around, to lift objects, or to turn the pages of this book. Forces are involved in every type of sport and activity. For example, when a pitcher throws a ball, she exerts a force on the ball that causes the ball to move forward (Figure 1). If the batter hits the ball, then the bat exerts a force on the ball to change its motion. An understanding of forces is essential for a scientific description of our environment. In simple terms, a force is a push or a pull. Forces can cause objects to change their motion. When you push on a chair to tuck it under a desk, you change the motion of the chair. The direction of a force is very important. If you push straight down on a book on a desk, the effect is usually very different than if you push sideways or pull up. This means that force has direction, making it a vector quantity. In Unit 1, you studied a branch of mechanics called kinematics. Remember that kinematics is the study of how objects move without being concerned with why they move. In this unit, you will study dynamics. Dynamics explains why objects move the way they do. One way to understand why an object moves is to study the forces acting on it. These forces can cause the object to start moving, speed up, slow down, or remain stationary. In this chapter, you will be introduced to different types of forces and the laws that govern them. Measuring Forces newton (N) the SI unit of force (1 N = 1 kg·m/s2) Isaac Newton discovered many of the concepts in this chapter. For this reason the unit of force, the newton, is named after him. The newton (N) is a derived SI unit equal to 1 kg·m/s2. To measure force in the laboratory, you can use either a spring scale or a force sensor. A spring scale has a spring that stretches more when greater forces pull on it. A needle is attached to the spring to indicate the amount of force. Usually a spring scale must be zeroed (the reading must be set to zero when not pulling) before use. Most spring scales can only measure a pulling force. A force sensor is an electronic device that can be attached to a computer or used independently. This device provides an accurate digital reading of a force and can even graph how the force changes over time. A force sensor can measure both pushes and pulls. Force Diagrams system diagram a simple sketch of all objects involved in a situation To understand why an object will remain at rest, start moving, or change its motion, you need to be able to draw diagrams that show clearly which forces are acting on the object. These diagrams are essential, especially when several forces are acting on the object simultaneously. The first type of force diagram is called a system diagram. A system diagram is a simple sketch of all the objects involved in a situation. For example, if you are lifting a book up in the air, the system diagram will show your hand pulling up on the book (Figure 2). F�a F�g Figure 2 A system diagram is a sketch showing all the objects involved in a situation. A system diagram helps you determine which objects push or pull on other objects. 114 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion Figure 3 The FBD for the book shown in Figure 2. Since an FBD shows all the forces acting on a single object, two forces are drawn: the force of the hand pulling up and the force of gravity pulling down. NEL The other type of force diagram is called a free-body diagram (FBD). An FBD is a simple drawing representing the object being analyzed and all the forces acting on it (Figure 3). Usually the object is drawn as a rectangle or large dot. The forces are drawn as arrows originating from the outline of the rectangle or dot and pointing away from the centre. FBDs are not drawn to scale, but larger forces can be drawn longer than smaller ones to help predict the motion of the object. Each force is labelled with the S symbol F and an appropriate subscript that indicates the type of force. free-body diagram (FBD) a simple drawing of an object showing all the forces that are acting on it Everyday Forces To draw useful force diagrams, you need to be familiar with some common forces encountered every day. Imagine two children playing outside with a wagon. One child pulls forward on a rope tied to the front, while the other pushes on the wagon from behind (Figure 4(a)). What forces act on the wagon? To answer this question, we first need to study some everyday forces. First consider the applied forces. An applied force results when one object is in contact S with another object and either pushes or pulls on it. The symbol for an applied force is F a. In our example, the child behind the wagon exerts an applied force forward on the wagon by pushing on the back. Another force is the tension force (often called tension). Tension S is a pulling force exerted on an object by a rope or a string. The symbol for tension is F T. Ropes and strings are not rigid, which means that they cannot push on an object. If you try to push with a rope, the rope will just sag down and have no effect on the motion of the object. An easy way to remember the direction of the tension is that it always pulls the object toward the rope or the string. The child at the front of the wagon pulls on the rope, causing tension in the rope. The rope exerts tension on the wagon, pulling it forward. Notice that in Figure 4(b) both the applied force vector and the tension vector start from the outline of the rectangle representing the wagon and are directed forward, indicating the direction of each force. Whenever an object is in contact with a surface, the surface can exert two different forces on the object. One is called the normal force. The normal force is a perpendicular force on an object exerted by the surface with which it is in contact. The normal force is given its name because this force alwaysSacts perpendicular (or normal) to the surface. The symbol for the normal force is F N. The normal force is always a push from the surface onto the object. For this reason, the normal force always points away from a surface. In Figure 4(b), the normal force from the ground on the wagon starts from the outline of the rectangle and points up, perpendicular to the ground. In this case, the normal force supports the wagon against the force of gravity. The other force exerted by a surface on an object is friction. Friction is a force that resists the motion or attempted motion of an object. Friction is always parallel to the surface andSacts opposite to the object’s motion or attempted motion. The symbol for friction is F f . If the wagon is moving to the right, then the friction on the wagon acts toward the left, opposite to the motion. If the wagon is at rest even if the children are pushing and pulling on it, then the friction is left, opposite to the tension and applied force keeping the wagon at rest. > applied force (F a) a force that results when one object makes contact with another and pushes or pulls on it > tension (F T) a pulling force from a rope or string on an object that always points toward the rope or string > normal force (F N) a perpendicular force exerted by a surface on an object in contact with the surface; the normal force always points away from the surface > friction (F f) opposes the sliding of two surfaces across one another; friction acts opposite to the motion or attempted motion FN FT Ff (a) (b) Fa Fg Figure 4 (a) The system diagram of a wagon and the two children pushing and pulling on it (b) The FBD showing all the forces acting on the wagon NEL 3.1 Types of Forces 115 > force of gravity (F g) force of attraction between any two objects Notice that all of the forces described on the previous page require one object to be in contact with another. For this reason, they are called contact forces. Some forces do not require contact. These forces are known as action-at-a-distance forces (sometimes called non-contact forces). The force of gravity, also called the gravitational force, is the force of attraction that exists between any two objects due to their mass. The force of gravity is an actionS at-a-distance force. The symbol for gravity is F g. In this course, you will only learn about the force of gravity between Earth and other objects close to Earth’s surface. At Earth’s surface, the force of gravity always points down toward Earth’s centre. Even if the surface is sloped, such as the side of a mountain, the force of gravity still points down toward Earth’s centre. Mini Investigation Measuring the Force of Gravity SKILLS HANDBOOK Skills: Performing, Observing, Analyzing, Communicating In this investigation, you will observe the relationship between mass and the force of gravity. You will also measure and calculate the magnitude of the force of gravity. Equipment and Materials: spring scale or force sensor; set of objects of known mass 1. Create a table with the headings “Mass (kg)” and “Force of gravity (N)” to record your observations. 2. Select one of the objects. To measure the force of gravity on the object, hang the object from the spring scale or force sensor. Hold the object steady before taking a reading. Record your observations in your table. A2.1, A6.5 A. Graph your results with the force of gravity (N) on the y-axis and mass (kg) on the x-axis. T/I C B. What is the slope of the line of best fit on the graph? What does the slope represent? (Hint: Think back to the projectile problems from Unit 1.) T/I C C. Using your observations, predict the force of gravity acting on each object below. Use the spring scale or force sensor to check your predictions. How accurate were your predictions? T/I C (i) 0.30 kg (ii) 0.50 kg D. Describe how you could calculate the force of gravity (N) acting on an object if you knew its mass (kg). T/I C 3. Repeat Step 2 for all the objects in the set. To calculate the magnitude of the force of gravity on an object, you multiply the mass of the object by the acceleration due to gravity. To calculate the force of gravity, you can use the equation > > F g 5 mg S WEb LInK To learn more about contact and action-at-a-distance forces, g o T o N E L So N SCi E NCE 116 where g 5 9.8 m/s2 [down]. The force of gravity is measured in newtons and the mass is in kilograms. You will learn more about gravity in Chapter 4. In this course, you will usually be concerned with external forces. External forces are those that are caused by one object pushing or pulling on another. An internal force occurs when an object exerts a force on itself. For example, when skater A pushes on skater B, the force on skater B is external. If skater B pulls forward on her own arm, then it is an internal force. In the following Tutorial, you will use what you have learned about forces to draw system diagrams and FBDs. Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion NEL Tutorial 1 Drawing Force Diagrams Some force diagrams are easy to draw, while others require more care. The following Sample Problems will help you to sharpen your skills with force diagrams. Sample Problem 1 Draw both the system diagram and the FBD for each object in italics. (a) A cup is sitting at rest on a table. (b) Step 1. Identify the objects in the system diagram. The system diagram shows the trunk, the rope, and the basement floor. (b) A large trunk in the basement is pulled by a rope tied to the right side of the trunk by a person. The trunk does not move. (c) A baseball player is sliding to the left across the ground. (d) A desk is pushed to the left across the floor. Solution (a) Step 1. Identify the objects in the system diagram. The system diagram shows the cup and also the desk because the desk exerts a force on the cup. Step 2. Identify the forces acting on the trunk for the FBD. The forces acting on the trunk are tension from the rope, the normal force, friction, and gravity. Step 3. Determine the direction of each force. Step 2. Identify the forces acting on the cup for the FBD. The forces acting on the cup are the normal force and gravity. Step 3. Determine the direction of each force. The normal force exerted by the desk pushes up on the cup and the force of gravity pulls the cup down. No one is pushing the cup so there is no applied force. There is no friction acting on the cup because the cup is not moving and friction is not required to keep it stationary. Step 4. Draw the FBD as a rectangle representing the cup and the arrows representing each force and its direction. Each arrow must be labelled with the appropriate force symbol. The rope can only pull, exerting tension to the right. The basement floor exerts two forces on the trunk, the normal force and friction. The normal force is perpendicular to the surface and is directed up. The force of friction acts opposite to the applied force to keep the trunk stationary. The force of gravity on the trunk is directed down. Step 4. Draw the FBD as a rectangle representing the trunk and the arrows representing each force and its direction. Each arrow must be labelled with the appropriate force symbol. F�N F�f F�T F�g F�N F�g NEL 3.1 Types of Forces 117 (c) Step 1. Identify the objects in the system diagram. (d) Step 1. Identify the objects in the system diagram. The system diagram shows the baseball player and the ground. Step 2. Identify the forces acting on the baseball player for the FBD. The system diagram shows the desk, the person pushing on it, and the floor. Step 2. Identify the forces acting on the desk for the FBD. The forces acting on the desk are an applied force, the normal force, friction, and gravity. The forces acting on the baseball player are the normal force, friction, and gravity. Step 3. Determine the direction of each force. Step 3. Determine the direction of each force. The desk is being pushed to the left, so the applied force is directed to the left. The normal force pushes up on the desk. The force of friction is directed to the right, opposite to the direction of motion. The force of gravity pulls down on the desk. The normal force exerted by the ground pushes up on the baseball player. The force of friction is directed opposite to the direction of motion. The force of gravity pulls down on the baseball player. Step 4. Draw the FBD as a rectangle representing the baseball player and arrows representing each force and its direction. Step 4. Draw the FBD as a rectangle representing the desk and the arrows representing each force and its direction. F�N F�N F�f F�a F�g F�f F�g Sample Problem 2 A player kicks a soccer ball that is sitting on the ground. The ball moves up into the air. Ignore air resistance. Solution (a) Step 1. Identify the forces acting on the ball. (a) Draw the FBD of the ball after it has moved away from the player but is still in the air. (b) A student draws the FBD shown in Figure 5 to represent the soccer ball while it is coming back down. What is wrong with the FBD? Explain your reasoning. F�N The soccer ball has moved away from the player so there is no applied force. The ball is in the air so there is no normal force exerted by the ground. The only force acting on the soccer ball is gravity. Step 2. Determine the direction of the force. The force of gravity pulls down on the soccer ball. Step 3. Draw the FBD as a rectangle representing the ball and the arrows representing each force and its direction. F�a F�g Ontario Physics 11 U 0176504338 C03-F013-OP11USB FN Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion Nesbitt CO Figure 5 -OP11USB 118 F�g NEL (b) When the soccer ball is in the air, there is no applied force or normal force. Both of these forces are contact forces. Since the ball is no longer in contact with the player’s foot or the ground, these forces no longer act on the ball and should not be included in the diagram. The FBD that the student drew in Figure 5 would be appropriate at the start when the ball is still on the ground and the player is kicking it. Practice 1. Draw a system diagram and an FBD for each object in italics. K/U C (a) A book is at rest on top of a desk. (b) A basketball falls through the hoop. Ignore air resistance. (c) A large trunk is pushed horizontally from behind toward the east across a rough floor. 2. Figure 6(a) shows a system diagram of a block sliding up a ramp. A student draws the FBD for the block (Figure 6(b)). Discuss the validity of the FBD. K/U C F�N F�f (a) Figure 6 (b) F�g Calculating net Forces In many force problems, you must combine all the forces acting on a single object into one combined force. The total force is also called the net force or the resultant force. To determine the net force, you need to use FBDs. Keep in mind that force is a vector quantity and the direction of each individual force must be considered before S determining the net force. Net force is represented by the symbol F net. In the following Tutorial, you will draw FBDs to determine the net force acting on an object. > net force (F net ) the sum of all forces acting on an object Tutorial 2 Using FBDs to Determine Net Force To determine the net force from the FBD of an object, it is necessary to define the x- and y-axes and to define which directions are positive. You may omit one axis or the other, if there are no forces parallel to that axis. In the following Sample Problems, we will practise this technique. Ontario 1: Physics 11 U the Net Force on a Stationary Object Sample Problem Calculating The floor exerts a normal force of 36 N [up] on a stationary chair. 