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The/KeipCratory Sy^em/ Chapter 23 Objectives • Describe the primary functions ofthe respiratory system. • ^ Explain how the delicate respiratory exchange surfaces are protected from pathogens, debris, and other hazards. • • • • Identify the organs of the upper respiratory system, and describe their functions. Describe the structure of the larynx, and discuss its role in normal breathing and in the production of sound. Discuss the structure of the extrapulmonary airways. Describe the superficial anatomy of the lungs, the structure of a pulmonary lobule, and the functional anatomy of the alveoli. • • • • Define and compare the processes of external respiration and intemal respiration. Describe the major steps involved in external respiration. Summarize the physical principles governing the movement of air into the lungs. Describe the origins and actions of the respiratory muscles responsible for respiratory movements. • Summarize the physical principles governing the diffusion of gases into and out of the • • Explain the important structural features of the respiratory membrane. Describe the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveolar air, blood, and blood. systemic circuit. • Describe how oxygen is picked up, transported, and released in the blood. • • • Discuss the structure and function of hemoglobin. Describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Describe the factors that influence the respiration rate. • Identify and discuss reflex respiratory activity and the brain centers involved in the control of respiration Sequence: This unit will be divided into the following areas: Part A: The Upper Respiratory System 1. Nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx structure and function 2. Sound production Part B: The Lower Respiratory System 1. The trachea structure and function 2. The primary bronchi Part C: The Lungs 1. Gross lung anatomy 2. Blood supply 3. Movement of air 4. Measuring lung volumes and capacities Part D: Gas Exchange 1. Gas laws 2. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide transport Nasal cavity Sphenoidal sinus Internal nares UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pharyr Esophagus 1% RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 23: Respiratory System Name: SmA 1. List and describe the five basic functions of the respiratory system: |o ore'ffp)v^^ -hx Pxc\-^ry'9cr(^ee'5 oP lute's rp3piVc,^(yv pt.s%ge,5 resp-p^l-opc^ Sarf^s frc«^ d. V(\)e)iAeir5 f'>r e.F^M'll'ipoP''^ rlppfpf;o/\ CiP Cypl cfXcT-fort-A^ oP CV^My,SviAO\\ 2. Describe in detail the relationship between the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system n(Vor^ed > Vv-c 3. List the function of the upper respiratory system and, using the diagram on page 828, list all of the structures of the upper respiratory system irtoVAiA^ pfote+ir^j N.V, 4. List the function of the lower respiratory system and, using the diagram on page 828, list all of the structures of the lower respiratory system i,ory% Cucjto, bcn"^ , bTe^od^i, b<"o«o<^V'oVs , <^xi\/eGV\ OP IKCivlo^ Cjif fo 5. Place the following respiratory system in order of air flow, beginning with the )winR parts of the respiratorv nose: LEHpynx, NosophaPfflgTMasal Vestibule. Tfaeitea. Nasat^gpl^, Pharynx, Bronchus, Intcmal-NEge&, Bronchioles, ExtcmaPNates \\lorcSV-fSFbwIe \c>.rurx-K Moi5&i Co»\F£K-0 6. Label the following structures ^?'5 mm. (jv*^ 12 Copy*^ 6 20CW PMTMnEdtKUWo. Ire. pL»bhlns u BavWri'nCvnmine* 7. Describe the nasal mucosa of the nasal cavity. mcMcl 0.:^ -for cK^vm '& hcWx^^ n^p<^<^n^ lo-H af^cr'^rs 8. Why should you breathe through your nose? "KW; n.,4 ti-fcM^l- Ijaf,r f.>Wrcc),wcf..«J, a^'W,„,vw.„lf^ profit, vMAbrfiw^b h -5 roS^, Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 23 Conditions of the Respiratory System j, Name|^(;y|/\j^^ \\\\ \ ,>^^Jse your textbook and the power point found in Home Access Center to answer the following questions 1. What provides the force needed behind a sneeze (particles can travel up to 15 feet)? of He (aJ6^v) 0^ IAPaS&J 2. Whatisapnea? 3. Describe what happens during hyperventilation. How is Carbon Dioxide involved? Rcxk dtpHK Oy-i^y2jrs cliyn^/nsJ. 4. Describe the effects of breathing into a bag for hyperventilation. ^\oQc) b-cx^i^^S Vc Go^t^^rtricf / C(KIa%^2 Cc/^bifiai b'\ood> /bcMv^t-. bPePAf-V ii^b pap*?^ ftxf^c oP 5. What is bronchitis and what triggers it? . 6. What is emphysema and what causes it? ^Vve- Oir %CxeJ^ ^ ^ iiAACr gA" {^(A' 7. What is cystic fibrosis? What are the chances of getting it? aP \ ^V^ ^ia^us nesp 2a OG 8. What happens during asthma? Chre/J^;ce.V.i3 Ap) , . , Q,C\ CAa.a'^ HfoO \ rv^ \>rc.naMc4 pOsS5 9. List a smoking statistic that most surprises you. ^Vv^G)W , 16^^ S . C(^z. 10. List 4 things that are found in cigarettes that are toxic. M: C0^\hc 11.What does smoking do to your respiratory passages? '4epy+ h:e.