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Social Studies 11 What is Geography???? A) What is Geography? • Geography is the study of the Earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity. – Geography research addresses both the questions of where, as well as why, phenomena occur in particular places. – The word comes from the Greek words Ge or Gaea, both meaning "Earth", and graphein, meaning "to describe" or "to write". B) History of Geography • The Greeks are the first known culture to actively explore geography as a science and philosophy. • Mapping by the Romans as they explored new lands added new techniques. • During the Middle Ages, Arabs maintained the Greek and Roman techniques and developed new ones. C) History of Geography • Following the journeys of Marco Polo, interest in geography spread throughout Europe during the 13th&14th centuries. D) Types of Geography • Physical geography focuses on geography as an Earth science. – It aims to understand the physical features or landforms of the Earth. – What are landforms??? Mountains Islands This Island is for sale. Boston Harbor, Massachusetts Fjords Reefs E) Physical Geography Landforms • Coastal and oceanic landforms • Slope landforms – cliff – dell – glen – hill – knoll – mountain – ridge – valley – watershed – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – barrier bar & barrier island bay & gulf beach & raised beach cape cave cliff coast coral reef delta fjord isthmus island, archipelago & atoll lagoon ocean peninsula sea sound F) Physical Geography Landforms • Fluvial landforms • Mountain and glacial landforms • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • basin island lake levee marsh oasis ox-bow lake river spring stream stream terrace swamp waterfall watershed fjord U-shaped valley glacial horn glacier hanging valley mountain & mountain range stream terrace valley G) Human Geography • Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with various environments. • It encompasses human, political, cultural, social, and economic aspects of the social sciences. H) Human Geography • Example of human geography = Population Density. I) 5 Themes of Geography • 1. Location • 2. Place • 3. Human-Environmental Interactions • 4. Movement • 5. Regions J) 5 Themes of Geography • Location – Location may be absolute or it may be relative. – An absolute location is a latitude and longitude (a global location) or a street address (local location). – Relative locations are described by landmarks, time, direction or distance from one place to another and may associate a particular place with another. Understanding Location • To understand relative and absolute locations think about where you live. • How do you describe it? Do you describe it differently to people who aren’t familiar with the area? K) 5 Themes of Geography • Place – What “kind” of place is it? – What do you think of when you imagine China? Japan? Russia? Saudi Arabia? • Places have both human and physical characteristics, as well as images. China Japan Japan Russia Saudi Arabia?? L) 5 Themes of Geography • Place • Physical characteristics include mountains, rivers, soil, beaches, wildlife, soil. • Places have human characteristics also. – These characteristics are derived from the ideas and actions of people that result in changes to the environment, such as buildings, roads, clothing, and food habits. M) 5 Themes of Geography • Place • The image people have of a place is based on their experiences, both intellectual and emotional. • People's descriptions of a place reveal their values, attitudes, and perceptions. • What are the human and physical characteristics of Rushford? How do these shape our lives? N) 5 Themes of Geography • Human/Environmental Interaction • How do humans and the environment affect each other? How do we interact in Rushford? • We change the environment and then sometime Mother Nature changes it back. For example Hurricane Katrina. Before and after on next slide. O) 5 Themes of Geography • Human/Environment Interaction • There are three key concepts to human/environmental interaction: – Humans adapt on the environment. – Humans modify the environment. – Humans depend to the environment. P) 5 Themes of Geography • Human/Environment Interaction • All places on Earth have advantages and disadvantages for human settlement. • One person's advantage may be another person's disadvantage. • Some like the excitement of large cities whereas others prefer remoteness. Example on the next slide. Q) 5 Themes of Geography • Movement • The movement of people, the import and export of goods, and mass communication have all played major roles in shaping our world. • People interact with each other through movement. • We interact with each other through travel, trade, information flows (E-Mail) and political events. R) 5 Themes of Geography • Regions • A region is the basic unit of study in geography. Example: North America, Europe, Asia etc. S) 5 Themes of Geography • Regions • There are three basic types of regions. – Formal regions are those defined by governmental or administrative boundaries. Example United States, Canada, Wisconsin, Fillmore County etc. – Functional regions are those defined by a function (example: R-P school district). If the function ceases to exists, the region no longer exists. – Vernacular regions are those loosely defined by people's perception (i. e., The South, The Middle East or the Midwest).