0176504338 The force ofFN gravity on the chair isC03-F016B-OP11USB 36 N [down]. Draw the FBD of the chair andCO use the FBD to determine the net force on the chair. Nesbitt Solution 4th Pass (1st pass 7381-A) Pass Step 1. Draw the FBD of the object. Approved F�N Not Approved F�g NEL Step 2. Identify which directions are positive. Define up as the positive y-axis and down as the negative y-axis. This means the normal force exerted by the floor on the chair is positive and the force of gravity on the chair is negative. The values of the forces on the FBD are now F N � �36 N F g � �36 N 3.1 Types of Forces 119 Step 3. Add the forces on each axis to determine the net force. S S S F net 5 F N 1 F g 5 136 N 1 1236 N 2 Fnet 5 0 N There is no net force on the chair. Sample Problem 2: Calculating the Net Force When the FBD Is Given Figure 7 shows all the forces acting on an object. Use the FBD to calculate the net force. 52 N [up] 45 N [W] 62 N [E] 52 N [down] Figure 7 Step 2. Define east and west forces as being along the x-axis. So up and down forces are along the y-axis. Add the forces along each axis to determine the net force. First, find the sum of all the forces parallel to the y-axis. 1Fnet2 y 5 152 N 1 1252 N2 50N The net force on the y-axis is 0 N. Now find the sum of all the forces parallel to the x-axis. Step 1. Identify which directions are positive. 1Fnet2 x 5 162 N 1 1245 N2 Solution Since the FBD is given, you can skip the drawing step. Choose up and east as positive. So down and west are negative. The values of the forces on the FBD are now 5 117 N The net force along the x-axis is 17 N [E]. Therefore, the net force on the object is 17 N [E]. �52 N �45 N �62 N �52 N Practice Physics 11 U 1. Calculate the net force when each set of forces acts on the same object. 338 Draw an FBD for each object. K/U C C03-F019-OP11USB (a) 5.5 N [W], 3.4 N [W], 4.2 N [E] [ans: 4.7 N [W]] (b) 92 N [up], 35 N [down], 24 N [down] [ans: 33 N [up]] Nesbitt (c) 15 N [up], 15 N [down], 35 N [E], 12 N [W] [ans: 23 N [E]] d oved 2.Pass A chain force of 1200 N [up] on a beam which experiences a force of gravity 5th (1stexerts pass a7381-A) of 1100 N [down]. Draw the FBD of the beam and determine the net force on the beam. K/U C [ans: 100 N [up]] 3. You push a book across a table to your friend with a force of 6.5 N [E]. The force of friction on the book is 4.5 N [W]. The normal force and the force of gravity have a magnitude of 7.5 N. Draw the FBD of the book and calculate the net force on the book. K/U C [ans: 2.0 N [E]] 120 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion 20-OP11USB NEL The Four Fundamental Forces It might seem like there are many different kinds of forces in everyday life and even more involved with research and technology. Physicists have grouped all known natural forces into four categories called fundamental forces. These four fundamental forces are the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. You have already learned a little about the force of gravity, and you will expand that knowledge in Chapter 4. Not only is the force of gravity responsible for pulling objects down toward Earth’s centre, but it also exists between any two masses in the universe. The force of gravity keeps the Moon in orbit around Earth and Earth in orbit around the Sun. You do not notice the force of gravity between smaller objects such as a pair of basketballs because the masses are small and the force of gravity is too weak compared to Earth’s gravity. The electromagnetic force is caused by electric charges. Electric force exists between charges, and magnetic force exists between magnets. The electromagnetic force is an action-at-a-distance force. Unlike gravity, this force can both attract and repel. For this reason, these forces often cancel each other out. The electromagnetic force holds atoms and molecules together: it makes concrete hard and a feather soft and governs the properties of chemical reactions. In the nucleus of atoms, the positively charged protons are very close and repel each other. They do not fly apart because the strong nuclear force of attraction between the neutrons and the protons keeps them in place. In some cases, protons and neutrons can transform into other particles. The weak nuclear force is responsible for the interactions involved during these particle transformations. Table 1 gives a brief comparison of the four fundamental forces. The electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces are studied in later physics courses. web Link To review the four fundamental forces, go to nelson sc i ence Table 1 Comparing the Fundamental Forces Type of force Approximate relative strength Range Effect gravitational 1 infinite attract only 1020 electromagnetic infinite attract and repel strong nuclear 10 38 less than 10215 m attract and repel weak nuclear 1025 less than 10218 m attract and repel 3.1 Summary • A force is a push or a pull. Forces are responsible for changes in motion. • Force is a vector quantity measured in newtons (N). • There are two types of force diagrams. A system diagram is a simple sketch of the situation showing the objects involved. A free-body diagram (FBD) shows all the forces acting on a single object. • You can use FBDs to calculate the net force on an object. Indicate the direction of the positive y-axis and the positive x-axis to determine the signs of each force acting on the object. Add up the forces parallel to each axis to determine the net force. S S • To calculate the force of gravity, you can use the equation F g 5 mg , where S g 5 9.8 m/s2 [down]. • The four fundamental forces are the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. NEL 3.1 Types of Forces 121 3.1 Questions 1. Assume that you are sitting at your desk facing north with a book on the desk directly in front of you. K/U (a) If you push on the side of the book that is closest to you, in which direction is the applied force? (b) If you pull on the side of the book that is closest to you, in which direction is the applied force? 11. Explain the difference between system diagrams and FBDs. Describe why both are used to solve force problems. K/U C 2. Name the force or forces that cause these objects to experience changes in motion. Neglect air resistance. K/U (a) A ball falls toward the ground. (b) A person accelerates up in an elevator. (c) A car gradually slows down while approaching a red light. 12. For a physics project, you are given a small block of wood, a paper clip, some masking tape, a balloon, a magnet, and an elastic band. The objective is to move the block from one end of a long hallway to the other in the least amount of time using only the materials listed, without touching the wood directly. Draw a system diagram showing how you would complete the task. Draw an FBD of the block of wood. Include a brief description of what you would do. T/I C 3. A student forgets to zero the force sensor before performing an investigation. What effect, if any, will this have on the data collected during the investigation? T/I 13. Examine Figure 8, showing a spider in a web. The web is currently under construction and consists of only a few fine strands. Draw the FBD of the spider. T/I C 4. Some everyday forces are gravity, tension, friction, an applied force, and the normal force. It is important that you be able to determine the direction of each of these forces when drawing an FBD. Create a table or a graphic organizer to help you remember the direction of these forces. K/U 5. Draw both the system diagram and the FBD for each object in italics. K/U C (a) A car is parked on the road. (b) A small fish is hanging from a fishing line. (c) A football is falling toward a player. (d) A puck is being pushed forward across the ice by a hockey stick. 6. Create a poster to teach students about common everyday forces. Include at least two system diagrams in your poster and the corresponding FBDs. You may include several everyday forces in your poster or concentrate on just one. K/U C 7. Determine the force of gravity acting on each object. (a) A 2.0 kg object falls straight down. (b) A 62 kg person stands on the floor. T/I C 8. Your teacher says, “Any applied force can also be called a normal force.” Discuss the validity of this statement. K/U C 9. You tie a long string to a cart on the ground. Explain why you can only pull the cart forward but cannot push the cart away with the string. Draw diagrams to help explain your answer. K/U C Figure 8 14. A doctor states, “The bones in the human arm can exert forces that can either push or pull other objects. The muscles are made of small fibres and can only cause tension forces.” C A (a) What does the doctor mean when he says muscles can only cause tension forces? (b) Why can bones both push and pull whereas muscles cannot? 15. Calculate the net force when each set of forces acts on a single object. T/I (a) 56 N [up], 35 N [down] (b) 12.3 N [right], 14.4 N [right], 32.7 N [left] (c) 45 N [up], 45 N [down], 21 N [W], 21 N [E] 16. (a) List the four fundamental forces from weakest to strongest. (b) Describe two ways that gravity is different from the 10. Describe the main difference between contact forces and other three fundamental forces. Ontario Physics 11 U action-at-a-distance forces. What implication does this (c) Explain why friction and tension are not fundamental 0176504338 difference have when drawing an FBD? K/U C forces. K/U C C03-F023-OP11USB FN Crowle Art Group CO Deborah Crowle 2nd pass Pass Approved Not Approved 122 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion NEL 3.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion Every year in Canada, there are about 160 000 car accidents. These accidents cause many injuries, and about 3000 are fatal. Many of these injuries and deaths involve motorists who are not wearing seat belts or are driving too fast. An understanding of Newton’s first law will help you appreciate the importance of safety features in cars such as seat belts and airbags. Figure 1 shows a crash test designed to help engineers test and improve the safety features of new cars. What will happen to a crash test dummy during a collision if it is not wearing a seat belt and no airbag is present? Newton’s first law will help us answer this question. Inertia If you have ever played air hockey, you may know that a small plastic puck moves with close to uniform velocity after you hit it. In other words, there is very little friction acting on the puck to slow it down. In fact, the net force on the puck is zero because the upward force on the puck exerted by the air and the downward force of gravity cancel each other and there is almost no friction. If you do not hit the puck at all, it will just sit there at rest if the air table is level. Unfortunately, early scientists and philosophers did not have access to air hockey tables. They noticed that moving objects would spontaneously slow down for no apparent reason. They did not know about friction and incorrectly attributed the decrease in velocity to “lazy” objects. They concluded that a constant net force was needed to keep an object moving. They thought that larger net forces made things move at a higher constant velocity and smaller net forces made them move at a lower constant velocity. If no net force was acting on the object, they thought that the object would stop. It was not until the 1600s that Galileo was able to perform experiments to help clear up these misconceptions. To help explain the results of his experiments, Galileo used the following thought experiment (Figure 2). Figure 2(a) shows a ball rolling down an incline, onto a horizontal surface, and up another incline. Galileo reasoned that if there was no friction acting on the ball, it would continue to roll up the second incline until it reached the same height as its starting position. If friction were present, it would not go quite as high on the second slope. Figure 2(b) shows a situation similar to the first, but the steepness of the second incline is decreased. Galileo reasoned that the ball would have to roll farther to reach the same initial height on the second incline. In Figure 2(c), the second incline has been eliminated. In this experiment, the ball will never reach the same height. Galileo concluded that if there is no friction, the ball will continue to roll forever. It will never reach the same initial height since it cannot go up another incline. We can verify Galileo’s thought experiment today using equipment such as air tables, where little friction is present. Ball starts here. descending ramp (a) Ball stops here. ascending ramp Ball starts here. (b) Ball stops here. Ball starts here. Figure 1 Crash tests are designed to test and improve automotive safety. Ball does not stop. (c) Figure 2 (a) The ball rolls up the steep second ramp until it rises to the same initial height. (b) The ball rolls up the less steep second ramp, but it still rises to the same height. (c) There is no second ramp and the ball never stops because it cannot get to the same initial height. NEL 3.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion 123 inertia the property of matter that causes it to resist changes in motion; inertia is directly proportional to the mass of the object first law of motion an object will remain at rest or continue to move at constant velocity when the net force on the object is zero Galileo concluded that once an object starts moving, it will continue moving at a constant velocity if there is no friction present. Galileo used the concept of inertia to help explain his conclusion. Inertia is the property of matter that causes it to resist changes in motion. The inertia of an object depends on the mass of the object. An object with more mass has more inertia, whereas an object with less mass has less inertia. In other words, inertia is directly proportional to the mass of the object. Imagine placing a stuffed animal on the dashboard of a stationary car. If the car speeds up rapidly, the stuffed animal will resist this change in motion due to its inertia and end up in your lap. This does not mean the stuffed animal is moving backwards. The car is moving forward and the stuffed animal is stationary. In other words, the dashboard is being pulled out from under the stuffed animal. If the car is moving with uniform velocity and the stuffed animal is placed on the dashboard, the stuffed animal will stay on the dashboard because there is no change in the velocity of the car. In this case, inertia does not upset the stuffed animal because inertia only resists changes in motion. If the stuffed animal is placed on the dashboard and the car suddenly slows down, the stuffed animal will continue to move forward with uniform velocity due to its inertia. Again, we are not implying that the stuffed animal jumps forward. It is the car that is slowing down, not the stuffed animal speeding up. The dashboard slides under the stuffed animal, causing the windshield to move toward the stuffed animal. Newton was born in 1642, the year that Galileo died. Newton published Principia Mathematica, a set of three books which included much of his own work about physics, as well as a description of Galileo’s law of inertia. The law of inertia is now called Newton’s first law of motion because it was included with Newton’s other laws of motion. First Law of Motion If the net external force on an object is zero, the object will remain at rest or continue to move at a constant velocity. Below are some of the important implications of Newton’s first law: • Anon-zeronetforcewillchangethevelocityofanobject.Th evelocitycan change in magnitude, direction, or both. • Anetforceisnotrequiredtomaintainthevelocityofanobject. • Externalforcesarerequiredtochangethemotionofanobject.Internalforces have no effect on the motion of an object. Tutorial 1 FBDs and the First Law of Motion The following Sample Problems will help to clarify the meaning of Newton’s first law by using FBDs. Sample Problem 1 Use Newton’s first law to explain each situation below. (a) Why does a computer sitting on a desk remain at rest? F�N (b) Why does a hockey puck moving across smooth ice move at a constant velocity? (c) Why does a wagon pulled across a rough surface by a child move at a constant velocity? Solution (a) Examine the system diagram and FBD of the computer shown in Figure 3. Notice that the desk exerts a normal force up on the computer and the force of gravity pulls down on the computer. These two forces cancel to give a net force of zero. According to Newton’s first law, the computer will remain at rest. 124 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion (a) (b) F�g Figure 3 (a) System diagram of a computer on a desk (b) FBD of the computer NEL (b) Examine the system diagram and FBD of the hockey puck shown in Figure 4. Notice that the ice exerts a normal force up on the hockey puck and the force of gravity pulls down on the hockey puck. These two forces cancel to give a net force of zero in the vertical direction. Since no external force acts in the horizontal direction, according to Newton’s first law, the hockey puck will continue to move at a constant velocity. F�N (a) F�N (a) (b) F�g F�f Figure 4 (a) System diagram of a hockey puck moving on ice (b) FBD of the hockey puck F�T F�g (b) Figure 5 (a) System diagram of a child and a wagon (b) FBD of the child and the wagon (c) Examine the system diagram and FBD of the wagon shown in Figure 5. The child applies tension forward on the wagon. The ground exerts a normal force up, and the force of friction acts backwards on the wagon. The force of gravity acts down on the wagon. The two vertical forces cancel each other and the two horizontal forces cancel each other to produce a net force of zero. According to Newton’s first law, the wagon will move at a constant velocity. Sample Problem 2: Newton’s First Law Applied to Headrests (Figure 6(a)), there is no force applied to the head. According to Newton’s first law, your head will continue to remain at rest. Your head will initially appear to snap backwards relative to your body as your body accelerates forward, possibly resulting in a neck injury known as whiplash. The headrest in a modern car helps push the head forward with the rest of the body (Figure 6(b)). This helps to prevent whiplash since your neck does not bend backwards as far during a rear-end collision. Older cars did not have headrests, but all new cars do. How do headrests help prevent injuries during a rear-end collision? Use Newton’s first law to explain your answer. Solution Consider the forces acting on a person’s body during a collision. OP11USB rio Physics 11 UDuring a rear-end collision, the car will suddenly accelerate Group forward and so will your body because the seat exerts a force 504338 owle directed forward on your torso. In a vintage car with no headrest C03-F028B-OP11USB Ontario Physics 11 U Nesbitt 0176504338 C03-F029B-OP11USB FN 3rd Pass (1st pass 7381-A) F Nesbitt CO oved Approved F Pass Approved Not Approved (a) 4th Pass (1st pass 7381-A) F (b) Figure 6 (a) No headrest (b) Headrest present NEL 3.