{x. /XffeeH \/hae^^ c\ji^ \j>re>sr> 12. How does lung cancer compare to the numbers of deaths from other cancers? k;\w tW^ cqm\c&P. 13. Distinguish between the 3 main types of lung cancer and listany treatments avai lable Sc/yiAAM0S C(xrM( 23-^oX) (^ ep,'tKj/i/n. \<^bv^o<oc>^; ^ M U^oovjc/^aI W ARTERIES Lai^v C(vrcj^A Lef^- Subr\o,\/iCHr^ L^P"^ A)ii\\oru (JjCO.tViOCif'hcA^iC ACitr Irl^vvVt ^*k£rr^i'ir^ lrv/v\?_ ^ric\ AorV,^ LcFf ^cdch^ L^Pl- i\\^c K Ltfl- Q\a-'V! ^i:«w: L-tf+ •'••OwiO J VM»v\ J';? i ^q<! '^9o; U; ^x7j(^ fhC>!^ j'-d\n<s-^>^ imfUj uviovw'^'^S SNI3A 1,000 mL INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME 3,100 mL VOLUME 500;mL j^v200%L LUNG VOLUMES End Of record Exhalation - record Start of 3,600 mL INSPIRATORY CAPACITY 4,800 mL VITAL CAPACITY 6,000 mL ; TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY LUNG CAPACITIES chapter 23 Volum£/KelcitlX>Vl&hCpy Name Define the following pulmonary volumes: 1. Resting Tidal Volume (TV): 2. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): 3. Residual Volume (RV): 4. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): 5. Inspiratory Capacity (IC): 6. Functional Residual Capacity (PRC): 7. Vital Capacity (VC): 8. Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Respiratory Anatomy Quiz Chapter 23 Jse the following list to label the picture below: a. External Nares b. Internal Nares d. Nasal Concha ac. Nasopharynx e. Laryngopharynx ad. Oropharynx c.Esophagus ab. Larynx ae. Epiglottis be. Glottis bd. Trachea be. Nasal Vestibule ill' IT 7i' r-w 02012 Peancn EcJucalicn. Inc. Follow the flow of air into the lungs. Match the labels to the appropriate location: a. Secondary Bronchi b. Oropharynx c. Trachea d. Terminal Bronchioles e. Nasal Concha ab. Nasopharynx ac. Alveoli ad. Tertiary Bronchi ae. Alveolar Duct Nasal Vestibule^ 9 Larynx-> -^Primary Bronchi-> 12 Respiratory Bronchioles-^ Internal Nares-^ 16 10 13 11 -> 14 laryngopharynx ->Bronchioles-> 17 Label the following on the lungs below: 18. Which lung is the right lung? 19. Which lung would contain 3 lobar bronchi? 20. Which lung contains a cardiac notch? 21. Boyle's Law states that gas volume is a. Directly proportional to pressure b. Directly proportional to temperature c. Inversely proportional to pressure d. Inversely proportional to temperature 22. In quiet breathing... a. Inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions b. Inspiration is passive and expiration involves ab muscle contractions c. Inspiration involves muscularcontractionsand expiration is passive d. None of the above 23. Each of the following muscles elevates the ribs except... a. Stemocleidomastoid b. External obliques c. Scalenes d. External intercostals 24. When the diaphragm and external intercostals contract (choose 2) a. The ribcage expands b. The ribcage contracts c. Inhalation occurs d. Exhalation occurs 15 -> 25. Whichof the following muscles contract in deep inhalation (choose all that apply)? a. Stemocleidomastoid b. Internal Intercostals c. Scalenes d. External Intercostals 26. Which of the following muscles contract in quiet exhalation? a. Internal intercostals b. External intercostals c. Diaphragm d. None of the above Match the following terms to the descriptions below: a. external respiration b. pulmonary ventilation c. internal respiration 27. the movement of oxygen from the capillaries into muscle tissue 28. inhalation 29. exhalation 30. the movement of carbon dioxide from the capillary to alveoli Exercise 2S If you are dissecting a cat or fetal pig to observe respira tory system structures, refer to the appropriate accompa nying dissection manual. The respiratory system organs of a cat or fetal pig are similar to those of the human. This dissection will illus trate the structure of the larynx and trachea, the relation ship of respiratory organs to other organs in the mediasti num, and the connective tissues surrounding these organs. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SYSTEM Respiratory System SUucture and Fuflctlon 547 is inversely proportional to the volume of the container. Therefore, when lung volume increases, the pressure of the air inside decreases and air flows into the lungs. When lung volume decreases, the pressure of the air inside increases and air flows out of the lungs. 