Download Conflicts and Crises of WWI

Conflicts and Crises Short Term Causes of WWI Key Events Russo-­‐Japanese War (1904-­‐1905) The First Moroccan Crisis (1905-­‐1906) The BriIsh agreement with Russia (1907) The Bosnian Crisis (1908) The Second Moroccan Crisis (Agadir Crisis) (1911) •  The First Balkan War (1912) •  The Second Balkan War (1913) • 
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Russo-­‐Japanese War 1904-­‐1905 •  Military conflict –  Japan forced Russia to abandon expansionist policy in the Far East •  Rivalry between Russia and Japan for dominance in Korea and Manchuria •  Russia built Trans-­‐Siberian railroad across Manchuria to Vladivostok –  Russia gains control of an important strip of Manchurian teritory Russo-­‐Japanese War 1904-­‐1905 •  Russia did not have necessary transportaIon faciliIes, men, or supplies to reinforce its limited armed forces in Manchuria •  Japan had steadily expanded its army and superiority over Russia in the Far East. •  Russia reneged in 1903 on an agreement to withdraw troops from Manchuria –  Japan decided to aXack Russo-­‐Japanese War 1904-­‐1905 •  War began in 1904 –  Main Japanese fleet launched aXack and siege on the Russian naval squadron at Port Arthur •  Decisive naval loss at Tsushima and poliIcal unrest in Russia over an unpopular war –  Russia decided to negoIate with Japan •  Russia agreed to evacuate southern Manchuria Russo-­‐ Japanese War •  In Russia, the “October RevoluIon” compelled Nicholas II to issue the October Manifesto –  Kind of consItuIon that limited the tsar’s power and established the Duma, the first parliament of Russia •  *** Russia’s status as a world power was compromised by both the military loss and loss of power of the tsar*** Effects on Alliance System in Europe •  England supported Japan –  Protect interests in China and East from Russian expansion •  England kept France from intervening •  Germany wanted to drive a further wedge between England and Russia –  Revive the terms of the Three Emperor’s League •  France and Russia strengthened alliance by modifying terms to include support outside of a European conflict First Moroccan Crisis (1905-­‐1906) •  Morocco on northern coast was rich in mineral and agricultural wealth •  Germany supported France’s efforts to control Morocco to further divide France and Britain •  However….In 1904, Britain and France signed the Entente Cordiale where France was given a free hand in Morocco (one of the few places in Africa not controlled by a European power) –  In return France would recognize Britain's posiIon in Egypt First Moroccan Crisis (1905-­‐1906) •  March 1905, Kaiser Wilhelm II, angry that Germany had been excluded decided to intervene –  The Kaiser landed at Tangier where he made a speech greeIng the Sultan of Morocco as an independent sovereign –  The Kaiser promised him German protecIon if France aXempted to colonize his state. –  German demanded an internaIonal conference at Algeciras (southern Spain) to clarify the status of Morocco First Moroccan Crisis (1905-­‐1906) •  Germany called a conference to: –  1) humiliate France –  2) split the Entente because of the point of view of internaIonal law –  According to Germany, Morocco was an independent state and the French claim to Morocco was illegal •  At the conference Germany was supported by Austria while France was supported by Britain, Russia, the United States and Italy First Moroccan Crisis (1905-­‐1906) •  Morocco was preserved as an independent state whose trade was opened to all naIons •  France, in conjuncIon with Spain, was given control over the Moroccan police and control of the customs and arms supply of Morocco •  Serious diplomaIc defeat for Germans –  Realized the new line-­‐up of Britain and France was a force and this crisis was soon followed by Anglo-­‐
French military conversaIons. Bosnian Crisis (1908) •  Tensions between Austria-­‐Hungary and Serbia •  Amer RevoluIon in Turkey, the Austrians annexed the Turkish province of Bosnia which they had been occupying since 1878 –  This was a deliberate blow to Serbia which also had hopes to take Bosnia –  Bosnia contained 3 million Serbs among its mixed populaIon of Serbs, Croats, and Muslims Bosnian Crisis •  Serbs appealed for help from the Russians (fellow Slavs) –  Russians called for a European conference expecIng French and BriIsh Support –  Germany would support Austria in the event of a war •  French drew back unwilling to become involved in a war in the Balkans Bosnian Crisis •  BriIsh no more than to protest to Austria-­‐ Hungary •  Russia did not want to risk another war without support from her Allies •  Austria kept Bosnia Bosnian Crisis (Results) •  Serbia remained biXerly hosIle to Austria-­‐ (quarrel) sparked the outbreak of war) •  Russians embarked on a massive military build-­‐up to be prepared if Seribia should ever appeal for help again. The Agadir Crisis (Second Moroccan Crisis-­‐ 1911) •  France