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion 125 Sample Problem 3: Determining the Missing Force What is the missing force on each FBD shown in Figure 7? 12 N 8N FN 15 N 28 N (a) S Analysis: 1Fnet 2 y 5 0 22 N (b) Figure 7 (a) FBD for an object at rest (b) FBD for an object moving left at a constant velocity Solution: 1F net 2 y 5 F N 1 1222 N2 0 5 F N 2 22 N F N 5 122 N S F N 5 22 N [up] Solution Now examine the forces along the x-axis. (a) According to Newton’s first law, since the object is at rest, the net force must be zero. Choose up as positive. So down is negative. Given: 128 N; 215 N S Required: F 1 Analysis: 1Fnet 2 x 5 0 Given: two upward forces of 112 N and 18 N Solution: 1Fnet2 x 5 128 N 1 1215 N2 1 F1 0 5 13 N 1 F1 F1 5 213 N S Required: F g S Analysis: F net 5 0 Solution: Fnet 5 112 N1 118 N2 1Fg 0 5 20 N 1 Fg Fg 5 220 N s 11 U Given: 222 N Required: F N F1 F�g (b) According to Newton’s first law, the object must have a net force of zero since it is moving at a constant velocity. Choose up and right as positive. So down and left is negative. We can look at (Fnet )y and (Fnet )x separately. Start with the forces along the y-axis. S F 1 5 13 N [left] Statement: The normal force on the object is 22 N [up]. S S F 1 is 13 N [left]. F g 5 20 N 3 down 4 Statement: The force of gravity on the object is 20 N [down]. C03-F031B-OP11USB Nesbitt Practice 1. Explain why it is unsafe to stand when riding a bus or subway without holding onto K/U C 3rd Pass (1stsomething. pass 7381-A) 2. In a demonstration, a teacher places some plates on top of a smooth 1-A) tablecloth. The teacher then pulls quickly on the tablecloth. If the tablecloth is a frictionless surface, predict what will happen to the plates. Explain your reasoning. K/U 3. A driver in a car passes over some black ice, which exerts almost no friction on the wheels. Explain why the car cannot slow down when the driver pushes on the brakes. K/U 4. You have some snow stuck on your shovel. Explain how you could apply Newton’s first law to get the snow off. K/U 5. The FBD in Figure 8 is for a car at rest on the ground. T/I S S S 13 000 N 1250 N F1 1400 N Fg Figure 8 S (a) Determine F 1 and F g . [ans: F 1 = 2650 N [R]; F g = 13 000 N [down]] (b)How would your answers change if the car was moving at a constant velocity? Assume none of the given forces change. 126 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion NEL Mini Investigation Testing Newton’s First Law Skills: Observing, Analyzing, Communicating Your teacher will present several situations and ask you to predict what will happen and explain your reasoning. You will then observe the demonstration and record what happens. Finally, you will explain what happens and why in terms of Newton’s first law. Equipment and Materials: coin; playing card; ballistics cart and ball; skateboard; thread; two standard masses 1. Create a table in your notebook similar to Table 1. The second column in Table 1 shows a sketch of each demonstration. Summarize your results in the appropriate column of your table. T/I C Table 1 Situation Sketch of situation Prediction/ explanation Observations Explanation A. A coin is on top of a playing card on the left fist. Hit the card. C03-F033A-OP11USBS_Sketch.JPG B. A moving ballistics cart fires a ball by exerting a force straight up. C03-F033B-OP11USB.ai C. A moving skateboard with an object on top hits a wall. D. A thread supports an object. Another thread is underneath. Pull slowly on the bottom thread. E. A thread supports an object. Another thread is underneath. Pull quickly on the bottom thread. NEL 3.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion 127 Applications of newton’s First Law WEb LInK To learn more about how seat belts work, g o T o N E L So N SCi E NCE A wide range of technologies take advantage of Newton’s first law including automobiles, planes, rockets, and construction. The key idea is that the net force must be zero for any object to remain at rest or to keep moving with uniform motion. Consider the physics of a typical seat belt. What will happen if you are not wearing a seat belt and the car suddenly stops? According to Newton’s first law, you will continue to move forward at a constant velocity until an object exerts a net force on you. This could be the dashboard or the windshield. If you are wearing a seat belt, the seat belt will exert a net force on you to slow you down. One design feature of a seat belt uses the sudden decrease in velocity of the car to activate a gear mechanism. In this design, the seat belt strap is attached to a spool, which in turn is attached to a gear (Figure 9). Beneath this gear is a pendulum that is free to swing back and forth. When the car comes to a sudden stop, the pendulum swings forward due to inertia. This causes the pendulum to move a metal stop into the teeth of the gear, locking the seat belt in place. Before coming to a sudden stop After coming to a sudden stop pendulum (a) (b) Figure 9 (a) When the vehicle is moving at constant velocity the seat belt pendulum (shown in green) hangs straight down. (b) After a sudden stop, the pendulum swings, causing the metal stop to lock into the seat belt gear. Space and flight technology also takes advantage of Newton’s first law. During high accelerations in a jet or a rocket, a pilot or astronaut might experience pooling of blood in certain parts of the body such as the legs. The inertia of the blood often causes it to move out of the head and into the legs. A G-suit helps to prevent this condition by exerting pressure on the legs and lower torso. In effect, it is squeezing the blood out of the legs back up toward the brain. UNiT TASK BOOKMARK 3.2 Summary You can apply what you learned about Science Physics 11 • Inertiaisthepropertyofmatterthatcausesittoresistchangesinmotion. Newton’s first law to the Unit Task ISBN: ISBN # 0176504338Inertia is directly proportional to the mass of the object. described on page 204. FN CO Pass Approved Not Approved 128 C03-F034-OP11USB • Newton’sfirstlawcanalsobecalledthelawofinertia.Newton’sfirstlaw statesIllustration that if the net force acting on an object is zero, the object will either Dave McKay remain at rest or continue to move at a constant velocity. dhm • Pass Th erearemanyimplicationsofNewton’sfi rstlaw:objectsatresttend Fourth 10/09/27 to remain at rest; objects in motion tend to remain in motion; if the velocity of an object is constant, then the net force is zero; if a net force acts on an object, the velocity will change in magnitude, direction, or both. • Newton’sfirstlawofmotioncanbeappliedinmanysituationstohelp increase our understanding of motion. • Newton’sfirstlawofmotionhasmanytechnologicalapplications. Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion NEL 3.2 Questions 1. Explain how modern technology can help demonstrate Galileo’s thought experiments. K/U 10. Use Newton’s first law to explain why you should slow down when going around a curve on an icy highway. K/U C 2. Which has the most inertia, a truck, a desk, or a feather? Which has the least inertia? How do you know? K/U 11. Figure 11 shows some simple equipment used to test Newton’s first law. In the experiment, the ring is suddenly pulled horizontally. T/I C (a) Predict what will happen to the piece of chalk. Explain your reasoning. (b) Why does it help to put some water in the container? 3. Skater 1 has a mass of 45 kg and is at rest. Skater 2 has a mass of 50 kg and is moving slowly at a constant velocity of 3.2 m/s [E]. Skater 3 has a mass of 75 kg and is moving quickly at a constant velocity of 9.6 m/s [E]. Which skater experiences the greater net force? Explain your reasoning. K/U 4. Explain each statement using inertia or Newton’s first law. K/U (a) You should not sit in the back (bed) of a pickup truck when it is moving. (b) It is hard to get a car moving on very slippery ice. (c) You should not put objects on the ledge of a car between the rear windshield and the rear seat. (d) During liftoff, astronauts are placed horizontally in the capsule rather than vertically. 5. Headrests and seat belts are two important pieces of safety equipment used in automobiles. K/U (a) Will both technologies significantly improve safety if the car suddenly slows down but keeps moving in a straight line? Explain your reasoning. (b) Will both technologies significantly improve safety if the car suddenly speeds up but keeps moving in a straight line? Explain your reasoning. 6. Many people buy a coffee or other hot beverage on their way to work. For safety, the cup usually has a lid and is placed in a cup holder. Using Newton’s first law, explain why both of these precautions are necessary. C A chalk container Figure 11 12. While on the bus, you throw an apple straight up into the air. What will happen if the bus (a) moves at a constant velocity? (b) slows down? Explain your reasoning using diagrams. T/I C 13. Determine the indicated forces on each FBD shown in Figure 12. T/I (a) statue at rest on a shelf (b) sled pulled right at a constant velocity 7. Figure 10 shows a string tied to a spike at one end and a puck at the other. The puck is moving around in a circle on the ice. Ontario Physics Describe what the puck will do if11 theUstring is suddenly cut at the red line.0176504338 Explain your reasoning using a diagram. K/U C C03-P016-OP11USB FN CO F�2 54 N F1 F�1 (a) 86 N 17 N 32 N (b) 60 N F2 Figure 12 14. Your physics teacher challenges the class to the following puzzle. Place eight quarters into a single stack on a desk. Your task is to take the stack apart one quarter at a time puck 5th pass (1st pass 7381-A) Pass spike using only a thin ruler. You cannot make any contact with Approved the quarters but the ruler can. Only quarters at the bottom Not Approved of the pile may be removed. T/I C (a) Describe how you would complete the task. Carry out Figure 10 your plan to test whether it works. 8. Use Newton’s first law to explain why the normal force must (b) Explain why it works. be equal in magnitude to the force of gravity for an object toOntario Physics 11 U 15. Studies reveal that many people do not use their headrest remain at rest on a horizontal surface when no other forces 0176504338 properly. Research what most people do wrong and how it C03-F038B-OP11USB FN are acting on the object. K/U C can be fixed. Prepare a small pamphlet that can be used Nesbitt CO 9. You are inside a car moving fast along a sharp turn in the to make people aware of the problem and how to fix it. road. Use Newton’s first law to describe what happens to Include6th anyPass useful that might encourage people to (1st statistics pass 7381-A) Pass Ontario Physics 11 U you as you safely make it around the curve. T/I C T/I C make the necessary changes. Approved 0176504338 NEL NGI FN CO Not Approved C03-F038A-OP11USB Pass 4th Pass (1st pass 7381-A) Approved Nesbitt go To N ELS oN S C i EN C E 3.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion 129 3.3 newton’s second law of Motion Newton’s first law of motion applies to situations when the net force on an object is zero. When the net force is zero, an object that is at rest will remain at rest and an object that is in motion will continue to move in a straight line at a constant velocity. What do these cases have in common? In both cases, the acceleration is zero. The variables Involved in newton’s Second Law One way to experience Newton’s second law of motion is in a moving car. A light car with a powerful engine that can exert a large force will experience a large acceleration (Figure 1(a)). A massive truck experiences small accelerations even if the force is large (Figure 1(b)). A small economy car experiences smaller accelerations because the force its engine exerts is smaller (Figure 1(c)). The acceleration is affected by changing either the mass or the net force. To understand this relationship among acceleration, net force, and mass, we need to consider these variables more carefully. (a) (b) (c) Figure 1 (a) A race car speeds up quickly because it has a small mass and experiences a large net force. (b) A truck accelerates more slowly. Even though a large net force acts on it, the mass is large. (c) A small economy car also accelerates more slowly. It has a small mass and a small applied force. WEb LInK To learn more about how forces are applied to sports, g o T o N E L So N SCi E NCE Figure 2 The relationship among acceleration, net force, and mass (a) A large net force results in a large acceleration. (b) A small net force results in a small acceleration. (c) A small mass results in a large acceleration. (d) A large mass results in a small acceleration. We will first examine the relationship between the net force and the acceleration. Imagine pushing a large sled with a few small boxes on top across a nearly frictionless icy surface. If you push as hard as you can, the sled starts from rest and attains a high velocity in little time (Figure 2(a)). If you push with less force on the sled, the velocity will increase more gradually (Figure 2(b)). These two scenarios imply that acceleration increases as the net force increases. Now we will examine the effect of mass on acceleration. If you remove the boxes, the lighter sled is easier to speed up from rest (Figure 2(c)). If you put more boxes on the sled, the heavier sled is harder to speed up at the same rate (Figure 2(d)). In other words, acceleration decreases as mass increases. (a) (c) 130 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion a a Fnet Fnet (b) a a Fnet Fnet (d) NEL Newton’s second law of motion is summarized as follows: Second Law of Motion If the net external force on an object is not zero, the object will accelerate in the direction of this net force. The magnitude of the acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. second law of motion an object will accelerate in the direction of the net force; the magnitude of the acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force and inversely proportional to the object’s mass Representing Newton’s Second Law Mathematically From Newton’s second law, we can derive an equation that connects acceleration, net force, and mass. S S S 1 S a ~ F net when m is constant and a ~ when F net is constant m Combining the two proportionalities, we get S F net a ~ m S We can create an equation relating all three variables if we insert a proportionality constant k: S F net a 5 k m S If we define the newton as the net force required to accelerate 1 kg at 1 m/s2 or 1 N = 1 kg·m/s2, then k = 1. We can write the equation as S F net a 5 m S Solving for the net force, we have S S F net 5 ma Consider a situation where Sthe mass is kept constant but the net force gradually S increases. From the equation F net 5 m a , if mass is kept constant and the net force on the object increases, the acceleration also increases. If you graph net force versus acceleration, the relationship is linear (Figure 3). Consider the slope of the line: rise slope 5 run S D F net 5 S Da The line must pass through the origin. From Newton’s first law, when the acceleration is zero, the net force must also be zero. If we use the origin as the initial point on the graph, the above slope equation simplifies to S slope 5 S F net2 2 F net1 S S 5 S a2 2 a1 F net2 2 0 Fnet Fnet 2 a2 a Figure 3 The graph of net force versus acceleration is linear, and the slope represents the mass. The line must pass through the origin, since when the acceleration is zero the net force must also be zero. S a2 2 0 S NEL 5 F net2 S a2 3.