1. Changing Thoracic and Lung Voiumes When the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles con tract or relax, they change the size of the thorax which in turn changes lung volume. Normal inhalation is caused mainly by contraction of the diaphragm. The diaphragm is dome-shaped when relaxed and flattens when contracted. When the diaphragm flattens, the length of the thoracic cavity and its volume increase. During forced inhalation, contraction of the external intercostals further increases The respiratory system supplies oxygen needed by body cells to produce ATP for metabolism and removes the car bon dioxide produced by metabolic reactions. Respiration involves three steps and requires the cardiovascular system to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. 1. Pulmonary ventilation, or breathing, is the move ment of air between the atmosphere and the lungs that occurs when we inhale (inspiration) and exhale (expiration). 2. External respiration is the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide from the pulmonary capillaries to the the width of the thoracic cage by raising the ribs. Con traction of the stemocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis minor muscles cause a greater increase in thoracic volume by elevating the rib cage and sternum, resulting in a greater volume of air inhaled. Normal exhalation is a passive process involving relax ation of the diaphragm and elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs. The diaphragm becomes dome-shaped and de creases the length of the thoracic cavity and thoracic vol ume. In forced exhalation, contraction of the internal in tercostals depresses the rib cage. Contraction <f the abdominal muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis) pushes the diaphragm superiorly, further decreasing thoracic volume and resulting in a greater volume of exhaled air. alveoli. 3. Internal respiration is the movement of oxygen from the capillaries into body cells and carbon dioxide [] Respiratory Muscles from body cells into capillaries. and Volume Changes In this exercise we examine pulmonary ventilation and the role of carbon dioxide in controlling pulmonary ventilation. 1 Label the respiratory muscles in Figure 26.10. Refer to Exercise 12: Muscles, your textbook, or an atlas. 2 Identify the respiratory muscles on a model or anatom ical chart. A. Pulmonary Ventilation During pulmonary ventilation, air moves from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower air pressure. Changes in air pressure in the lung (alveolar or intrapulmonic pres sure) occur when lung volume changes. The relationship between pressure and volume is described by Boyle's Law, which states that the pressure of a gas in a closed container 3 Pronounce the muscle names as you point to them. 4 Complete Table26.2 and circle the correctchoice in the column "Effect on Thoracic Dimensions." 5 Examine the radiographs in Figure 26.11. Decide whether a radiograph was taken after inhalation or ex halation, and put your answer in the appropriate blank. 548 Exercise 26 Respiratory System Structure and Function ''A Linea alba (a) Anterior superficial view (b) Anterior deep view external intercostal iniemai-obliqiig,. peotoraiic minor (pek-tor-A-lis) -<e£iLis-«bduiii!iiis -— 0. ^ 3rCef{:fg.4k scalenes (SKAY-leens) atornodoidomaotQid- _ (ster-no-kli-doh-MAS-toid) transverse abdominis FIGURE 26.10 k , ., 4 , 5i Respiratory muscles. \ , , ^ .'A k' ^'Ct •i Exercise 26 TABLE 26.2 Respiratorv Svstem Structure and Function Respiratory Muscle Functions EFFECT ON THORACIC DIMENSIONS MUSCLE FUNCTION {circle correct choice) External intercostals Elevate nbs Increase or decrease diameter Internal intercostals Depress ribs Increase or decrease diameter Sternocleidomastoids Elevate the sternum Increase or decrease diameter Scalenes Elevate first and second ribs Increase or decrease diameter Pectoralis minors Elevate third, fourth, and fifth ribs increase or decrease diameter Diaphragm Flattens when contracted Increase or decrease Abdominal muscles Compress abdominal contents, increase abdominal pressure, and force diaphragm superiorly Increase or decrease FIGURE 26.11 Radiographs of thorax taken either after inhalation or exhalation. length length 552 14 Exercise 2B Respiratery System Streetore aad Funclien B. Lung Volumes and Capacities y/ Preparatioiis for Activity 10 Lung volumes and capacities are defined in Table 26.4. Preparing dry, handheld spirometer: • Wipe the nozzle of the spirometer with 70% These values vary according to gender, age, height, and physical condition. alcohol. • Place a clean, disposable mouthpiece on the nozzle. • a noseclip or your fingers to close your nos trils to prevent air leaking out of your nose. • When blowing into the spirometer, hold it in a hor izontal position with the face of the dial superior. 