Download AP Chemistry Cram Sheet #1

Marquez: AP Review AP Chemistry Cram Sheet #1 Big Idea 1: The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms. These atoms retain their identity in chemical reactions. (Collegeboard: AP Curriculum Framework) 1. Atoms and Isotopes: Fill in the following table: Atom/Isotope # of Protons # of Neutrons ଶଷ଼
ଽଶܷ 79 53 75 2. Chemical Quantities: Convert the following quantities. Moles Molecules/Compounds 4.50 moles NOCl Molecules NOCl
Moles CH3OH # of Electrons Charge 3+ 24
2+
Mass g NOCl Atoms N atoms
2.43x1024 Compounds Fe2(CO3)3
g Fe2(CO3)3 C atoms
Molecules CH3OH
gCH3OH 1.24x1021 O atoms
3. Determine the a. Percent composition of (NH4)2S b. Empirical formula of a molecule containing 65.5% C, 5.5% H, and 29.0% O. If the molar mass of this compound is 110 g/mol, what is the molecular formula? c. Empirical formula of a 50.51 g sample compound made from phosphorus and chlorine. When decomposed, an analysis of the product showed that 11.39 g of phosphorus atoms were produced. Marquez: AP Review d. The empirical formula of a 0.2500 g sample of a compound known to contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen undergoes complete combustion to produce 0.3664 g CO2 and 0.1500 g of H2O. 4. Answer the following questions regarding Light‐Particle Dualtiy. a. List all electromagnetic radiations from low energy to high. b. An FM radio station has a frequency of 88.9 MHz (1 MHz = 106 Hz, or cycles per second). What is the wavelength of this radiation in meters? c. The U.S. Navy has a system for communicating with submerged submarines. The system uses radio waves with a frequency of 76 s‐1 . What is the wavelength of this radiation in meters? In miles? d. Violet light has a wavelength of about 410 nm. What is its frequency? Calculate the energy of one photon of violet light. What is the energy of 1.0 mol of violet photons? e. The energy of a mole of photons of red light from a laser is 175 kJ/mol. Calculate the energy of one photon of red light. What is the wavelength of red light in meters? In nm? Compare the energy of photons of violet light with those of red light. Which is more energetic and by what factor? f. The most prominent line in the spectrum of neon is found at 865.438 nm. Other lines are found at 837.761 nm, 878.062 nm, 878.438 nm, and 1885.387 nm. i. Which of these lines represents the most energetic light? ii. What is the frequency of the most prominent line? What is the energy of one photon of this wavelength? iii. Are any of the lines mentioned here found in the spectrum of neon shown in your textbook? What color or colors are these lines? Marquez: AP Review 5. For the element Cr….. a. Write the electron configuration. b. Draw and fill an orbital diagram c. Determine the quantum numbers for the 16th electron. 6. The elements in which of the following have the most nearly the same atomic radius? a. Be, B, C, N b. Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe c. Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba d. C, P, Se, I e. Cr, Mn, Fe, Co 7. Using the following: (A) O (B) La (C) Rb (D) Mg (E) N a. ____What is the most electronegative element of the above? b. ____Which element exhibits the greatest number of different oxidation sates? c. ____Which of the elements above has the smallest ionic radius for its most commonly found ion? 8. Account for each of the following in terms of principles f atomic structure, including the number, properties, and arrangements of subatomic particles. a. The second ionization energy of sodium is about three times greater than the second ionization energy of magnesium. b. The difference between the atomic radii of Na and K is relatively large compared to the difference between the atomic radii of Rb and Cs 9. Explain each of the following observations using principles of atomic structure and/or bonding. a. Potassium has a lower first‐ionization energy than lithium. b. The ionic radius of N3 ˉ is larger than that of O2 ˉ. c. A calcium atom is larger than a zinc atom. d. Boron has a lower first‐ionization energy than beryllium. Marquez: AP Review 10. Write the electron configuration for a neutral sodium atom. a. Label each of the peaks in this PES for sodium with what sublevel the peak represents. b. Write the electron configuration for neutral potassium. c. Label each of the peaks in this PES for potassium with what sublevel each peak represents. Explain why the identified electrons have different energy values. d. Complete the chart and sketch the PES results from a neutral scandium atom given the following information. Marquez: AP Review Marquez: AP Review