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Thinking Critically Use the image of Jupiter’s moon Ganymede to answer the next five questions. 25. INFER Some comets orbit in a direction opposite to that of the planets. Why might this make some scientists wonder if they formed with the rest of the solar system? 26. HYPOTHESIZE Scientists calculate the mass of a planet from the effects of its gravity on other objects, such as moons. However, Mercury and Venus have no moons. What other objects in space could have been used to determine the planets’ masses? A B 27. COMPARE AND CONTRAST Images of Earth from space show white clouds above darker land and water. In what ways are they like and unlike images of Jupiter? 17. OBSERVE Which crater, A or B, is more eroded? Explain why you think so. 18. COMPARE AND CONTRAST Describe the differences between the surface in the upper half of the image and the long, triangular area near the bottom of the image. 19. INFER Explain which area of the surface, the smooth part or the heavily cratered part, is probably older. 20. APPLY The lighter area was produced by tectonic processes and may have been covered with molten material. What can you infer about the inside of this moon? 21. SEQUENCE A crack runs through part of crater A. Explain how you can tell whether the crack or the crater formed first. Hint: Think about what would have happened if the other feature had formed first. 22. PREDICT Suppose the Moon were hotter inside. How might its surface be different? 23. IDENTIFY CAUSE Mercury’s surface is not as hot as Venus’s, even though Mercury is closer to the Sun. In addition, the night side of Mercury gets very cold, while the night side of Venus is about as hot as the day side. Why are the temperature patterns on these two planets so different? 24. EVALUATE Would it be easier to design a lander mission for the surface of Venus or the surface of Mercury? Explain your reasoning. 686 Unit 5: Space Science Earth Jupiter 28. ANALYZE Scientists sometimes use round numbers to compare quantities. For example, a scientist might say that the Sun’s diameter is about 100 times Earth’s diameter, even though she knows that the precise value is 109 times. Why might she use such an approximation? 29. APPLY Look back at pages 652–653. Think about the answer you gave to the question about the large image of a planet and moon. How would you answer this question differently now? 30. SYNTHESIZE Ice is generally less dense than rock, which is generally less dense than metal. Use what you know about materials in the solar system to estimate whether a moon of Mars, a moon of Uranus, or the planet Mercury should be the least dense. Check your schedule for your unit project. How are you doing? Be sure that you have placed data or notes from your research in your project folder.