1, Measuring TV, ERV, and VC A spiroineter is an instrument used to measure lung vol umes and capacities. Thei^ are different types of spirom- • With use, water will condense inside the dial. Fol eters depending on how they measure air volumes and low instructioDS included with your spirometer for capacities. Somespirometers measure onlyexpiratory vol umes and capacities while others measure both inspiratory and expiratoryvolumes and capacities.In this activity, you will be using a dry,handheldspirometer. Exhale only into this type of spirometer. It does not measure inspiratory volumes.Spirometers that measureinspiratory air volumes must be cleaned or supplied with new filters when used by a different person to prevent spread of infection. Your instructor will supply you with instructions if you are using a different type of spirometer than the dry, hand removing the condensation. ACTIVITY 10 Measuring Lung Volumes held spirometer. and Capacities Measure tidal volume (TV) • Reset the dial on the spirometer to 0. If the dial is not calibrated between 0 to lOCK), then set the dial to 1000 (do this for TV measurement only). Make sure you subtract 1000 from your measurement be fore recording the value. • Take two or three normal breaths then inhale nor mally, place the spirometer to your lips and exhale normally into the spirometer. Record value in Table 26.5. Repeat this process two more limes, re setting the dial before each measurement. Calculate and record Uie average TV. Lung Volumes and Capacities VOLUME OR AVERAGE VALUES CAPACITY ABBREVIATION DEFINITION FOR HEALTHY ADULT Tidal volume TV Amount of air moved into lungs during inhalation or out of lungs during exhalation 500 ml inspiratory reserve IRV Maximum anounl of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation 3100 ml ERV Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation 1200 ml RV Amount of air that remains in the 1200 ml volume Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume lungs after a maximal exhalation InspiratorycapacHy IC IC = TV + IRV 3600 ml Functional residual PRC FRO = RV + ERV 2400 ml capacity Vital capacity VC VC = IRV + TV + ERV 4800 ml Totallung capacity TLC UC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV 6000 mi Exercise 26 Respiratory System Stractare and Function 553 Measured Lung Volumes and Capacities iyiEASUREMENT 'V 0 0 5oA TV 14o<3 ERV ^0o 1^ 15^ ^\oc> 37(53 VC AVERAGE VALUE VALUE 3 VALUE 2 VALUE 1 2. Calculating IRV, 10, RV, FRO, and TLC Measure expiratory reserve volume (ERV) • Reset the dial to 0. • Take two or three normal breaths, then inhale normally and forcefiilly exhale. Place the spirometer to your lips and exhale as much air as you can. Dry hand-held spirometers cannot be used to measure inspiratory volumes and capacities. However, IRV and IC Measure vital capacity (VC) can be calculated using values for TV, ERV, and VC. Clinically PRC is measured indirectly with special equipment and RV is calculated using values for PRC and ERV. In this activity, RV will be calculated with equations that were developed using measured RV values from many • Reset the dial to 0. individuals. Record value in Table 26.5. Repeat this process two more times, resetting the dial to 0 before each meas urement Calculate and record the average ERV. • Take two or three normal breaths, then inhale as much air as possible. Then put the spirometer to your lips and forcefully exhale as much air as you can as fast as you can. Record the value for VC in Table 26.5. Repeat this process two more times, re setting the dial to 0 before each measurement. Cal culate and record the average VC. Compare your VC with the predicted VC value. • Use the appropriate equation in Table 26.6 to calcu late your predicted VC, based on your gender and ACTIVITY 11 Calculating Lung Volumes and Capacities Calculate IRV and IC. • Use the equations for VC and IC in Table 26.4 to calculate IRV and IC. Rearrange the VC equation to formulate an equation to calculate IRV. • Calculate the values and record them in Table 26.7. age. Calculate RV, PRC, and TLC. height in cm = height in inches X 2.5 '^7 YourVC Predicted VC • Use the appropriate equation in Table 26.8 to calcu late your RV based on gender and age, and record RV in Table 26.7. Your VC as percentage of predicted VC (your VC/predicted VC X 100) • Calculate your PRC and TLC using the equations in Table 26.4 and record the value in Table 26.7. Equations for Predicting Vital Capacity* ^ii^ER ; AGE EOUATION TO PREDICT VC (LITERS) Female'^v 11-19 Female 20-69 Fiemale >69 Male 12-24 Male >24 VC = VC = VC = VC = VC = • ~f I c (0.0416 X height in cm) —4.4470 + (0.0699 (0.0444 X height in cm) —3.1947 - (0.0169 (0.0313 X height incm) —0.1889 —(0.0296 (0.0590 X height in cm) —6.8865 + (0.0739 (0.0844 X height in cm) —8.7818 —(0.0298 X age in years) X age in years) X age in years) X age in years) X age in years) 'Knudson RJ, Ixbowitz MD. Holbog CI, Burrows B: Changes in the Normal Maximal Expiratory Flow-volume Curve with Growth and Aging.Am Rev Rc^r Dis 127:723-734,1983. 