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 131 B Physically, what does this slope represent? Using Newton’s second law, we have S S F net 5 ma a S m 5 F net S a The expressions for slope and mass can be equated, so we can conclude that the slope of the graph of net force versus acceleration is the mass of the object. Now consider a situation where the net force is kept constant but the mass m Figure 4 The graph of acceleration versus mass is a reciprocal function. S F net gradually increases. From the equation a 5 , if the net force is kept constant m and the mass of an object increases, the acceleration decreases. If you graph acceleration versus mass, the graph shows a reciprocal relationship (Figure 4). S Tutorial 1 Using Newton’s Second Law Newton’s second law can be used to solve a variety of problems involving many different situations. In the following Sample Problems, we will demonstrate how to apply Newton’s second law. Sample Problem 1: Determining Acceleration Sample Problem 2: Calculating Net Force A net force of 36 N [forward] is applied to a volleyball of mass 0.24 kg. Determine the acceleration of the volleyball. A 64 kg runner starts walking at 3.0 m/s [E] and begins to speed up for 6.0 s, reaching a final velocity of 12.0 m/s [E]. Calculate the net force acting on the runner. S Given: F net 5 36 N [forward]; m 5 0.24 kg S Required: a S S S S Analysis: F net 5 ma . Choose forward as positive. Solution: F net 5 ma S F net a 5 m S 136 N 0.24 kg a5 a 5 1150 m/s2 > a 5 150 m/s2 3 forward 4 Statement: The acceleration of the volleyball is 150 m/s2 [forward]. S S Given: m 5 64 kg; v 1 5 3.0 m/s [E]; v 2 5 12.0 m/s [E]; ∆t 5 6.0 s S Required: F net S S Analysis: F net 5 ma , but first we have to calculate the > > > v2 2 v1 acceleration using the kinematics equation a 5 . Dt Choose east as positive. > > > v2 2 v1 Solution: a 5 Dt a5 112.0 m/s 2 113.0 m/s2 6.0 s a 5 11.5 m/s2 > a 5 1.5 m/s2 3 E 4 Now we can calculate the net force. > > F net 5 ma Fnet 5 164 kg2 111.5 m/s2 2 Fnet 5 196 N > F net 5 96 N 3 E 4 Statement: The net force on the runner is 96 N [E]. 132 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion NEL Sample Problem 3: Calculating Net Force and Acceleration Using an FBD A 9100 kg jet moving slowly on the ground fires its engines, resulting in a force of 22 000 N [E] on the jet. The force of friction on the jet is 3800 N [W]. (a) Draw the FBD for the jet. (b) Calculate the net force acting on the jet. (c) Calculate the acceleration of the jet. Solution (a) Choose up and east as positive. So down and west are negative. S (c) Given: F net 5 18 200 N [E]; m 5 9100 kg S Required: a > > Analysis: F net 5 ma > > Solution: F net 5 ma F�N F f � �3800 N (b) The normal force and gravity will cancel when the jet is on horizontal ground. The net force is east since the applied force is greater than the force of friction. To find the net force, we add all the horizontal forces. > > > F net 5 F a 1 F f Fnet 5 122 000 N 1 1238002 N Fnet 5 118 200 N > F net 5 18 200 N 3 E 4 The net force on the jet is 18 200 N [E]. S F net a 5 m 118 200 N a5 9100 kg a 5 12.0 m/s2 S a 5 2.0 m/s2 3 E 4 F a � �22 000 N S F�g Statement: The acceleration of the jet is 2.0 m/s2 [E]. Practice 1. A net force of 126 N [S] is applied to a 70 kg sprinter. Determine the acceleration of the sprinter. T/I [ans: 1.8 m/s2 [S]] 2. A car accelerates at 1.20 m/s2 [forward]. The net force on the car is 1560 N [forward]. What is the mass of the car? T/I [ans: 1300 kg] 3. A cyclist starts to pedal vigorously, increasing her velocity from 6.0 m/s [E] to 14.0 m/s [E] in 6.0 s. The total mass of the cyclist and the bicycle is 58 kg. Find the net force acting on the cyclist and bicycle. T/I [ans: 77 N [E]] 4. During a road test, a driver brakes a 1420 kg car moving at 64.8 km/h [W]. The car slows down and comes to a stop after moving 729 m [W]. T/I (a) Calculate the net force acting on the car. [ans: 316 N [E]] (b)What is the force of friction acting on the car while it is slowing down? Explain your reasoning. [ans: 316 N [E]] 5. For each FBD shown below, determine the net force applied to the object and its acceleration. T/I (a) m 5 8.0 kg [ans: 36 N [left], 4.5 m/s2 [left]] (b) m 5 125 kg [ans: 1000 N [up], 8 m/s2 [up]] 24 N 11 U 31 N C03-F044-OP11USB Nesbitt 19 N 1200 N 600 N 1100 N 600 N 1300 N 5th Pass (1st pass 7381-A) 6. In a two-person bobsled competition, athlete 1 pushes forward on the sled with 310 N and athlete 2 pushes forward with 354 N. A force of friction of 40 N [backwards] is acting on the bobsled. The mass of the bobsled is 390 kg. Calculate the acceleration of the bobsled. T/I [ans: 1.6 m/s2 [forward]] NEL 3.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 133 The line weight of the arrows is the same as those in part (a). newton’s Second Law and Gravity F�g Figure 5 This FBD shows an object in free fall, with no air resistance acting on it. The net force on the object is the force of gravity. The acceleration of the object is equal to the acceleration due to gravity. In Section 3.1, you learned that you can calculate the force of gravity by multiplying the mass by the acceleration due to gravity. We can now justify the equation S S F g 5 m g using Newton’s second law. Consider an object in free fall with no air resistance acting on it (Figure 5). Free fall is motion of an object toward Earth with no other forces acting on it. The only force acting on the object is the force of gravity. In this situation, the force of gravity is equal to the net force. We also know that the object accelerates down at S a 5 9.8 m/s2 [down]. Combining these two facts, we have S S F g 5 F net S 5 ma S S Then, because a 5 g , S S F g 5 mg You will use the equation for the force of gravity to help you complete Investigation 3.3.1. To prepare for the investigation, read the following Tutorial and complete the Practice questions. Tutorial 2 Acceleration of Falling Objects Recall that strings can only pull on objects when they exert tension. A pulley is a small wheel that changes the direction of the tension in a rope or string without changing its magnitude. We will assume throughout the text that all pulleys are frictionless and light. Sample Problem 1 In an investigation, students place a 0.80 kg cart on a table. They tie one end of a light string to the front of the cart, run the string over a pulley, and then tie the other end to a 0.20 kg hanging object (Figure 6). Assume that no friction acts on either object. (a) Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the cart and the hanging object. 0.80 kg 0.20 kg Figure 6 (a) Step 1. Draw the FBD for each object. FBD of cart m1 F�T F�g 1 The hanging object will accelerate down, so choose down as positive. The equation for the net force acting on the hanging object is Fnet 5 Fg2 2 FT Because Fnet 5 m2a and Fg2 5 m2g, m2a 5 m2g 2 FT (Equation 2) Step 3. Add the equations to solve for the acceleration. F�T The tension acting on the cart and on the hanging object is the same. Adding equations 1 and 2 will cancel the tension. F�g m1a 1 m2a 5 FT 1 m2g 2 FT m 1 a 1 m2 a 5 m2 g 1m 1 1 m2 2 a 5 m2 g 10.80 kg 1 0.20 kg2 a 5 10.20 kg2 19.8 m/s22 a 5 1.96 m/s2 a 5 2.0 m/s2 FBD of hanging object F�N The cart is on the table, so the normal force and gravity cancel each other. The cart will accelerate to the right, so choose right as positive. The equation for the net force acting on the cart is Fnet 5 FT Because Fnet 5 m1a, m1a 5 FT (Equation 1) (b) Calculate the magnitude of the tension. 381-A) Step 2. Identify which directions are positive. Determine the net force acting on each object. m2 2 The magnitude of the acceleration of the cart is 2.0 m/s2. 134 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion NEL (b) To calculate the tension, substitute the acceleration into equation 1. m1a 5 FT FT 5 10.80 kg2 11.96 m/s22 FT 5 0.16 N The magnitude of the tension in the string is 0.16 N. Practice 1. Calculate the acceleration of the cart in Figure 7, given the following assumptions. T/I (a) No friction is acting on the cart. [ans: 3.3 m/s2 [right]] (b) A force of friction of 0.50 N acts on the cart opposite to the motion. [ans: 3.0 m/s2 [right]] 1.20 kg 0.60 kg Figure 7 2. In an experiment, objects are placed on top of a cart as shown in Figure 8. motion sensor T/I 2.0 kg 0.40 kg Figure 8 (a) Calculate the acceleration of the cart. Assume that no friction acts on the cart. [ans: 1.6 m/s2 [right]] (b) What will happen to the acceleration of the cart if the mass of the objects on top of the cart increases? Explain your reasoning. (c) What will happen to the acceleration of the cart if an object is taken from the top of the cart and tied to the hanging object? Explain your reasoning. s 11 U C03-F049-OP11USB CrowleArt Group 3.3 Summary Deborah Crowle 2nd pass • AccordingtoNewton’ssecondlaw,whenanon-zeronetforceactson Investigation an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of the net force. The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass. The equation representing Newton’s second S S law is F net 5 ma . • Ifthenetforceonanobjectincreasesandthemassisconstant,thenthe 11 U acceleration increases. If the net force on an object is constant and the mass increases, then the acceleration decreases. C03-F050-OP11USB • Whensolvingproblemswheremorethanoneforceactsonasingleobject, CrowleArt Groupmake sure you draw an FBD. You canSadd all the forces to calculate the net S Deborah Crowle force. You can also use the equation F net 5 ma . S 3.3.1 Investigating Newton’s Second Law (p. 150) Now that you have learned about Newton’s second law, you can perform Investigation 3.3.1. You will explore how changing the net force acting on a system affects the acceleration of the system. You will also explore how changing the mass of the system affects the acceleration of the system. S • Forafallingobject,Newton’ssecondlawcanbeusedtojustifythat F g 5 m g . 4th pass NEL 3.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 135 3.3 Questions 9. A long, heavy, metal chain is held at rest on a table with part of the chain hanging over the edge (Figure 9). The chain is released and it starts to accelerate. K/U 1. Calculate the net force in each situation. T/I (a) A 72 kg rugby player accelerates at 1.6 m/s2 [forward]. (b) A 2.3 kg model rocket accelerates at 12 m/s2 [up]. 2. Calculate the acceleration in each situation. T/I (a) A cannon exerts a force of 2.4 3 104 N [E] on a 5.0 kg shell. (b) A hockey stick hits a 160 g puck forward with a force of 24 N. Figure 9 (a) In which direction will the chain accelerate? What causes the acceleration? Explain your reasoning. (b) What will happen to the acceleration of the chain as more chain moves over the edge of the table? Explain your reasoning. 3. Determine the mass of the object in each situation. T/I (a) A driver brakes and the car accelerates at 1.2 m/s2 [backwards]. The net force on the car is 1400 N [backwards]. (b) A woman throws a shot put with a net force of 33 N [forward] with an acceleration of 6.0 m/s2 [forward]. 10. Three students push horizontally on a large 80 kg crate sitting on the floor. Two of them push to the left on the crate, each with a force of 170 N. The third pushes to the 4. A 54 kg skier starts from rest at the top of a snow-covered right on the crate with a force of 150 N. Assume that no 11 U the net hill, reaching a velocity ofOntario 12 m/s inPhysics 5.0 s. Calculate friction acts on the crate. T/I T/I force acting on the skier. 0176504338 (a) What is the acceleration of the crate? C03-F051-OP11USB 5. A dynamics cart is pulledFN from rest by a net force of (b) What will happen to the net force and acceleration if a CrowleArt 1.2 N [forward]. The cartCO moves 6.6 m, reaching a velocityGroup fourth student jumps on top of the crate? Explain your of 3.2 m/s [forward]. Determine the mass of the cart. T/ICrowle Deborah reasoning. 6. During a parachute jump,Pass a 58 kg person opens thepass 1st 11. A string can hold up 12 kg without breaking. You tie the parachute and the total drag force acting on the person is string to a 30 kg object sitting on ice and use it to pull Approved 720 N [up]. T/I the object horizontally for 22 m. Calculate the minimum Not Approved (a) Calculate the net force acting on the person. possible time to complete the task. T/I (b) Determine the acceleration of the person. 12. Examine the data in Table 1. T/I C 7. A net force of magnitude 36 N gives an object of mass (a) Copy and complete the table. S S m1 an acceleration of 6.0 m/s2. The same net force gives (b) Graph F a versus a and draw the line of best fit. What m1 and another object of mass m2 fastened together does the y-intercept represent? Explain. S an acceleration of 2.0 m/s2. What acceleration will m2 S (c) Graph F net versus a and draw the line of best fit. T/I experience if the same net force acts on it alone? Calculate the slope of the line. What does the slope 8. A 1300 kg car accelerates at 1.6 m/s2 [E]. A frictional force represent? Explain. of 3800 N [W] is acting on the car. T/I C (a) Draw the FBD of the car. (b) Determine the applied force acting on the car. Table 1 Mass (kg) Friction (N) [W] Applied force (N) [E] 4.0 9.0 9.0 4.0 9.0 13.0 4.0 9.0 4.0 9.0 136 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion Net force (N) [E] Acceleration (m/s2) [E] 8.4 3.5 NEL 3.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion Examine the photograph in Figure 1 of an Atlas V rocket during liftoff. What forces are acting on the rocket? An obvious one is gravity pulling the rocket down. The rocket is accelerating upward in the picture. This means that the net force must be up according to Newton’s second law. What is this upward force? You might suggest that the ground is pushing up on the rocket with the normal force. This cannot be the answer because the normal force is a contact force and the rocket is no longer in contact with the ground. In this section, you will learn about this upward force as you learn about Newton’s third law of motion. Action and Reaction Forces If you reach out and push this book away from you, you can actually feel the book pushing back on you. This is an example of a set of action and reaction forces. The action force is you pushing on the book, and the reaction force is the book pushing back on you. An easy way to experience action and reaction forces is by pushing on the boards when you are skating in an ice rink. When you push on the boards (the action force), the boards push back on you (reaction force). It is the reaction force that causes you to accelerate away from the boards. These action and reaction forces are all around us and go unnoticed most of the time. When you push a door open, the door pushes back on you. When you walk forward across the floor, you push backwards on the ground and the ground pushes forward on you. In fact, whenever one object exerts a force on another, the second object exerts another force back. Another simple way to demonstrate action and reaction forces is to have a person standing at rest on a skateboard suddenly step forward (Figure 2). When this happens, the person and the skateboard will accelerate in opposite directions. According to Newton’s second law, both the person and the skateboard have net forces acting on them because they are accelerating. What causes these forces? The net force on the skateboard is caused by the person’s feet pushing backwards on the skateboard. The person’s feet exert the action force on the skateboard. The net force on the person is caused by the skateboard pushing forward on the person. The skateboard exerts the reaction force on the person. Keep in mind that these action and reaction forces are simultaneous. It is incorrect to imply that the action force happens first and then the reaction force happens. These are contact forces, and both the action and reaction forces start whenever contact is made. Newton’s third law of motion deals with these action and reaction forces. For this reason, it is sometimes called the action–reaction law. V of person V of skateboard Figure 2 As a person jumps off a skateboard in one direction, the skateboard will accelerate in the other direction. Third Law of Motion For every action force, there is a simultaneous reaction force that is equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction. We can now explain how a rocket can accelerate up off the launch pad. During liftoff, the rocket engines burn rocket fuel, creating tremendous pressure, which causes the expanding hot gases to accelerate from the bottom of the rocket (action force). At the same time, the expanding hot gases push up on the rocket (reaction force), causing the rocket to accelerate up. According to Newton’s third law, the action force caused by the expanding hot gases is equal in magnitude to the reaction force of the expanding hot gases on the rocket. If the reaction force up on the rocket from the expanding hot gases is greater than the force of gravity pulling the rocket down, then the rocket will accelerate up. In the following Tutorial, you will apply Newton’s third law to problems involving motion. NEL Figure 1 An Atlas V rocket was launched in June 2009. As the rocket lifted up off the launch pad, what force caused it to accelerate upward? third law of motion each action force has a reaction force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction 3.