wanted to have complete control of the country; –  Amer 1906 France steadily increased influence in the country –  1908-­‐ French installed a pro-­‐French Sultan on the throne –  In May 1911, French forces occupied Fez, the capital of Morocco, in order to suppress a rising against the pro-­‐French Sultan The Agadir Crisis (Second Moroccan Crisis-­‐ 1911) •  The Germans responded by sending a gunboat Panther to Agadir, a strategic port on the AtlanIc coast. •  The BriIsh feared that Germany would make Agadir as a German naval base on the BriIsh route –  Britain protested against Germany and backed up France to fight against Germany. –  War seemed inevitable The Agadir Crisis (Second Moroccan Crisis-­‐ 1911) •  BriIsh support of France, Germany removed the gunboat •  In a negoIated seXlement, Germans agreed to recognize the French protectorate over Morocco in return for two strips of territory in the French Congo •  BriIsh , French, and Russian governments were alarmed by the aggressive aotude of the Germans The Agadir Crisis (Second Moroccan Crisis-­‐ 1911) •  Germany had intervened three Ime since 1905: –  In the 1st Moroccan crisis of 1905 –  Bosnian crisis –  2nd Moroccan Crisis of 1911 Effect on Alliances •  Entente exchanged informaIon about the condiIons of their army and navy •  In 1912, Britain and France made a naval agreement –  BriIsh fleet would guard the North Sea and English channel while the French fleet was to be deployed in the Mediterranean •  Is the Entente becoming an Alliance? The Balkan Wars 1912-­‐1913 •  The Turkish (OXoman Empire) known as the “Sick Man of Europe” had been in a steady decline •  1911 Italy aXacked Tripoli (Libya). In 1912, by the Treaty of Lausanne, Italy received Tripoli from Turkey First Balkan War 1912 •  ExploiIng the chaoIc poliIcal situaIon following the Turkish defeat in 1912, the Balkan states– Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro– formed the Balkan League and declared war on Turkey in October 1912 –  Aimed to parIIon the Turkish (OXoman Empire) •  The League won series of baXles and Turkey could only retain areas around ConstanInople First Balkan War 1912 •  Austria wanted to stop Serbia from becoming too powerful and was determined not to allow Serbia to get a seaport on the AdriaIc •  The European powers intervened and imposed their own seXlement, the Treaty of London First Balkan War (1912) •  On Austria’s insistence, a new state, Albania, was created to prevent Serbia from geong a coastline on the AdriaIc •  Serbia was given a large part of Macedonia– to compensate –  Serbs were not happy; they wanted Albania which would give them an outlet to the sea –  Austrians with German and BriIsh support insisted that Albania become an independent state. Second Balkan War (Bulgaria’s Revenge) •  Bulgaria had long regarded Macedonia as her possession –  Bulgaria felt they had done the bulk of the fighIng in the First Balkan War and deserved more •  Declared war on their former allies. •  Bulgaria alone fought against Serbia, Montenegro, Rumania, Greece, and Turkey –  Bulgaria was quickly defeated •  Treaty of Bucharest (1913) Bulgaria forfeited most of their gains from the first war Consequences of the Second Balkan War (1913) •  Serbia was twice victorious in the Balkan wars and was larger than ever –  Intensified desire to make Serbia larger by including all fellow naIonals in a united Slav stat– especially the Serbs and Croats living inside Austria-­‐ Hungary •  Austrians found the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina grew increasingly troublesome The Road to War •  In Germany, Kaiser Wilhelm II considered Austria as her only dependable ally in Europe –  He assured the Austrian Foreign Minister that “You can be certain I stand behind you and am ready to draw the sword whenever your acIon makes it necessary” •  In St. Petersburg, Tsar Nicholas II felt Russia had suffered a diplomaIc defeat because she could not obtain Albania for Serbia due to Austrian insistence The Road to War •  Out west, England and France had not supported (militarily) the Russian side, whereas Germany supported Austria’s •  Can this be interpreted as a weak alliance: Would England and France militarily support Russia (should Austria decide to solve the Serb problem)?? The Sarajevo Crisis, 1914 BACKGROUND: •  'Panslavism -­‐ 28 June was Serbia's NaIonal Day and the visit was an insult to Serbia. •  Austria-­‐Hungary (the 'polyglot empire') feared pan Slavism -­‐ the Austrian Army had asked for a war with Serbia 25 Imes. •  Sarajevo was in Bosnia (the province annexed by Austria-­‐Hungary in 1908). •  In the 1912-­‐13 Balkans Wars, Serbia had grown. Its Prime Minister Pasic said: 'The first round is won. Now for the second round -­‐ against Austria'. The Sarajevo Crisis, 1914 MAIN STORY: •  Franz Ferdinand was heir to the throne of Austria-­‐