554 Exercise 26 Respiratory Systea Strectare aad FoactiBB TABLE 28.7 Calculated Lung Volumes and Capacities 1 {• yOLU»E EQUATION R; capacity Ur4r\l-F.k\J -TC IRV RV FRC TLC TABLE 26.8 Equations for Calculating Residual Volume AGE EQUATtOM'TQ PRi^OICT RV (LlflBR^) " Male or Female' ' <19 19_99 19_99 Female® Male® RV = (0.029 X height in inches) - 0.9192 RV = (0.0813 X height ininches) + (0.009 X age in years) - 3.9 RV = (0.0686 X height in inches) + (0.017 X age inyears) - 3.45 \. Polgar G, Promadhat V: Puimonaiy Funciton Tesitng in Children. Techniques and Standaids. Philadelphia. WB. Saunders Co., 1971. p. 000 2. Goldman HI, Bfrhlake MR: Respiraioiy Function Tests—Normal ^Atlues at Median Altitudes and the Pmtiction ofNormal Results. Am Rev Tuberc 79:457-467. 1959. 3. Timed Forced Expiratory Volumes A timed forced expiratory volume is used to indicate whether someone has a condition in which air flow is ob structed or restricted. The subject is asked to inhale as • Use the values on the y-axis to determine the maxi mum volume iodicated by the curved line. This is the FVC. • Rnd 1 second on the x-axis. Using a ruler, draw a vertical line that intersects the curve. Using the ruler, find the corresponding volume on they-axis. much airaspossible, then forcibly blow asmuch airasfast aspossible into the spirometer. The volume ofairforcibly This is the FEV|. expelled in the first second (forced expiratory volume in Calculate the FEV|/ FVC ratio and record the value on 1 second or FEVi) and the total volume of forcibly ex Figure 26.13. pelled air [forced vital capacity (FVC)] are used to determine if a person has an obstructed air flow. The FEVi/FVC ratio is used to indicate if a person hasan ob structive disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In COPD the airway is obstructed andit takes longer to move air out of the lungs, therefore the FEV| is reduced. During pregnancy, the thoracic volume 8 7 =r6 |5 is restricted so that FVC is reduced, but the ratio of FEVi/FVC is normal (assumes no obstructive disease). >3 2 1 ACTIVITY 12 Measuring FEVy and FVC 3 Measure FVC andFEV i in Figure 26.13 andrecord the value on the figure. . FVC =3 L FEV. ="Z. L • The graph illustrates the change in volume over time. The jc-axis indicates time and the y-axis indi cates volume. 4 Time (sec) FIGURE 26.13 FEV,/FVC a Timed forced expiratory volume. \ f^^-^natomy & Physiology Zh. 23: Respiration Plysiologji Name fl^Jj Using your textbook, beginning onpage 829, answer the following questions related to respiratory physiology. 1. Respiration includes which two process? €>tV6rv\Al and 2. What is internal respiration? rv+4-bc.-K55(A^3/ 3. What is external respiration? (tcWiJr , ^ i ^PtA5l'' Of\9Ai^ rfSplMha/l] 4. What are the 3 main steps to external respiration? a.P,.^woffAM^ \ /, , i air Mv hcV^gS. b.G(!>'^ - ftpross fre rGiffd\{-6N W^mhfon O/fel a\v/eo\or ^ ^ AWfolor ^4wffiVl (\lv)C0)®r fCipi^Wl^?, <?!-£>( fOip[l\gi/^ tVij* 04bc/" H55cA«-<i. 5. What is pulmonary ventilation? pK,j3.'ol r-\o^v^^•,^h r,U^r ^ "766 r,.pl oTV rr?p/'^tep^ j. , 1 1+^rr (re'jpi'"Ab«fj (i crApiVH) ;• (633.^ CH \tY>ihZ ^ 6. Describe howcarbon dioxide is related to pulmonary ventilation? 7. Describe Boyle's Law How does Boyle's Law relate to breathing? 9. What is atmospheric pressure? 10. How does pressure affect airflow into the lungs? r A i i\irfb(>j fcavA 11. What role does the diaphragm play in this process? \)Oi\^j''f^c of h-d IKof/o^iC Tc.A[/ciY^ 12. What happens to cause us to exhale? . -rib ra<^e rE-f,.r^5 h W. tApfi5H w Rite and Cardiac sternum cnotch , elevate I. Diaphragm contracts ^ Diaphragm j ^oulside" ^insido Pressure outside and inside are equal, so no air movement occurs W>Iume increases Volume decreases ^outside^ ^inside f^ouiside^ ^inside Pressure inside falls, so air flows In Pressure inside rises, so air flows cut Ceprngm 6 ieOi Paancn Educston. Inc..piMcTwiou Bw^rran Cinvnri}* Mechanics of Breathing (Pages 834+) List the muscles that are responsible for., (75 %) and a. Normal Inhalation-^ b. Deep Inhalation^ (sternum), m l/'«^llV/r (ribs 3,4, 5), (ribs 1 &2) and the Serratus Anterior \ 0>AC.e'^, c. Normal Exhalation-^ d. Forced Exhalation^ LA'frr''Cv Sternomastoids Muscles of Scalenes __ Respiration Inspiratory Intercostals_ Expiratory Intercostals Expiratory Intercostals 3^-' ij -iT-ii Diaphragm /&« EKerclse 2B Respiratory System Stractare and Function Physiology Review of the Respiratory System •# A. Function of Respiratory Muscles Match the respiraibiy~muscles to the appropriate muscle function. V- 1. elevates third, fourth, and fifth ribs a. abdominal muscles