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 137 Tutorial 1 Explaining Motion Using Newton’s Third Law In the following Sample Problem, we will clarify Newton’s third law and demonstrate how it can be used to explain motion when objects exert forces on each other. Sample Problem 1 Explain each event in terms of Newton’s third law. (a) A swimmer moves through the water. (b) A small balloon releases air and flies around the classroom. (c) You start walking across the floor. (b) As the rubber in the balloon contracts, it forces air out the back of the balloon (action force). According to Newton’s third law, the reaction force is caused by the air pushing back on the balloon, which accelerates the balloon forward. Solution (c) The bottom of your shoe exerts a horizontal backward action force on the floor. According to Newton’s third law, the reaction force is caused by friction when the floor pushes forward on your feet. Friction causes you to accelerate forward. (a) The swimmer’s arms and legs exert an action force backwards on the water, causing the water to accelerate backwards. According to Newton’s third law, the water exerts an equal but opposite force forward on the swimmer, propelling the swimmer forward through the water. Practice 1. Explain each event in terms of Newton’s third law. (a) A rocket can accelerate in outer space. (b) A motorboat accelerates east in the water. (c) Football player 1 tackles football player 2. K/U Mini Investigation Demonstrating the Third Law SKILLS HANDBOOK Skills: Predicting, Performing, Observing, Analyzing, Communicating In this investigation, you will perform and observe several actions that involve Newton’s third law. Your task is to predict what will happen at each station, observe carefully what actually happens, and explain why it happens. Equipment and Materials: office chair with wheels; bathroom scale; desk; ballistics cart; fan cart with removable sail 1. Create a table similar to Table 1 to record your observations. Add six rows to the table. Table 1 Activity Prediction Observation 3. Perform activities (a) to (g) (or observe a classmate performing these activities). Record your observations. (a) Sit on an office chair and push gently against a wall with both hands. (b) Sit on the chair, not touching the wall. Use your hands to pull horizontally on your own shoulders, away from the wall. 138 (c) Stand on a bathroom scale placed beside a desk. Put your hands on the desk and push down. (d) Stand on a bathroom scale. Push down on your own head with your hands. (e) Use a spring-loaded ballistics cart to fire a ball horizontally. (f) Obtain a fan cart (Figure 3(a)) with no sail. Direct the fan away from the cart. Turn the fan cart on. (g) Obtain a fan cart (Figure 3(b)) with a sail. Direct the fan toward the sail. Turn the fan cart on. sail Action and reaction forces 2. Read through the descriptions of activities (a) through (g). For each activity, predict what you think will happen and record your predictions in your table. Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion A2.1 (a) (b) Figure 3 A. Use Newton’s third law to describe the action and reaction forces you observed in each activity. T/I NEL You may have noticed that objects will not always accelerate or the reading on a scale will not always change when a force is applied to an object. What is different about these situations? The difference is that in each of these situations there is no external net force acting on the object. Does this mean that action and reaction forces cancel and we can never accelerate? Definitely not. Action and reaction forces always act on different objects, or different parts of a single object. When two objects are involved, the two forces are not added together and each object can accelerate. For example, if a ballistics cart pushes backwards on a ball (action force), the ball accelerates backwards because the applied force causes a net force on the ball. According to Newton’s third law, the ball will also cause a reaction force on the cart in the opposite direction. This reaction force causes a net force on the cart, making it accelerate the other way. The action and reaction forces do not cancel because they do not act on the same object. When you draw the FBD for each object, the action and reaction forces will appear in separate FBDs (Figure 4). FBD of ball CAREER LInK To learn about becoming a forensic technician and a forensic scientist, go T o N ELSoN S C i EN C E FBD of cart F�N F�N F�g F�g (a) before FBD of ball FBD of cart F�N F�N F�a F�a F�g F�g (b) after Figure 4 (a) Diagram and FBDs of a ball inside a ballistics cart before firing (b) Diagram and FBDs after firing the ball. The action and reaction forces do not cancel because they act on different objects. Tutorial 2 Using Newton’s Third Law in Calculations tario Physics 11 U In the following Sample Problem, we will clarify Newton’s third law and demonstrate how it 76504338 can be used to explain motion when objects exert forces on each other. C03-F057a-OP11USB Nesbitt Sample Problem 1: One Skater Pushing on Another Two skaters are standing on ice facing each other (Figure 5). 4th Pass (1st pass 7381-A) Skater 1 pushes on skater 2 with a force of 70 N [E]. Assume that no friction acts on either skater. The mass of skater 1 is 50 kg and the mass of skater 2 is 70 kg. (a) State the action and reaction forces. (b) Draw the FBD of each skater. (c) Describe what will happen to each skater. (d) Calculate the acceleration of each skater. ntario Physics 11 U 76504338 NEL C03-F057b-OP11USB N ss proved t Approved skater 1 skater 2 Figure 5 3.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 139 Solution (a) The action force is skater 1 pushing with 70 N [E] on skater 2. The reaction force is skater 2 pushing with 70 N [W] on skater 1. (b) Choose east as positive. So west is negative. skater 2 skater 1 F�N1 F�N2 (d) For each skater, the normal force and the force of gravity cancel. This means that the applied force is equal to the net force. For skater 1, S S F net 5 F a m1a1 5 270 N 150 kg2 a1 5 270 N a1 5 21.4 m/s2 The acceleration of skater 1 is 1.4 m/s2 [W]. Similarly, for skater 2, F a � �70 N F a � �70 N S S F net 5 F a m2a2 5 170 N F�g 1 170 kg2 a2 5 70 N a2 5 11.0 m/s2 F�g 2 (c) Skater 1 will accelerate west and skater 2 will accelerate east. The acceleration of skater 2 is 1.0 m/s2 [E]. Notice that the two skaters accelerate in opposite directions and with different accelerations. The accelerations do not have the same magnitude because the skaters’ masses are different. Practice 1. Given the action force, describe the reaction force for each situation. K/U C (a) You push forward on a book with 5.2 N. (b) A boat exerts a force of 450 N [W] on the water. (c) A hockey player hits the boards with a force of 180 N [toward the boards]. 3. A horse is tethered to a cart to pull it forward. A student claims, “According to Newton’s third law, when the horse pulls forward on the cart, the cart will also pull backwards on the horse. The two objects are attached together, so they cannot accelerate.” Discuss the validity of this statement. 2. Nobel and Maaham are wearing inline skates. Nobel has a mass of 62 kg and pushes on Maaham, whose mass is 54 kg. Maaham accelerates at 1.2 m/s2 [left]. Assume that no friction acts on either person. T/I (a) Determine the force that Nobel exerts on Maaham. 4. A student stands on a skateboard and pushes on a wall with a force of 87 N [S]. The total mass of the student and the skateboard is 58 kg. K/U T/I (a) Calculate the acceleration of the student. [ans: 1.5 m/s2 [N]] (b) Explain why the wall does not move. K/U C [ans: 65 N [left]] s 11 U (b) Determine Nobel’s acceleration. [ans: 1.0 m/s2 [right]] C03-F059b-OP11USB 81-A) Nesbitt UNiT TASK BOOKMARK 5th Pass (1st pass 7381-A) You can apply what you have learned about Newton’s third law to the Unit Task on page 204. 140 3.4 Summary • Newton’sthirdlawalwaysinvolvessituationswheretwoobjectsexertforces on each other. • Newton’sthirdlawstatesthatforeveryactionforcethereisasimultaneous reaction force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. • WhenapplyingNewton’sthirdlaw,theactionandreactionforceswillappearon separate FBDs. Since they are on separate FBDs, they are not added together. Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion NEL 3.4 Questions 1. Given each action force, state the reaction force. (a) A tire pushes on the road with a force of 240 N [backwards]. (b) You pull on a desk with a force of 25 N [N]. K/U 2. Explain each event below in terms of Newton’s third law. (a) A squid moves through the water by taking in water and expelling it. (b) Walking on a wagon is dangerous. (c) A helicopter can hover above the ground. K/U 3. During a space walk, an astronaut notices that her tether is not attached and she is drifting away from the space station. Explain each statement below using Newton’s third law. K/U C (a) She can pull herself back to the space station if she can reach the space station and pull on it. (b) She cannot push herself back to the station by pulling forward on her space suit. (c) She can get back to the space station even if she cannot reach it if she is holding a tool. 6. A toy car (200 g) moves by shooting a plastic ball (50 g) horizontally out the back. The average acceleration of the car is 1.2 m/s2 [E] and there is negligible friction acting on each part of the toy. T/I C (a) Draw an FBD for each object. (b) Identify the action and reaction forces on each part of the toy. 7. Two figure skaters are moving east together during a performance. Skater 1 (78 kg) is behind skater 2 (56 kg) when skater 2 pushes on skater 1 with a force of 64 N [W]. Assume that no friction acts on either skater. T/I (a) Determine the acceleration of each skater. (b) What will happen to the motion of each skater? Explain your reasoning. 8. A milk carton filled with water is hanging from a string (Figure 8). What will happen if you punch two holes in opposite sides of the carton at the opposite corners? Explain your reasoning. T/I 4. Figure 6 shows a photograph of an early naval cannon tied to a ship. Explain why the ropes are necessary. A Figure 6 5. Figure 7 shows a fan cart. K/U (a) Explain why the fan cart cannot accelerate. (b) Explain why the fan cart can accelerate if the rigid sail is removed. sail Figure 8 9. A male astronaut (82 kg) and a female astronaut (64 kg) are floating side by side in space. T/I (a) Determine the acceleration of each astronaut if the woman pushes on the man with a force of 16 N [left]. (b) How will your answers change if the man pushes with 16 N [right] on the woman instead? (c) How will your answers change if they both reach out and push on each other’s shoulders with a force of 16 N? Figure 7 NEL 3.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 141 3.5 using newton’s laws Newton’s three laws of motion apply to many different situations everywhere around you. They can be used to determine if a train locomotive can make it through a mountain pass while pulling many cars behind it. The laws can also be used to design devices such as prosthetic limbs and bridges (Figure 1). To understand how to design these types of devices, you need to know how to apply all three of Newton’s laws, and you need to know how they are related to each other. For example, forces act on a prosthetic leg to accelerate it so a person can walk. The tension in suspension bridge cables helps to hold up the roadway against the force of gravity. CAREER LInK To learn about becoming a civil engineer, g o T o N E L So N SCi E NCE Figure 1 Newton’s three laws of motion are used to design devices such as (a) prosthetic limbs and (b) bridges. (a) (b) In this section, you will practise using all three laws together to solve more complex and interesting problems involving forces and motion. In addition, you will learn more about forces, such as tension, and how to use kinematics to understand motion problems more clearly. Tension and newton’s Laws Recall that tension is a pulling force exerted by a device such as a rope or a string. In this course, you may assume that the ropes or strings are light and do not stretch. This means that you do not have to include the mass of the string when calculating the acceleration of two objects tied together. It also means that the tension is uniform throughout the rope or string and pulls with the same force at both ends. Keep in mind that ropes and strings can only pull. This means that tension always acts on the object directed toward the rope or the string. For example, two masses are tied together with a string, and a horizontal applied force pulls m1 to the right (Figure 2). If the string exerts a tension of 20 N [left] on m1, then it also exerts a tension of 20 N [right] on m2. This is a direct consequence of Newton’s third law and the fact that the string does not stretch and has negligible mass. How can we measure tension directly? One way is with a force sensor or a spring scale. If you tie opposite ends of a string to two separate force sensors and then pull on the string in opposite directions, you can easily see that the readings on both sensors are the same (Figure 3). Again, this is a direct consequence of Newton’s third law and our assumptions about strings. A single force sensor or spring scale can be used to measure the tension in strings if it is tied between two strings (Figure 4). CAREER LInK To learn about becoming a crane operator, g o T o N E L So N SCi E NCE m2 FT FT m1 Fa force sensor Figure 2 Two objects tied together with a string. The tension force at both ends of the string is the same. 142 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion Figure 3 Two force sensors tied together with a string. The readings on the sensors will be equal according to Newton’s third law. Figure 4 Force sensors can be used to measure tension in strings. NEL Keep in mind that when two objects are tied together with a single string, if you drag one object forward, the other will also move forward once the string becomes taut. This means that the two objects will move with the same acceleration when they are pulled in a straight line. In this case, tension is an internal force and can be ignored if you are calculating the acceleration of both objects. Since the tension is the same throughout the string and the tension pulls in opposite directions at the ends, we often just calculate the magnitude of the tension and refer to the FBD for the direction. The following Tutorial will help you to practise solving problems that involve tension and Newton’s laws. Tutorial 1 Solving Tension Problems To solve the following Sample Problems, we will use Newton’s laws and our knowledge of tension. Each problem will help clarify some of the concepts about tension. Sample Problem 1: Objects Hanging from Strings Each object in Figure 5 has a force of gravity of 120 N [down] acting on it. Determine the tension in each string. (b) (a) (c) Figure 5 Solution (a) First draw the FBD of the object. Choose up as positive. F�T F g � �120 N The object is at rest, so it is not accelerating. Newton’s first law implies that the net force must be zero. > > > F net 5 F T 1 F g Fnet 5 FT 1 12120 N2 0 5 FT 2 120 N FT 5 1120 N The tension in the string is 120 N [up]. (b) In this diagram, the force of gravity has not changed and the object is at rest. This means that the FBD is the same and we will find the same tension. This example reinforces the concept that pulleys only change the direction of force without changing the magnitude of the force. (c) In this balanced system, both objects are at rest. By drawing an FBD for either object, you will get exactly the same result for the tension. This result is contrary to what most people would expect. Most people would incorrectly say the string is holding up twice as much mass and should have twice the tension. Others incorrectly think the tension is zero since both forces of gravity pull the string at each end and they should cancel. Neither statement is true. The second object is just providing the force necessary to hold up the first object. In other words, the second object is just doing the job of the wall or beam, but otherwise the situation is unchanged. Please choose whichever size works best. Please choose whichever size works best. Please choose whichever size works best. Bottom version is larger. NEL 3.5 Using Newton’s Laws 143 Sample Problem 2: Objects Connected Horizontally by Strings S Three sleds are tied together and pulled east across an icy surface with an applied force of 120 N [E] (Figure 6). The mass of sled 1 is 12.0 kg, the mass of sled 2 is 11.0 kg, and the