Download Social Studies 11 - Rushford

Social Studies 11
What is
Geography????
A) What is Geography?
• Geography is the study of the Earth and its features
and of the distribution of life on the earth, including
human life and the effects of human activity.
– Geography research addresses both the questions of
where, as well as why, phenomena occur in
particular places.
– The word comes from the Greek words Ge or Gaea,
both meaning "Earth", and graphein, meaning
"to describe" or "to write".
B) History of Geography
• The Greeks are the first known culture to
actively explore geography as a science and
philosophy.
• Mapping by the Romans as they explored new
lands added new techniques.
• During the Middle Ages, Arabs maintained the
Greek and Roman techniques and developed
new ones.
C) History of Geography
• Following the journeys of Marco Polo, interest in
geography spread throughout Europe during the
13th&14th centuries.
D) Types of Geography
• Physical geography focuses on geography as
an Earth science.
– It aims to understand the physical features or
landforms of the Earth.
– What are landforms???
Mountains
Islands
This Island is for sale.
Boston Harbor, Massachusetts
Fjords
Reefs
E) Physical Geography Landforms
• Coastal and oceanic landforms
• Slope landforms
– cliff
– dell
– glen
– hill
– knoll
– mountain
– ridge
– valley
– watershed
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barrier bar & barrier island
bay & gulf
beach & raised beach
cape
cave
cliff
coast
coral reef
delta
fjord
isthmus
island, archipelago & atoll
lagoon
ocean
peninsula
sea
sound
F) Physical Geography Landforms
• Fluvial landforms
• Mountain and glacial landforms
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basin
island
lake
levee
marsh
oasis
ox-bow lake
river
spring
stream
stream terrace
swamp
waterfall
watershed
fjord
U-shaped valley
glacial horn
glacier
hanging valley
mountain & mountain range
stream terrace
valley
G) Human Geography
• Human geography is a branch of geography
that focuses on the study of patterns and
processes that shape human interaction with
various environments.
• It encompasses human, political, cultural,
social, and economic aspects of the social
sciences.
H) Human Geography
• Example of human geography = Population
Density.
I) 5 Themes of Geography
• 1. Location
• 2. Place
• 3. Human-Environmental Interactions
• 4. Movement
• 5. Regions
J) 5 Themes of Geography
• Location
– Location may be absolute or it may be relative.
– An absolute location is a latitude and longitude
(a global location) or a street address (local
location).
– Relative locations are described by landmarks,
time, direction or distance from one place to
another and may associate a particular place with
another.
Understanding Location
• To understand relative and absolute
locations think about where you live.
• How do you describe it? Do you describe
it differently to people who aren’t familiar
with the area?
K) 5 Themes of Geography
• Place
– What “kind” of place is it?
– What do you think of when you imagine
China? Japan? Russia? Saudi Arabia?
• Places have both human and physical
characteristics, as well as images.
China
Japan
Japan
Russia
Saudi Arabia??
L) 5 Themes of Geography
• Place
• Physical characteristics include mountains, rivers, soil,
beaches, wildlife, soil.
• Places have human characteristics also.
– These characteristics are derived from the ideas and
actions of people that result in changes to the
environment, such as buildings, roads, clothing, and
food habits.
M) 5 Themes of Geography
• Place
• The image people have of a place is based on their
experiences, both intellectual and emotional.
• People's descriptions of a place reveal their values,
attitudes, and perceptions.
• What are the human and physical characteristics of
Rushford? How do these shape our lives?
N) 5 Themes of Geography
• Human/Environmental Interaction
• How do humans and the environment affect each
other? How do we interact in Rushford?
• We change the environment and then sometime
Mother Nature changes it back. For example
Hurricane Katrina. Before and after on next slide.
O) 5 Themes of Geography
• Human/Environment Interaction
• There are three key concepts to
human/environmental interaction:
– Humans adapt on the environment.
– Humans modify the environment.
– Humans depend to the environment.
P) 5 Themes of Geography
• Human/Environment Interaction
• All places on Earth have advantages and disadvantages
for human settlement.
• One person's advantage may be another person's
disadvantage.
• Some like the excitement of large cities whereas others
prefer remoteness. Example on the next slide.
Q) 5 Themes of Geography
• Movement
• The movement of people, the import and export of
goods, and mass communication have all played major
roles in shaping our world.
• People interact with each other through movement.
• We interact with each other through travel, trade,
information flows (E-Mail) and political events.
R) 5 Themes of Geography
• Regions
• A region is the basic unit of study in geography.
Example: North America, Europe, Asia etc.
S) 5 Themes of Geography
• Regions
• There are three basic types of regions.
– Formal regions are those defined by governmental or
administrative boundaries. Example United States, Canada,
Wisconsin, Fillmore County etc.
– Functional regions are those defined by a function
(example: R-P school district). If the function ceases to
exists, the region no longer exists.
– Vernacular regions are those loosely defined by people's
perception (i. e., The South, The Middle East or the
Midwest).