b. diaphragm 0 2. elevates the sternum ^ 3. depresses ribs ^ 4. compresses abdominal contents and increases abdominal pressure f ' c. external intercostals d. internal intercostals e. pectoralis minor f. scalenes g. stemocleidomastoids 5. elevates first and second ribs ^ 6. elevates ribs ^ 7. main inspiratory muscle C'fxlA- 8. two muscles used in forced expiration B. Volume and PressureXhanges During Pulmonary Ventilation Indlc^ whether the ^^olumeW pressure increas^'oiN^creases during^nspiraubn and expirati^ lypLUME OR PRESSURE-^ \ , INSPIRATION ^^-tXPIRATI Thoracic volume \ 1 •Intrapieural cavity volume I ^ intrapieural pressure 1f Liing volume 5 \ 1 2 ^ \ / ''6 c / • i Alveolar {inl^apulmonic) pressure C. Lung Volumes and Capacities Match lung volumes and capacities with the appropriate definition or equation. tl. equalto TV+IRV +ERV+RV 2. equal to IC —TV 3. equal to PRC - ERV a. b. c. d. e. residua! volume f. r ^ 4. equal to TV + IRV 5. volume of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration . maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration it 7. maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after amaximal inspiration 8, equal to IC - IRV expiratory reserve volume functional residual capacity inspiratory capacity inspiratory reserve volume tidal volume g. total lung volume h. vital capacity 562 Exercise 26 Respiratory System Stroctore and FonclioQ /\c n D. Control of Pulmonary Ventilation: The Role of Carbon Dioxide True or False. If false circle the word(s) that are incorrect and correct them. •E—1- If blood carbon dioxide levels increase, then blood hydrogen ion levels will decrease. T 2. If blood carbon dioxide levels increase, then blood pH will decrease. — 3. Increasing blood carbon dioxide levels decreases breathing rate. Ecircc:, 'zqAqx^'^ <r Oi'le. I '' '"^Xos-lal tr IT i R)dGi'\A) (}y.herroJ 01^ Exercise 26 Respiratory System Structure and Function Transverse plane Posterior (a) Anterior view FIGURE 26.8 Pleura. (b) Cross-section through thorax (inferior view) ^:S f iL-'t ..-f" v^ '•• (I Vxo ^ ^ <o ^ kJ P^ / ^ ^ ; f ' Pn ^ 1 /P > \ /•.^// n O , • ' ' 11// O- % \\^ ,xJ rP L -'J \\ Cy <3^ . ! '^ W- ,Q •^: -V • M S p 4vO. •'^-f~T_ .y' ^ ; 'A ^ o ! Q> "i: sJU •p \J i ^ II <4- t M o ll 4 <o Exercise 26 Respiratory System Structure and Function Uk I J (a) Antenor nght lung apex (b) Anterior left lung apex 1 base base inferior lobe cardiac notch middle lobe superior lobe 3 Wf_ s> 4 \ iiA*-•'? inferior lobe superior lobe \ljV 9 (c) Medial view of right lung hiius cardiac notch 11 , I inferior lobe middle lobe (d) Medial view of left lung •—•— hilus 12 inferior lobe superior lobe superior lobe 13 14 FIGURE 26.7 Lung structures. , ^ r 18 CO^rdlCyi 543 OVt/ FIGURE 28.8 Pleura Section Name Anatomy Review of the Respiratory System A. Air Fiow Trace the air fiow through the respiratory system starting with the external nares. Number the structures 1 through 17. alveolar duct M nasopharynx fCalvpjilar sac /< f o alveolus Ih/ oropharynx ^ bronchiole _ 'IM' respiratory respiratory bronchiole bronchiole external nares JlL secondary bronchus internal nares \^ terminal bronchiole -n ^I tertiary bronchus L larynx ^ laryngopharynx 7 ^ primary bronchus trachea nasal cavity B. Structural Changes in the Respiratory IVee Name three structural changes that occur in the bronchi as they branch into bronchioles. 2. 3.3. gCiA ^ ^''r 7c> if the mouth C. Explain why food orliquid in the moiui can be expelled from the the nostrils if mou is closed when the person laughs. 560 Exercise 26 Respiratory System Struclure and Function D. Structure and Function Match the structure with the correct function. 1. tubular airways that begin the respiratory zone A 2. connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea ^ 3. tubelike structure that conducts air from the larynx to the bronchi ^ 4. closes over the glottis during swallowing (f 5. keep the trachea from collapsing ^ 6. division ofthe bronchi that enter bronchopulmonary segments a. alveolus b. bronchiole c. d. e. f. g. h. epiglottis larynx tracheal cartilages oropharynx tertiary bronchus respiratory bronchiole i. terminal bronchiole j. trachea 7. last division of the conducting zone £ » 8. conducts air from the nasopharynx to the laryngopharynx (L 9. small, round sacs where gas exchange occurs 10. small conduction airway that serves a lobule E. Match the type of epithelium with its location in the respiratory system and its function. Location: Ai. nasal cavity through nasopharynx ^ 2. oropharynx through larynx above vocal cords ^ 3, larynx below vocal cords through primary bronchi 4. secondary bronchi through tertiary bronchi r 5. bronchioles through beginning of respiratory bronchiole 6. end of respiratory