mass of sled 3 is 7.0 kg. You may assume that no friction acts on the sleds. sled 3 rope A sled 2 rope B sled 1 S (b) Calculate the magnitude of the tension in rope A. (c) Calculate the magnitude of the tension in rope B. Solution (a) All three sleds will move together with the same acceleration, so we can treat them as one single object. The total mass of all three sleds is mT = 12.0 kg + 11.0 kg + 7.0 kg = 30.0 kg. There is no need to consider F�N the tension at this point because it is an internal force and will not contribute to the acceleration of the total mass. Choose east as positive. So F a � 120 N [E] west is negative. S 1 120 N 5 130.0 kg2 a 1120 N a5 30.0 kg a 5 14.0 m/s2 F�g F�N F�N F a � 120 N [E] F�TB (a) F�g F�TB (b) F�g Figure 7 (a) FBD of sled 1 (b) FBD of sleds 2 and 3 Ontario Physics 11 U S S F net 5 F TB 0176504338 FN CO The acceleration of all three sleds is 4.0 m/s2 [E]. (b) We could use the FBD for either sled 2 or sled 3 to calculate Pass the tension in rope A. We will use the FBD for sled 3 Approved because it is slightly simpler—it only has rope A pulling on Not Approved it, whereas sled 2 has both rope A and rope B pulling on it. S S C03-F070-OP11USB 1m2 1 m32 a 5 F TB Nesbitt 118.0 kg2 114.0 m/s22 5 F TB F 5 172 N 3rd Pass (1st passTB7381-A) The magnitude of the tension in rope B is 72 N. Practice 1. Examine each diagram in Figure 8. In each situation, which rope will have the greater tension? Explain your reasoning. K/U rope A rope B 2. A locomotive with a mass of 6.4 3 105 kg is accelerating Physics 11 U Ontario Physics 11aUtrain car with aOntario 2 at 0.12 m/s [W] while pulling mass of (a) 5 5.0 3 100176504338 kg. Assume that negligible friction is0176504338 acting on Physics 11 U the train.FNT/I C03-F071b-OP11USB FN C03-F071a-OP11USB rope A 338 Nesbitt CO Nesbitt CO (a) Calculate the net force on the entire train. Fa C03-F069-OP11USB [ans: 1.4 3105 N [W]] (b) Nesbitt (b) Determine of thePass tension the 3rd Pass (1st pass 7381-A) Pass7381-A) (1stbetween pass Pass the magnitude 4th Figure 8 locomotive and the train car. [ans: 6.0 3104 N]Approved Approved ed roved F�TA The magnitude of the tension in rope A is 28 N. F�g (c) To calculate the tension in rope B, we can use the FBD of sled 2, but our answer will depend on the accuracy of the calculated tension in rope A. To avoid this problem, you can either use the FBD of sled 1 or the FBD of sleds 2 and 3 (Figure 7). We will choose the latter since it is slightly simpler. In this calculation, we will use a mass of m2 + m3 = 18.0 kg. (a) Determine the acceleration of the sleds. S F�N S m3 a 5 F TA 17.0 kg2 114.0 m/s22 5 F TA FTA 5 128 N 120 N [E] Figure 6 F net 5 m T a S Fnet 5 F TA 4th Pass (1stNot pass 7381-A) Approved 144 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion rope B Not Approved NEL Kinematics and Newton’s Laws When using any of the kinematics equations from Unit 1, it is essential that the acceleration remain constant. Now we can extend this restriction by stating that the net force on an object must also remain constant if you use oneSof the kinematics S equations. This is a direct consequence of Newton’s second law, F net 5 m a , which shows that net force is constant when the acceleration is constant. Imagine that you start moving east due to a constant net force acting on you. You might start walking, but you gradually speed up and start running. Then your net force drops to zero and you move at a constant velocity. Finally, another constant net force acts in the opposite direction and slows you down until you eventually come to rest. During the three separate parts of the trip, your acceleration was constant because the net force was constant. This means that you can use a kinematics equation during one part of the trip but not a single equation for the entire trip. The following Tutorial will clarify how to use kinematics concepts with Newton’s laws. Tutorial 2 Newton’s Laws and Kinematics When solving the following Sample Problems, keep in mind that the acceleration is constant when the net force is constant, according to Newton’s second law. Sample Problem 1: Skater Pushing on the Boards Starting from rest, an ice skater (54.0 kg) pushes the boards with a force of 130.0 N [W] and moves 0.704 m. He then moves at a constant velocity for 4.00 s before he digs in his skates and starts to C03-F054-OP11USB.ai slow down. When he digs in his skates, he causes a net force of 38.0 N [W] to slow him down until he stops. (a) (b) Determine the acceleration of the skater (i) when he is pushing on the boards (ii) just after he stops pushing on the boards (iii)when he starts to slow down How far does he move? F�N 238.0 N 5 154.0 kg2 a 38.0 N [W] 238.0 N 54.0 kg a 5 20.704 m/s2 a5 The acceleration of the skater is 0.704 m/s2 [W] when he is slowing down. Solution Use FBDs to solve this problem. (a) (i)When the skater pushes the boards with a force of 130.0 N [W], the boards push back on the skater with an equal and opposite force of 130.0 N [E]. Choose east as positive. So west is negative. > > F net 5 ma > > F net 5 ma F�N 130.0 N [E] F�g F�g (b) During part (i), the skater moves 0.704 m [E], but we need to calculate his final velocity in order to calculate his displacement during the other sections of the motion. S S S Given: v 1 5 0; Dd 5 0.704 m [E]; a 5 2.407 m/s2 [E] S Required: v 2 Analysis: v22 5 v12 1 2aDd Solution: v22 5 v12 1 2aDd v22 5 102 2 1 2 112.407 m/s22 110.704 m2 v2 5 1.841 m/s (one extra digit carried) Now we can calculate the displacement for the other sections of the motion. For part (ii), S S 1130.0 N D d 5 v Dt a5 54.0 kg Ontario Physics 11U 5 (11.841 m/s)(4.00 s) 2 a 5 2.407 m/s2 1one extra digit carried 0176504338 Dd 5 7.364 m (one extra digit carried) C03-F074-OP11USB The acceleration of the skater is 2.41 m/s2 FN [E] when he For part (iii), Nesbitt CO is pushing on the boards. v 2 5 v 2 1 2aDd 1130.0 N 5 154.0 kg2 a 2 1 (ii) When he stops pushing on the boards, the net force 3rd Pass 02 5(1st (11.841 m/s)2 1 2(20.704 m/s2)Dd pass 7381-A) Pass acting on him is zero. According to Newton’s first law, Dd 5 1.981 m (one extra digit carried) Approved his acceleration will also be zero. Statement: The total distance travelled by the skater is Not Approved (iii)Now the skater is slowing down and the net force is 0.704 m 1 7.364 m 1 1.981 m 5 10.1 m opposite to the direction of motion. NEL 3.5 Using Newton’s Laws 145 Sample Problem 2 A worker pushes two large boxes across the floor from rest with an applied force of 160.0 N [right] on the larger box (Figure 9). The boxes are touching. The mass of the larger box is m1 5 32.0 kg and the mass of the smaller box is m2 5 8.0 kg. The force of friction on the large box is 80.0 N [left] and the force of friction on the smaller box is 20.0 N [left]. (b) The force from the large box on the smaller box is an internal force. To calculate this force, we need to draw the FBD for just one box. Either box will do but we will use the smaller one because it has fewer forces acting on it. Again, the normal force and the force of gravity cancel. F�N (a) Calculate the acceleration of the two boxes. Assume that the boxes start to move. (b) Determine the force exerted by the larger box on the smaller box. (c) Determine the velocity of the boxes after 4.0 s. �20.0 N F�1 on 2 160.0 N m1 F�g m2 Figure 9 (a) Both boxes must move together with the same acceleration, so for now we will treat them like one single object with a total mass of mT 5 32.0 kg 1 8.0 kg 5 40.0 kg. From the FBD for both boxes, the normal force and gravity cancel. Choose right as positive. So left is negative. Fnet 5 F 1 on 2 1 1220.0 N2 m 2a 5 F 1 on 2 2 20.0 N 18.0 kg2 111.5 m/s22 5 F1 on 2 220.0 N F 1 on 2 5 132.0 N The force exerted by the larger box on the smaller box is 32.0 N [right]. FN 20.0 N 160.0 N S S (c) Given: v 1 5 0; ∆t 5 4.0 s; a 5 1.5 m/s2 [right] S Required: v 2 80.0 N Fg S S F net 5 m T a 1 2 1 1160.0 N 1 280.0 N 1 220.0 N2 5 m T a 160.0 N 5 140.0 kg2 a S S S S S S Analysis: v 2 5 v 1 1 a Dt Solution: v 2 5 v 1 1 a Dt 5 0 1 111.5 m/s22 14.0 s2 v 2 5 16.0 m/s 160.0 N Statement: The final velocity of both boxes is 6.0 m/s [right]. a5 40.0 kg 504338 Ontario Physics 11 Um/s2 5 11.5 03-F075-OP11USB The acceleration of both0176504338 boxes is 1.5 m/s2 [right]. ave McKay Illustration C03-F077-OP11USB FN hm Nesbitt CO Practice ourth Pass 10/09/30 1. Two dynamics carts are placed end to end. Cart 1 (1.2 kg) is stuck to cart 2 (1.8 kg). 4th Pass Cart 1 is pushed with a Pass force of 18.9 N [W], causing cart(1st 1 topass push 7381-A) cart 2 forward. T/I Ignore the force of friction. Approved (a) Calculate the acceleration of each cart. [ans: 6.3 m/s2 [W]] Not Approved (b) Calculate the force that cart 1 exerts on cart 2. [ans: 11 N [W]] (c) Would your answers change if cart 2 were pushed with an equal but opposite force instead of cart 1? If your answers change, calculate the new results. [ans: 6.3 m/s2 [E]; 7.6 N [W]] 2. A 1200 kg car is moving at 95 km/h when the driver notices a deer down the road. He immediately moves his foot toward the brake pedal, taking only 0.50 s before the car starts -F076-OP11USB slowing down. The brakes cause a net force of 2400 N [backwards] on the car for 2.0 s. bitt The deer then jumps out of the way and the driver lifts his foot off the brake pedal. How far does the car move in the 2.5 s starting from when the driver sees the deer? T/I [ans: 62 m] Pass (1st pass 7381-A) 146 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion NEL 3.5 Summary • Th etensionsatbothendsofastringoraropeareequalinmagnitude. • Tensioncanbemeasuredwithaspringscaleoraforcesensor. • Th ekeyequationsofmotionfromtheKinematicsunitandNewton’slawscan be used together to solve motion problems. 3.5 Questions 1. You hold one end of a rope and pull horizontally with a force of 65 N. Calculate the tension in the rope if the other end is (a) tied to a wall (b) held by a friend who pulls with 65 N in the opposite direction (c) tied to a 12 kg object on smooth ice T/I 2. A 72 kg sled is pulled forward from rest by a snowmobile and accelerates at 2.0 m/s2 [forward] for 5.0 s. The force of friction acting on the sled is 120 N [backwards]. The total mass of the snowmobile and driver is 450 kg. The drag force acting on the snowmobile is 540 N [backwards]. T/I (a) Determine the tension in the rope. (b) Calculate the force exerted by the snowmobile that pushes the sled forward. 3. Two people, each with a mass of 70 kg, are wearing inline skates and are holding opposite ends of a 15 m rope. One person pulls forward on the rope by moving hand over hand and gradually reeling in more of the rope. In doing so, he exerts a force of 35 N [backwards] on the rope. This causes him to accelerate toward the other person. Assuming that the friction acting on the skaters is negligible, how long will it take for them to meet? Explain your reasoning. T/I 4. A 1200 kg car pulls an 820 kg trailer over a rough road. The force of friction acting on the trailer is 650 N [backwards]. Calculate the force that the car exerts on the trailer if (a) the trailer is moving at a constant velocity of 30 km/h [forward] (b) the trailer is moving at a constant velocity of 60 km/h [forward] (c) the trailer is moving forward at 60 km/h and starts accelerating at 1.5 m/s2 [forward] (d) the trailer is moving forward at 60 km/h and starts accelerating at 1.2 m/s2 [backwards] T/I 5. An old rope can now only safely suspend 120 kg. When the rope is tied to a beam, it hangs down with a vertical length of 12.0 m. Calculate the minimum time required for an 85 kg person starting from rest to climb the entire length of the rope without breaking it. T/I NEL 6. Three dynamics carts have force sensors placed on top of them. Each force sensor is tied to a string that connects all three carts together (Figure 10). You use a sixth force sensor to pull the three dynamics carts forward. The reading on force sensor 2 is 3.3 N. Assume that the force sensors are light and that there is negligible friction acting on the carts. T/I 2.2 kg 1 2.5 kg 2 1.8 kg 3 4 5 6 Figure 10 (a) What is the acceleration of all the carts? (b) What is the reading on each force sensor? (c) What force are you applying to force sensor 6? 7. A locomotive (6.4 × 105 kg) is used to pull two railway cars (Figure 11). Railway car 1 (5.0 × 105 kg) is attached to railway car 2 (3.6 × 105 kg) by a locking mechanism. A railway engineer tests the mechanism and estimates that it can only withstand 2.0 × 105 N of force. Determine the maximum acceleration of the train that does not break the locking mechanism. Explain your reasoning. Assume that friction is negligible. T/I C car 2 car 1 Figure 11 8. A skier (68 kg) starts from rest but then begins to move downhill with a net force of 92 N for 8.2 s. The hill levels out for 3.5 s. On this part of the hill, the net force on the skier is 22 N [backwards]. T/I (a) Calculate the speed of the skier after 8.2 s. (b) Calculate the speed of the skier at the end of the section where the hill levels out. (c) Calculate the total distance travelled by the skier before coming to rest. 3.5 Using Newton’s Laws 147 Physics JOURNAL 3.6 Galileo, Newton, and Hawking ABSTRACT In his book Principia Mathematica, Newton realized that the laws governing the motion of planets could be applied to all physical phenomena. Newton’s predictions have had an impact on many fields of science and technology. Einstein’s theory of relativity and Stephen Hawking’s work on the nature of gravity and black holes are grounded in Newton’s laws. Newton’s work in Principia Mathematica may be the greatest achievement in physics. On July 5, 1687, Newton (Figure 1) first published his landmark book Principia Mathematica. This work consisted of three volumes and included many mathematical discoveries, as well as his famous laws of motion. He also used some of Galileo’s earlier work to help formulate some of his own ideas, such as the concept of inertia. The primary focus of Principia Mathematica is on massive objects in motion, such as planets in our solar system. Newton realized that the rules governing the motion of large objects in the universe could be used to study how other fundamental forces act on objects. In Newton’s time, the other fundamental forces were either not well understood (such as electromagnetic force) or completely unknown (such as the strong and weak nuclear forces). Yet in Principia Mathematica, Newton predicted that the laws of physics would somehow be able to account for all physical phenomena. Figure 1 Isaac Newton Newton and the Foundations of Physics Today we know that not only was Newton on the right track with his prediction, but his discoveries have had 148 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion impacts on fields of study and technology that no one could have predicted in Newton’s time. His laws of motion and his ideas about gravity are used to construct buildings and bridges, design cars and planes, and launch satellites into orbit. Newton’s laws of motion are also the foundation of physics wherever forces are a factor. Albert Einstein wrote, “To the Master’s honour all must turn, each in its track, without a sound, forever tracing Newton’s ground.” This is an eloquent way of stating that Newton’s laws of motion are so all-inclusive that any other endeavour in physics can be traced back in some way to Newton’s work. Einstein: Extending Newton’s Ideas Einstein’s work on relativity followed a path very similar to Newton’s laws. Einstein’s special theory of relativity extended Newton’s first law to deal with the special case of objects moving at a very fast, constant velocity. Einstein’s theory of general relativity extended Newton’s second and third laws to deal with accelerating objects and gravity. Newton’s third law deals with action and reaction forces. The most obvious example of these is contact forces. If you push on an object, it will push back on you with an equal but opposite force. Newton also stated that this was true of gravity, which is an action-at-a-distance force. For example, when you jump up into the air, the force of gravity exerted by Earth pulls you back down. There is also a reaction force on Earth exerted by you, pulling up on Earth. What about the other action-at-a-distance forces? Does Newton’s third law still apply to those forces? For example, when a positive charge exerts a force on another charge, is there an equal and opposite reaction force? What about magnetism? When a north pole of one magnet exerts a force on a north pole of another magnet, is there also a reaction force? This is what Newton was thinking about in the preface of Principia Mathematica. The answer to all of these questions is yes. Newton’s third law works for any actionat-a-distance force, as well as any contact force. This makes the third law even more general and all-encompassing than he had imagined. NEL Stephen Hawking: Standing on the Shoulders of Giants Physicist Stephen Hawking has continued with the work started by Galileo, Newton, and Einstein (Figure 2) in his study of the universe. His work deals mainly with extending the concepts explored by Newton and Einstein to topics such as black holes and the nature of gravity. One of his most widely known accomplishments is the idea that even black holes can lose mass through Hawking radiation (Figure 3). (a) (b) Figure 2 (a) Albert Einstein (b) Stephen Hawking To put the contributions and accomplishments of Newton into perspective, Hawking wrote, Einstein is the only figure in the physical sciences with a stature that can be compared with Newton. Newton is reported to have said: “If I have seen further than other men, it is because I stood on the shoulders of giants.” This remark is even more true of Einstein who stood on the shoulders of Newton. Both Newton and Einstein put forward a theory of mechanics and a theory of gravity but Einstein was able to base General Relativity on the mathematical theory of curved spaces that had been constructed by Riemann while Newton had to develop his own mathematical machinery. It is therefore appropriate to acclaim Newton as the greatest figure in mathematical physics and the Principia is his greatest achievement. Figure 3 Hawking radiation from a black hole. Until Hawking showed otherwise, people thought that nothing could escape a black hole. Further Reading Greene, B. (1999). The Elegant Universe. