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What Does the Evidence Tell Us? Evidence about Pericles’ rule Ostracon a piece of pottery to vote for ostracism (Pericles had fear of ostracism) Ingratiated (won over) the people Aristophanes and Old Comedy o Compared Pericles to Zeus (thought he was a Tyrant) Tyrannical power Aloofness Sexual prowess o Called him an “onionhead” as he had a bald patch that he was self conscious about o Started the war because he wanted to defer allegations of embezzlement “Thereupon, pissed, his almightiness Pericles/lightninged, thundered, and screwed up Greece.” o Criticising the jurors pay o Aspasia “a dog-eyed whore” Blamed for Pericles siding with Samos and Miletus o Political satire aims to find a target Pericles is an Olympian figure, compared to Zeus by Aristophanes Archaeological Evidence Decree on a tablet o Spring house decree Collecting water Demos said no; allowed the people to speak and people did not want water to be bribed o Pericles generally o Emphasis on public service o Tried to ingratiate himself with the people o Sponsorship liturgy o Involvement of the Delian League (military) Tribute lists; reveals economics of the empire Public display of Athenian Empire Evidence of subjugation and rebellions Pericles established tighter control (Phoros) Coinage decree Megarian decree Chalcis decree o Parthenon “chief ornament of the building program” Employment for Athenians rowers in the winter Extravagant “School of Hellas” (public service) Speed Driven, developing society Legacy and influence key sight of Athens (inspiring tourism) Deliberate program to beautify and create a legacy o Ostraka Used also to ostracise Pericles’ enemy (Thucydides, Son of Melesias) He was able to deflect criticism, was not ostracised able to maintain power deliberately shaped policy to the people Account for modern and ancient interpretations of Pericles Modern Ancient Pericles as a dominant political figure of the 2nd half Biographical account by Plutarch Thucydides idealised representation Critical views presented by conservative playwrights Introduction Dominant political figure o Biographical account by Plutarch o Thucydides idealised representation o Critical views presented by conservative playwrights Popularity o Elected 16 times as strategos o Never ostracised, despite evidence of Ostracon with his name inscribed What reasons do sources give for his popularity? o Personal skills (oratorical skills) common agreement between Plutarch and Thucydides o Plutarch cornered his opponents in a method of question and answer o Thucydides it was he who led them not they who led he “First citizen” everyone is equal except Pericles Most positive Suggests that Pericles’ policy to make Athens “an island” by completing the long walls and building up naval power gave Athens the capability to win a long drawn out war against Sparta Unrealistic but maintained o Political skills Democratic reforms Enabling him to win over the demos in this emerging democratic society. Plutarch recognises the importance of his reforms (1 2 3) o Building program Spending all the money from the Delian League to beautify Athens Conservative writes such as the old oligarch (?) Modern perceptions of Pericles are shaped by contemporary value of democracy