Hungary. •  28 June: Six young Bosnian Serbs -­‐ linked to the Black Hand -­‐ lined up to assassinate him as he drove along the Appel Quay in Sarajevo. •  Nedeljko Cabrinovic threw a bomb. He missed and was arrested. The Archduke decided to return home immediately via a different route. •  No one told the driver, so he turned into Franz Josef Street, then stopped the car ... in front of Gavrilo Princip, who shot Franz Ferdinand and Sophie. The Sarajevo Crisis, 1914 END: •  The assassinaIon caused horror, but not at first an internaIonal crisis (the Kaiser went on holiday). •  Austria provoked the internaIonal crisis by sending Serbia an ulImatum on 23 July 1914... The Sarajevo Crisis, 1914 RESULTS: •  The Crisis caused a sequence of events which resulted in the First World War. 28 June 1914 •  4 August– All great powers are at war •  What happened? AssassinaIon •  The emperor going into WWI was Francis Joseph, who had won the affecIon of his subjects simply by always having been there: •  Archduke Franz Ferdinand was his only heir to the throne AssassinaIon • 
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Occurred on June 28, 1914 The assassins received their weapons from the Serbian terrorist organizaIon called the Black Hand. It was headed by Colonel DraguIn Dimirijevic, who was also in charge of army secret intelligence in Serbia The Bosnian youth was helped by Serbian agents across the border Despite a warning by the PM of Serbia, Nikola Pasic, Archduke Francis Ferdinand went to Bosnia anyhow When the chauffeur hesitated which way to go, Gavrilo Princip, assassinated the Archduke The Assassins Locations: 28th June, 1914
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Muhamed Mehmedbasic
5 Gavrilo Princip
(morning)
2 Nedjelko Cabrinovic
6 Gavrilo Princip
(afternoon)
3 Vaso Cubrilovic
7 Trifko Grabez
4 Cvijetko Popovic
8 Danilo Ilic
Gavrilo Princip The Archduke s Uniform The Archduke s Car AssassinaIon Austria-­‐Hungary s ReacIon • 
They believed that: –  Serbia and Russia would be restrained by Austria backed by Germany –  A diplomaIc offensive was no longer enough –  Serbia needed to be punished or the empire s role as a great power would be at an end –  If they didn t do something, ethniciIes in their country would stand up to the Austrian gov t and push for independence AssassinaIon: Blank Cheque •  Bethman Hollweg (the German chancellor), the Kaiser, and the military decided to back Austria-­‐Hungary with German military support if necessary, should Russia intervene •  The Austrian ministers were given a free hand to seXle with Serbia in any way they thought appropriate AssassinaIon: The Wait For War Even amer the German assurances, there was sIll hesitaIon: –  A-­‐H PM was opposed to war and did NOT want Serbia annexed because he didn t want any more Slavs –  The army asked for more Ime to prepare –  A-­‐H decided to wait unIl the French President and PM had ended their visit to St. Petersburg, making it more difficult to consult her French ally •  On July 23rd, an ulImatum was presented • 
AssassinaIon: War Begins •  On July 25th, although Serbia submiXed to all the demands except Austrian invesIgators, Serbia mobilized her army •  Later that evening, the Austro-­‐Hungarian army mobilized against Serbia •  Although the Austro-­‐Hungarian army wouldn t be ready for another 3 weeks, they declared war on the 28th of July •  On July 29th, they bombarded Belgrade AssassinaIon: Russia s ReacIon •  The Tsar hoped that Germany and the other powers would stand aside while Russia supported Serbia to prevent Austria-­‐Hungary from aXacking Serbia •  Russia parIally mobilized against Austria-­‐Hungary on July 29th •  The French urged for FULL mobilizaIon AssassinaIon: Russia s ReacIon •  The Tsar wanted to avoid pushing Germany into mobilizaIon by his parIal mobilizaIon, but eventually he was told this was technically impossible, so he consented to a general mobilizaIon on July 31st •  This triggered the military in Berlin, which was now in a frenzy AssassinaIon: Germany s ReacIon •  The Schlieffen Plan was dependent on quick mobilizaIon and defeat of France. Any country that mobilized meant that the plan would have to be executed or it would be too late •  As soon as the policy of frightening Russia into acquiescence had failed, the Germans mobilized. France had to be defeated before Russia fully mobilized AssassinaIon: War Is Declared By Germany •  On August 1st, 1914, war was declared on Russia •  On August 3rd, 1914, war was declared on France •  On August 4th, 1914, Germany invaded neutral Belgium; Britain declared war on Germany the same day Why Diplomacy Failed •  Alliances divided the world and made it more likely for a large war to develop •  Countries couldn t seXle their imperial disputes and created compeIIon/rivalries •  The blank check issued by Germany bolstered Austria s confidence •  The ulImatum failed to seXle the Serbian-­‐Austria conflict peacefully •  BriIsh aXempts to call for a conference for peace amer the assassinaIon failed