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Hawking, S. (1988). A Brief History of Time. New York: Bantam Dell. Hawking, S. (2001). The Universe in a Nutshell. New York: Bantam Books. Hawking, S., & Israel, W. (Eds.). (1987). 300 Years of Gravitation. New York: Cambridge. 3.6 Questions 1. Explain the meaning of the statement, “Great physicists are often influenced by the great physicists of the past.” K/U C 2. Describe, using an example, how Newton’s laws of motion have affected your own life. C A 3. Explain why Hawking places Newton ahead of Einstein as the greatest figure in mathematical physics. K/U C NEL 4. Research some of the other topics and concepts covered in Principia Mathematica not outlined in this section. For one of these topics, write a short report on its significance and T/I C A applications. go to nelson sc i ence 3.6 Physics Journal: Galileo, Newton, and Hawking 149 chaPTer 3 Investigations Investigation 3.3.1 conTrolled eXPerIMenT • Questioning • Researching • Hypothesizing • Predicting Investigating newton’s Second Law In this investigation, you will perform two controlled experiments. In Part A, you will measure the acceleration of a cart using different net forces while keeping the total mass constant. In Part B, you will measure the acceleration of a cart using different total masses while keeping the net force constant. Testable Questions • Howdoestheaccelerationofacartdependonthenet force acting on the cart if the total mass is constant? • Howdoestheaccelerationofacartdependonthe total mass if the net force is constant? Hypothesis/Prediction SKILLS HANDBOOK A2.2 After reading through the experiment, write a hypothesis to answer each Testable Question. variables Identify the independent (sometimes called manipulated) and dependent (sometimes called responding) variables in this experiment. Describe how you will measure these variables. What variables must be controlled? Experimental Design There are many different ways to perform this activity. Figure 1 shows one simple way to apply a constant force to a cart. ticker tape timer SKILLS MEnU • Planning • Controlling Variables • Performing • Observing • Analyzing • Evaluating • Communicating Keep in mind that the force of gravity acting on the hanging object is the net force on the total mass. The total mass includes the hanging object, the cart, the string, and any objects on top of the cart. If you want to change the force and keep the total mass constant, take an object off the cart and hang it from the string. If you want to change the mass and keep the net force constant, change the objects on top of the cart but do not change the hanging objects. Discuss with your group members how you will safely stop the cart before performing the investigation. Equipment and Materials • • • • • • • • dynamicscart electronicbalance tickertapetimer,motionsensor,orsimilardevice three100gobjects three1.0kgobjects pulley string tickertape Procedure Part A: Acceleration and net Force 1. Create a table to record your observations similar to Table 1. cart with masses Table 1 pulley Total mass Hanging mass Net force Acceleration Net force/ total mass Figure 1 150 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion NEL 2. Measure the mass of the cart. (d) Use yourBOOKMARK results from Part A to plot a graph of net UNiT TASK force (y-axis) versus acceleration (x-axis). Draw a 3. Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 1 or as As you plan tobest carryfitoutand the Unit Task (page XXX), consider line of calculate its slope. Whatwhat doesyou directed by your teacher. Make sure everything is havethis learned about synthesis and decomposition reactions in this graph indicate about the relationship between working properly by allowing the cart to accelerate section. acceleration and net force? What does the slope once or twice. represent? T/I C 4. Put one 1.0 kg object and two 100 g objects on top of (e) Use your results from Part B to plot a graph of the cart. You might need to tape them down. Hang acceleration (y-axis) versus total mass (x-axis). Draw a 100 g object from the string. Allow the motion CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT Skills Menu a smooth curve through the points. What does to occur and obtain the data required to find the S this graph indicate about the relationship between • Questioning • Planning • Observing acceleration ( a 1). • acceleration Researching • Controlling and total mass? T/I C • Analyzing 5. Take one of the 100 g objects from on top of the cart • Hypothesizing Variables • Evaluating (f) • Use your results from Part B to plot a• graph of and hang it from the string. Allow the motion to Predicting • Performing Communicating acceleration (y-axis) versus the reciprocal of the occur and obtain the data required to find the new S total mass (1/m; x-axis). Draw a line of best fit and acceleration ( a 2). calculate its slope. What does this graph indicate 6. Take the last 100 g object from the top of the cart about the relationship between acceleration and total and hang it from the string. Allow the motion to mass? What does the slope represent? T/I C occur and obtain the data required to find the new S (g) Answer the Testable Questions. T/I acceleration ( a 3). Investigation 5.1.2 Part B: Acceleration and Mass S 7. Use the data for a 3 from Step 6 as the first set of data for this experiment. 8. Using the same cart setup as in Step 6, add one 1.0 kg object to the cart. Allow the motion to occur and obtain the data required to find the S new acceleration ( a 4). 9. Add an additional 1.0 kg object to the cart. Allow the motion to occur and obtain the data required to find S the new acceleration ( a 5). Analyze and Evaluate (a) In terms of the variables in this investigation, what type of relationship was being tested? T/I (b) Calculate the acceleration for each trial. T/I (c) Calculate the ratio of the net force to the total mass. What does this ratio represent? Explain your reasoning. K/U T/I NEL (h) Comment on the accuracy of your hypothesis. C (i) List some possible sources of error. How could you modify the investigation to avoid or reduce these sources of error? T/I Apply and Extend (j) Describe how you could determine if friction had any effect on the results of this investigation. T/I (k) Explain why a graph of net force versus acceleration must pass through the origin when the total mass is constant. T/I (l) Explain why a graph of acceleration versus the reciprocal of the total mass must pass through the origin when net force is constant. T/I (m) Commercial airlines are limiting the number of pieces and the mass of luggage that passengers can bring onto an aircraft. Use what you have learned in this investigation to explain why. C A Chapter 3 Investigations 151 chaPTer 3 SUMMARY Summary Questions 1. Create a study guide for this chapter based on the Key Concepts listed in the margin on page 112. For each point, create three or four subpoints that provide further information, relevant examples, explanatory diagrams, or general equations. 2. Look back at the Starting Points questions on page 112. Answer these questions using what you have learned in this chapter. Compare your latest answers with those that you wrote at the beginning of the chapter. Note how your answers have changed. 3. You may use several different forms of active transportation, such as bicycles, skateboards, and inline skates. Using the concepts of this chapter, analyze the safety issues of one of these forms of transportation. Make sure you use all of Newton’s laws in your explanations. Also provide some safety tips that will help reduce the chance of serious injury. vocabulary > applied force (F a) (p. 115) > tension (F T) (p. 115) > normal force (F N) (p. 115) > friction (F f) (p. 115) dynamics (p. 114) newton (N) (p. 114) system diagram (p. 114) free-body diagram (FBD) (p. 115) > force of gravity (F g) (p. 116) > net force (F net) (p. 119) first law of motion (p. 124) second law of motion (p. 131) third law of motion (p. 137) inertia (p. 124) CAREER PATHwAYS Grade 11 Physics can lead to a wide range of careers. Some require a college diploma or a bachelor of science degree. Others require specialized or post-graduate degrees. This graphic organizer shows a few pathways to careers related to topics covered in this chapter. 1. Select an interesting career that relates to forces and Newton’s laws of motion. Research the educational pathway you would need to follow to pursue this career. 2. What is involved in the career you have chosen? Research at least two programs, and design a poster or pamphlet to display your findings. forensic technician B.Sc. M.Sc. SKILLS HANDBOOK A7 materials scientist Ph.D. rocket scientist forensic scientist prosthesis designer sports footwear designer aeronautics engineer 12U Physics B.Eng. OSSD civil engineer 11U Physics accident reconstructionist college diploma crane operator mechanic go T o N ELSoN SC i EN C E 152 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion NEL CHAPTER 3 SELF-Quiz K/U Knowledge/Understanding For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives. 1. Which of the following best describes a normal force? (3.1) K/U (a) a force that resists the motion or attempted motion of an object (b) a perpendicular force exerted by a surface on an object in contact with the surface (c) the pull between two objects at a distance (d) the force in a string or rope when pulled 2. Which force is responsible for the interactions during particle transformations? (3.1) K/U (a) electromagnetic (b) gravitational (c) weak nuclear (d) strong nuclear 3. Which object, when stationary, has the least inertia? (3.2) K/U (a) a desk (b) a pen (c) a computer (d) a feather 4. A 60.0 kg object accelerates with a magnitude of 2.0 m/s2. What is the magnitude of the net force acting on this object? (3.3) T/I (a) 30 N (b) 60 N (c) 120 N (d) 180 N 5. What is the mass of a rock that experiences a gravitational force of magnitude 11.8 N? (3.1) T/I (a) 1.1 kg (b) 1.3 kg (c) 1.2 kg (d) 1.0 kg 6. Which statement best describes Newton’s third law? (3.4) K/U (a) For every action force, there is a reaction force of lesser magnitude and in the same direction. (b) For every action force, there is a reaction force of equal magnitude but opposite in direction. (c) For every action force, there is a reaction force of equal magnitude and in the same direction. (d) For every action force, there is a reaction force of lesser magnitude but in the opposite direction. T/I Thinking/Investigation C Communication A Application 7. An ice skater pushes off a railing. Which of the following is the reaction force? (3.4) K/U (a) the force of the skater pushing off the railing (b) the force of the railing pushing back on the skater (c) the force of friction from the ice (d) the force of gravity 8. What important realization did Newton describe in Principia Mathematica? (3.6) K/U (a) Forces are governed by the theory of relativity. (b) The rules governing the motion of large objects in the universe can be used to study how fundamental forces act on objects. (c) Black holes lose mass through a special type of radiation. (d) Apples fall from trees due to gravitational force. Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true. 9. Forces are measured in newtons. (3.1) K/U 10. The normal force is the force resisting the motion or attempted motion of an object. (3.1) K/U 11. A free-body diagram is a simple sketch of all the objects involved in a situation. (3.1) K/U 12. All forces require objects to be in contact and cannot act at a distance. (3.1) K/U 13. The net force on an object is the sum of all the forces acting on it. (3.1) K/U 14. Massive objects have more inertia than less massive objects. (3.2) K/U 15. An object can change its motion even if the net force acting on it is zero. (3.2) K/U 16. If the net force on an object is constant and the mass decreases, then the acceleration increases. (3.3) K/U 17. Newton’s third law states that for every action force, there is a simultaneous reaction force of equal magnitude acting in the same direction. (3.4) K/U To do an online self-quiz, go t o nelso n sc ience NEL Chapter 3 Self-Quiz 153 CHAPTER 3 Review K/U Knowledge/Understanding Knowledge For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives. 1. Which of the following symbols is used for a tension force? (3.1) K/U > (a) F a > (b) F net > (c) F T > (d) F f 2. In which direction does friction act? (3.1) K/U (a) parallel to the surface and opposite to an object’s motion or attempted motion (b) perpendicular to the surface and opposite to an object’s motion or attempted motion (c) parallel to the surface and in the same direction as an object’s motion or attempted motion (d) normal to the surface and opposite to an object’s motion or attempted motion 3. Which of the following symbols is used to represent the sum of all forces acting on an object? (3.1) K/U > (a) F N > (b) F a > (c) F T > (d) F net 4. Which force holds the protons together in the nucleus of an atom? (3.1) K/U (a) electromagnetic (b) gravitational (c) weak nuclear (d) strong nuclear 5. You have your seat belt on in the passenger seat of a car. The car suddenly accelerates. Which statement best describes your motion? (3.2) K/U (a) Your body will suddenly move forward with respect to the seat. (b) Your head will suddenly move forward with respect to your body. (c) Both your body and your head will move forward at the same rate. (d) Your head and your body will suddenly move backwards with respect to the seat. 154 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion T/I Thinking/Investigation C Communication A Application 6. Which of the following correctly states Newton’s second law? (3.3) K/U > > a (a) F net 5 > m> (b) mF net 5 a > > (c) F net 5 ma > > (d) F net , ma 7. A boy jumps off a skateboard. What is the reaction force? (3.4) K/U (a) the force exerted by the boy pushing off the skateboard (b) the force exerted by the skateboard pushing back on the boy (c) the force of friction exerted by the road on the skateboard (d) the force of gravity causing the boy to land on the ground 8. Which device could be used to measure tension? (3.5) K/U (a) a bathroom scale (b) a balance (c) a spring scale (d) a sliding scale Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true. 9. One newton is equal to 1 kg·m/s. (3.1) K/U 10. A tension force is a perpendicular force acting on an object that is exerted by the surface with which it is in contact. (3.1) K/U 11. Friction is a force that resists the motion or attempted motion of an object. (3.1) K/U 12. Forces that do not require contact are called actionat-a-distance forces. (3.1) K/U 13. To determine the net force, you do not need to consider the direction of each force acting on an object. (3.1) K/U 14. An object with less mass has more inertia. (3.2) K/U 15. If there is a net force acting on an object, then the motion of the object will change. (3.2) K/U 16. If the net force on an object is constant and the mass increases, then the acceleration decreases. (3.3) K/U 17. Newton’s third law states that for every action force there is a simultaneous reaction force of lesser magnitude in the opposite direction. (3.4) K/U NEL Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. 18. (a) weak nuclear (i) (b) normal (ii) (c) friction (iii) (d) tension (iv) (e) gravity (v) a pulling force from a rope or a string a force that resists the motion or attempted motion of an object the force responsible for interactions during particle transformations the force of attraction between two objects because of their mass a perpendicular force exerted by a surface on an object (3.1) K/U Write a short answer to each question. 