bronchiole through alveoli Function: 7. secretes Tnucus to trap and remove dust and debris 1 ^ 8. diffusion of respiratory gases protects underlying tissues Epithelial Tissue: a. pseudostratified ciliated columnar b. simple columnar c. simple cuboidal d. simple squamous e. stratified squamous Anatomy &Physiology Chapter 20: BloodPressure Lab \n\ I a \ \V Background: Blood pressure, the pressure exerted by blood against blood vessel walls, is highest in the aorta ^d the larger elastic arteries and decreases as the arteries branch further away from the heart. By the time blood gets back to the right atrium, blood pressure has dropped to zero. Venous blood pressure therefore is low, and blood flow back to the heart (against gravity) is difficult. The difference in blood pressure between the aorta and right atrium causes blood to flow through the systemic circulation. The pressure difference between the pulmonary trunk and the left atrium causes the blood toflow through the pulmonary circuit. With each contraction ofthe ventricles, blood pressure fluctuates in the large arteries. Blood pressure during contraction (systole) is higher that blood pressure during ventricular relaxation (diastole). Ai^nal blood pressure is measured in mmHg and can be determined by using ablood pressure cuffor sphygmomanometer in any large artery. Clinically, the brachial artery is most often used. Apump is used to inflate the rubber cuff to apressure greater than the systolic pressure This puts pressure on the artery, flattens it and stops the blood flow. Pressure is slowly released by opening a valve. When blood pressure is greater than the pressure in the cuff, the artery opens and blood flow resumes. Asound caused by the turbulent flow ofblood can be heard until blood flow returns to normal. The first sound heard is the systolic pressure (average 120mmHg) and the last faint sound heard is the diastolic pressure (average 80mmHg). Blood pressure is written as systolic pressure/diastolic pressure (average 120/80mmHg). Venous blood pressure can also be determined by inserting apressure transducer directly into a vein or indirectly as described in this activity. Average venous pressure is 16mmHg. Procedure: Working in teams oftwo Part I: Resting Blood Pressure 1 The subject should sit and rest for 5minutes before measuring blood pressure Obtain astethoscope and sphygmomanometer. Wipe the earpieces ofthe stethoscope clean with alcohol and completely deflate the blood pressure cuff. Place the sphygmomanometer cuffaround the arm so that the inflatable portion is over the anterior surface ofthe arm. The bottom ofthe cuffshould be approximately I inch above the elbow. Close the valve on the rubber bulb. Place the large bell ofthe stethoscope over the brachial artery, insert the earpieces and listen for the pulse. Inflate ^e cuffby squeezing the bulb until the pressure gauge reaches 160-180mmHg. Immediately use the valve on the hand pump to slowly release air to deflate the cuff and listen for the first sound (systolic pressure). Watch the pressme gauge and continue to listen. The sound will increase, then muffle and stop. Thediastolic pressure is the last, famt sound.. _. Record your measurements in Table 1. 10. Deflate the cuffand have the subject rest for 2minutes before repeating the measurement. Record the second measurement in Table 1. Part II: Pulse Pressure and Mean Arterial Pressure Calculateeach of the following and record in Table 1 I. Pulse Pressure- the larger the pulse pressure, the greater the volume ofblood will be from the ventricle Pulse Pressure= systolic - diastolic pressure 11. Mean Arterial Pressure is the average blood pressure over the coarse ofthe cardiac cycle MAP = diastolic bp + (pulse piressure/3) Part HI: Venous Pressure 1. Stand against the chalk board or white wall with arms hanging by the side and observe the blood poolingin the veins on the dorsal hand surface 2. Locate the approximate location ofthe right atrium (at the same level as the nipples). Use tape or chalk to indicate the location. 3. Abduct one arm and observe the veins become smaller and flatten as the arm israised •above the level of theright atrium. 4. Mark the location ofthe hand with tape orchalk 5. Measure the vertical distance between the right atrium mark and the point at which the veins flattened in millimeters. 