19. What is the rate of acceleration due to gravity? (3.1) K/U 20. In your own words, describe what it means for an object to have inertia. (3.2) K/U C 21. In your own words, describe Newton’s third law and give an example that demonstrates this law. (3.4) K/U C Understanding 22. A book sits on a desk. Draw a free-body diagram of all the forces acting on the book. (3.1) K/U 23. The free-body diagram in Figure 1 represents a block Ontario Physicsvelocity 11 U across a rough being dragged at constant surface. Copy Figure 1 into your notebook and draw 0176504338 in the missing sure to indicate its C03Q-F02-OP11USB FN force vector. Be direction and magnitude relative to the other forces Nesbitt CO shown. (3.1) K/U 24. The free-body diagram in Figure 2 represents a block sitting motionless on a ramp. Is the FBD complete? Explain. Include an FBD in your answer. (3.1) T/I C F�f F�g Figure 2 25. Draw a free-body diagram for the first two situations. Then answer (c). (3.1) T/I C (a) A student pulls a large box across a smooth floor to the right. (b) A student pushes a large box across a smooth floor to the right. (c) Are there any differences between your diagrams for (a) and (b)? Explain. 26. The engines of a plane exert a horizontal force of magnitude 37 850 N while the plane is flying northward. A wind blowing to the south also exerts a horizontal force of magnitude 850 N on the plane. What is the net horizontal force on the plane? (3.1) T/I 27. The engines of a plane flying westward exert a horizontal force of magnitude 35 000 N. A wind blowing westward exerts a horizontal force of magnitude 1200 N. What is the net horizontal force on the plane? (3.1) T/I 28. A trap door that opens in the middle is stuck half open with a box sitting on it (Figure 3). Draw a free-body diagram for the box. (3.1) T/I 2nd Pass (1st pass 7381-A) Pass F�N Approved Not ApprovedF�a box doors F�g Figure 1 Figure 3 NEL Chapter 3 Review 155 29. Use Newton’s first law to explain why the normal force 39. The cart in Figure 4 has a mass of 2.3 kg and is must be equal in magnitude to the force of gravity attached to a 1.7 kg object. Calculate the acceleration for an object to remain at rest on a horizontal of the cart given the following assumptions: (3.3) T/I surface when no other forces are acting on the (a) The force of friction is negligible. object. (3.2) K/U C (b) The frictional force acting on the wheels of the cart has a magnitude of 0.6 N. 30. Four children are playing tug-of-war. The two children on the right pull with forces of magnitude 84 N and 86 N, and one of the children on the left is able to pull with a force of magnitude 83 N. If the rope remains stationary, how hard is the second child on the left pulling? (3.2) T/I 31. A student is trying to push a box across the floor with 20 N of force, but the box does not move. What is Figure 4 the magnitude of the frictional force exerted by the ground on the box? (3.2) T/I 40. Assume the cart in Figure 4 has an acceleration of magnitude 2.5 m/s2 and a mass of 1.8 kg. Calculate 32. Answer each question below using Newton’s second the mass of the attached object given the following law. Explain your answers. (3.3) K/U C assumptions: (3.3) T/I (a) Two cars have the same net force acting on them, (a) The force of friction is negligible. but one has more mass than the other. Which car (b) A frictional force of magnitude 0.4 N acts on the will have the greater acceleration? wheels of the cart. (b) A heavy box of sand is on top of a cart. A person pulls the cart forward with a constant net force 41. Explain each situation using Newton’s third law. (3.4) K/U while the sand leaks out of the box and onto the (a) A boat is able to float on water. ground. What will happen to the acceleration of (b) A dolphin can jump out of the water by pushing the cart? down on the water. 33. Calculate the net force in each situation. (3.3) T/I (c) A raft glides to the left when a student jumps off (a) A 69 kg sprinter accelerates at 2.1 m/s2 [forward]. the raft to the right. (b) A 620 g basketball falls through the net. 42. When a cannon fires, it rolls backwards. Use your T/I Ontario Physics 11 (3.3) U knowledge of Newton’s laws to explain why this 34. Calculate the net acceleration in each situation. happens. (3.4) K/U C 0176504338 (a) A 260 kg boat crew paddles north with a net force of magnitude 468 43. A student stands on a skateboard and pushes on a C03Q-F03-OP11USB FNN. (b) A 70.0 kg skydiver opens his parachute and CrowleArt Group wall with a force of magnitude 89 N. The total mass of CO the student and the skateboard is 58 kg. Assume that experiences a net force of 236 N [up]. Deborah Crowle the force of friction is negligible. (3.4) T/I C 35. A student pushes a 10 kg Pass box and lets it slide1st across pass (a) Calculate the acceleration of the student. the floor. The magnitude of the frictional force acting Approved (b) Explain why the wall does not appear to move. on the box is 40 N. What is the acceleration of the Not Approved box? (3.3) T/I 44. A girl is ice skating and pushes off a rail with a force of magnitude 75 N. The total mass of the girl and her 36. A 175 g hockey puck slows down at a rate of 1.5 m/s2 skates is 62 kg. (3.4) T/I C as it slides across the ice. Determine the frictional force acting on the puck. (3.3) T/I (a) Calculate the acceleration of the girl while she is pushing if the ice exerts a frictional force of 37. The engines of an airplane exert a net force of magnitude 4.0 N on the skates. magnitude 800 000 N during takeoff, causing the (b) Explain why the rail does not appear to move. plane to accelerate at a rate of 8.0 m/s2 [forward]. What is the mass of the plane? (3.3) T/I 45. A 3.0 kg object hangs from a string inside an elevator. Calculate the tension in the string for the following 38. A batter hits a baseball with a mass of 145 g. situations. (3.5) T/I After impact, the ball experiences a net force of 3 1.80 3 10 N [S]. What is the acceleration of the ball? (a) The elevator is stationary. (3.3) T/I (b) The elevator is accelerating at 1.2 m/s2 [up]. (c) The elevator is accelerating at 1.4 m/s2 [down]. 156 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion NEL 11 U Analysis and Application > 55. The box in Figure 6 has a mass of 85 kg. F a = 10 N [up], > > > F b 5 30 N [right], F c 5 25 N [right], F d = 10 N [down], > and F e 5 22 N [left]. (3.3) T/I 46. Wind is blowing a flag to the east. What other forces are acting on the flag if it remains attached to a pole? Include an FBD of the flag in your answer. (3.1, 3.2) T/I Fa 47. A skydiver has a mass of 71.5 kg. What is the force of gravity acting on him (a) when he jumps? Fb T/I (b) after he has landed? (3.1) Fe 48. A 45.0 kg girl is sitting on a bench. What is the Fc magnitude of the force with which the bench pushes against the girl? (3.1, 3.4) K/U Fd 49. A boulder rolls off the edge of a cliff and initially falls Figure 6 with a force of magnitude 1100 N. What is the mass (a) What is the net force acting on the box in both of the boulder? (3.1) K/U the vertical and horizontal directions? 50. A student weighs out 7.6 N of water into a beaker. (b) What is the acceleration of the box? What is the mass of the water? (3.1) K/U 56. Suppose the box in Figure 6 has a net acceleration 51. A T-shirt launcher is capable of shooting shirts at > > of magnitude 5.5 m/s2. F a 5 13 N [up], F b 5 12 N 35 m/s horizontally. If the time it takes to accelerate > > the shirts to this speed is 0.50 s and each shirt has [right], F c 5 19 N [right], F d 5 26 N [down], and > a mass of 250 g, how much force does the launcher F e 5 31 N [left]. (3.3) T/I exert on the shirts? Assume that the friction in the (a) What is the net force acting on the box in both tube is negligible. (3.3) T/I the vertical and horizontal directions? In which 52. A 72 kg runner is jogging at a rate of 6.0 m/s and then direction does the box move? begins to sprint, reaching a full speed of 15 m/s after (b) What is the mass of the box? 3.0 s. What is the net force acting on the runner? (3.3) T/I 57. Suppose the box in Figure 6 has a mass of 12 kg. > > > 53. Two boxes of mass 30.0 kg and 10.0 kg are at rest side F a 5 220 N [up], F b 5 82 N [right], F d 5 220 N 2 by side (Figure 5). You apply a force of 3.0 3 10 N on > [down], and F e 5 112 N [left]. The magnitude of the the first box for 5.0 s, and they both slide across the acceleration of the box is 1.5 m/s2. (3.3) T/I C floor. The larger box has a force of friction of 180 N, and the smaller box has a force of friction (a) If the box is moving to the right, what is the Ontario Physics 11 U of 60.0 N. > (3.3, 3.4) T/I C magnitude of F c? 0176504338 (b) If the box is moving to the left, what is the > C03Q-F06-OP11USB FN magnitude of F c? 10 kg 30 kg CO Nesbitt 58. A dogsled team has four dogs that pull a person and a sled with a combined mass of 100 kg. (3.3) T/I 2nd Pass (1st pass 7381-A)(a) They start from rest and reach a speed of 45 km/h Pass Figure 5 Approved in 2.5 s. What is the average force applied by (a) Calculate theNot acceleration of the boxes during the each dog? Approved first 5.0 s. (b) Suppose each dog can pull with a force of (b) If the applied force is removed, the boxes will magnitude 150 N. What is the frictional force slow down and stop. Explain why. acting on the sled? (c) Calculate the total distance travelled by the boxes. 59. The Moon is much smaller than Earth, so the gravitational strength of the Moon is only about one54. Four students are playing tug-of-war. The two sixth that of Earth. (3.3) T/I A students on the right pull with forces of magnitude 55 N and 65 N, and weigh 60 kg and 62 kg. The two (a) What is the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon? students on the left pull with forces of magnitude 58 N (b) How much would a 72 kg person weigh on the and 70 N, and weigh 59 kg and 64 kg. What are the Moon? magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the (c) If an object falls with a force of 700 N [down] on students? (3.3) T/I Earth, what would the force on the same object be if it fell on the Moon? NEL Chapter 3 Review 157 60. A girl is standing on a raft floating on the water and jumps off to the right with a force of magnitude 100 N. The mass of the girl is 55 kg, and the mass of the raft is 120 kg. (3.4) T/I C (a) Describe the action and reaction forces in this situation. (b) Determine the acceleration of both the girl and the raft. 61. A boy and a girl are standing on skateboards. The boy pushes off the girl to the left with a force of magnitude 74 N. The mass of the boy is 62 kg and the mass of the girl is 59 kg. Ignore friction. (3.4) T/I C (a) State the action and reaction forces in this situation. (b) Determine the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of each skateboarder. 62. Two ice skaters are playing a game. Skater A pushes off skater B. Skater A has a mass of 75 kg and accelerates with a magnitude of 1.2 m/s2. Skater B accelerates with a magnitude of 0.80 m/s2. Ignore friction. (3.4) T/I C (a) Based on their accelerations, which skater has more mass? (b) State the action and reaction forces and calculate their values. (c) Calculate the mass of skater B. 63. Students are performing an experiment about Newton’s third law using skateboards. Student A has a mass of 58 kg and pushes off student B with a force of magnitude 80.0 N. Student B has a mass of 55 kg and has placed a block of unknown mass with him on his skateboard. (3.4) T/I C (a) Calculate the acceleration of student A. (b) If the magnitude of the acceleration of student B is greater than that of student A, what range of values could the mass of the block have? What if the magnitude of the acceleration of student B is less than that of student A? (c) If student B accelerates with a magnitude of 1.25 m/s2, what is the mass of the block? 64. A male astronaut (82 kg) and a female astronaut (64 kg) are floating side by side in space. (3.4) T/I C (a) Determine the acceleration of each if the woman pushes on the man with a force of 16 N [left]. Ontario Physics 11 U (b) How will your answers change if the man pushes 0176504338 with 16 N [right] on the woman instead? C03Q-F07-OP11USB FN 65. A locomotive with a mass of 6.4 3 105 kg is NGI accelerating CO with a magnitude of 0.12 m/s2 while pulling a train car of mass 5.3 3 105 kg. Assume that negligible friction 2ndtrain. pass(3.5) T/I Pass is acting on the (a) CalculateApproved the net force on the entire train. (b) Determine tension between the locomotive Notthe Approved and the train car. 158 Chapter 3 • Newton’s Laws of Motion Ontario Physics 11 U 66. Two objects are hung from strings (Figure 7). The top object (m1) has a mass of 18 kg and the bottom object (m2) has a mass of 12 kg. (3.5) T/I (a) Calculate the tension in each string. (b) Calculate the tension in each string if you pull down on m1 with a force of 45 N [down]. (c) Calculate the tension in each string if you pull down on m2 with a force of 45 N [down]. (d) Compare your answers to parts (b) and (c) and explain any differences. (e) If you keep increasing the downward force on m2, which string will most likely break first? Explain your reasoning by assuming that both strings are identical. string A m1 string B m2 Figure 7 67. The blocks in Figure 8 are pulled to the right and accelerate with a magnitude of 1.1 m/s2. If m1 5 4.0 kg, m2 5 2.3 kg, and m3 5 3.4 kg, calculate the tension in each string. Assume that friction is negligible. (3.5) T/I string A m1 string B m2 string C m3 Figure 8 68. Suppose the blocks in Figure 8 are pulled to the right with a force of magnitude 15 N. If m1 5 4.3 kg, m2 5 5.5 kg, and m3 5 3.1 kg, calculate the tension in each string and the acceleration of the blocks. Ignore friction. (3.5) T/I 69. Suppose the blocks in Figure 8 are pulled to the right with a force of magnitude 24 N. The tension in string B is twice that of the tension in string A. If m1 5 10 kg and m3 5 8 kg, calculate the tension in each string and the mass of m2. Ignore friction. (3.5) T/I NEL 11 U 70. A student has tied together two sleds with a rope. Two of his friends, with masses of 55.0 kg and 60.0 kg, are riding in the sleds, one in each (55.0 kg in the back, 60.0 kg in front). The student uses another rope to pull the sleds with a horizontal force of magnitude 230 N. The sleds accelerate with a magnitude of 1.02 m/s2. The front sled experiences a force of friction of magnitude 58.8 N. Assume that the masses of the sleds are negligible. (3.5) T/I (a) What is the frictional force on the back sled? (b) What is the tension in the rope connecting the sleds? (c) The student pulling the sleds starts from rest, runs for 3.00 s, and then lets the sleds go. How far will the sleds travel after he lets them go? Evaluation 71. The planets are constantly changing position around the Sun and have been closely following the same paths for millennia. However, the Sun has a small wobble in its position. Use Newton’s first law and the concept of inertia to explain why this is so. (3.2) T/I C 72. The gravity of Earth attracts the Moon, just as it does objects near Earth. By Newton’s third law, the force that attracts the Moon to Earth is the same force that attracts Earth to the Moon. (3.4) T/I A (a) Are objects on Earth attracted to the Moon? (b) Why does nothing fly off toward the Moon? 73. Figure 9 shows a fan cart with the fan running but without the cart accelerating. (3.4) K/U Ontario Physics 11 U sail 0176504338 C03Q-F10-OP11USB FN Crowle Art Group CO Deborah Crowle Pass Approved Not Approved 1st pass Figure 9 (a) Explain why the fan cart cannot accelerate. (b) The sail is removed and the cart begins to accelerate. Explain why. NEL 74. Two blocks are hung on opposite ends of a pulley system, as shown in Figure 10. The left block has a mass of 35.2 kg and the right block has a mass of 36.4 kg. (3.5) T/I Figure 10 (a) Is it possible for the blocks to remain stationary? What forces could be causing this to happen? (b) What would happen if one of the blocks were tapped downward? Reflect on Your Learning 75. A student claims, “If action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, then when you add them together, you will always get zero and nothing will ever accelerate.” Discuss the validity of this statement. C Research go To N ELS oN S C i EN C E 76. When two positively charged particles are close together, they repel each other, and the closer the particles are, the stronger this repulsion is. However, in atoms, protons are so close together that the strong nuclear force is able to overcome the electromagnetic repulsion. Write a one-page report describing the strong nuclear force and how strong it has to be in order to hold the nucleus of atoms together. Compare this with the strength of the electromagnetic repulsion acting at the same distance. What happens in heavier elements where there are a lot of protons and thus an even stronger electromagnetic repulsion? T/I C 77. Newton is reported to have said, “If I have seen further than other men, it is because I stood on the shoulders of giants,” meaning that he could not have made the discoveries that he did without the previous work of other scientists. Prepare a presentation in a format of your choice describing the knowledge of science at the time and who the primary influences were for Isaac Newton. What discoveries did they make, what observations did they make, and what experiments did they perform that helped lead Newton to his discoveries? T/I C Chapter 3 Review 159