6. Repeatthis procedure and record results in Table 1 7. Each 12.88 mm elevation ofthe hand above the right atrium represents approximatelv 1mm rise in Hg. Venous Pressure (mmHg) = mm measured 12.88 nun elevation/mmHg Part IV: Regulation of Blood Pressure Background: The body maintains blood pressure to ensure adequate blood flow to the body tissues. Ifblood pressure is too low, tissues may not be provided with enough oxygen or nutrients, and, ifthe blood pressure is too high, it may cause damage to capillaries and the lining ofblood vessels. Blood viscosity, total blood vessel length and blood vessel diameter all influence the mean arteriole pressure. Only blood vessel diameter can be changed to make immediate changes in blood pressure. Increasing blood vessel diameter (vasodilation) decreases resistance and lowers blood pressure, while decreasing blood vessel diameter (vasoconstriction) increases resistance and blood pressure rises 1. Observe the effect ofbody position on blood pressure and heart rate by measuring both in the supine position. Record in Table 2. 2. Take both measurements again immediately after standing and also after standing for 2 minutes. Record in Table 2. 3. Observe the effect ofexercise on blood pressure by measuring the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate while standing atrest. 4: ^-measure bollrWood~pressure and heart rate after exercising for3^iinutes (running in place, climbing stairs, etc.). Record all values in Table3. _r-i Name; Data: \ Table 1: Resting Blood Pressure Subject Systolic Pressure Diastolic Pressure 1. 164 2. Pulse MAP Venous Pressure \.60 2. Pressure 1. m 1. 2. 2. Avg. Avg. 1. 1. 51 2. ]]t 2. ULUhMmiSH 2. Av Av Table 2: Effect of Body Position on Blood Pressure Subject Supine BP and HR BP and HR after Standing 2 minutes Standin Systolic BP: BP and HR after Systolic BP: Diastolic BP: 4 Diastolic BP: HR: 7^U\ HR: Systolic BP: Systolic BP: Diastolic BP: 1S Diastolic BP: 1 h HR: HR Table 3: Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure Subject Resting Blood Pressure Post Exercise Blood Pressure Subject 1 Subject 2 Systolic BP: (6^ Diastolic BP: "1 Systolic BP: (10 Diastolic BP: 1^ Systoli^P^iT^^^^^ Systolic BP: Diastolic BP: Diastolic BP: HR: HR: 11 I oCy Analysis Questions: 1. Describe the changes in blood pressure from supine to standing and also after exercise. Be specific. \aM^^ d&\A]^ CUrc:3\'^^, 2. Whathappens fo the bloodvessel diameter at the surface of the skin during exercise? Why does this occur? 208 Chapter 13. RespiratorySystem Respiratory Physiology 10. Using the key choices, select the terms identified in thefollowing descriptions ( by insertingthe appropriate term or letter in the answer blanks. KEY CHOICES: B. In^a^lmonarypressure A. Atmosphericp^ssure C. Intrapleural pressure 1. In healthy lungs, it is always lower than^tmospheric pressure (that \ is, it is n^ative pressure) 2. \pressure of air outsidethe body 1 air flows into . the passagewa^s \ ofthe lungs 3. As\ .it decreases, 4. As It increases overatmospheric pressure, air flows outof^e lungs n 5. Ifthis, pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure, the lungs collajjse / I I / / . '\ ' ! ' 6. Rises well overatmospheric pressure during a for^eful.cough / 11. Many changes occur within the lungs as the diaphragm (and external intercostal muscles) contractand then relax. These changes lead to the flowof air into and out of the lungs. The activity of the diaphragm isgivenin the left columnof the following table. Severalchanges in condition are listed in the column heads to the right. Complete the table bychecking (/) theappropriate column to correctly identify the change that would be occurring relative to the diaphragm's activity in each case. Activity of Changes in diaphragm (T = increased) (>L = decreased) Internal Internal Size of volume pressure lungs of thorax in thorax T >1 T i t Direction of air flow i Into Out of lung lung Contracted, X X moves downward Relaxed, moves superiorly L, t X X X Respiratory Physiology 209 12. Use the key choices to respond to the following descriptions. Insert the correct term or letter in the answer blanks. (J KEY CHOICES: A. External respiration C. Inspiration E. Ventilation (breathing) B. Expiration D. Internal respiration 1. Period of breathing when air enters the lungs 0 2. Exchange of gases between the systemic capillary blood and body cells £ 3. Alternate flushing of air into and out of the lungs 0\ , 4. Exchange ofgases between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood 13. Although normal quiet expiration is largely passive due to lung recoil, when expiration must be more forceful (or the lungs are diseased), muscles that increase the abdominal pressure or depress the rib cage are enlisted. 1. Provide two examples of muscles that cause abdominal pressure to rise. 2. Provide two examples of muscles that depress the rib cage. i'AViwi .f ' e 14. Four nonrespiratory movements are described here. Identify each by inserting your answers inthe spaces provided. Si' ^ C6tcp ^ fjjiT) 1. Sudden inspiration, resulting from spasms of the diaphragm. 2. Adeep breath is taken, the glottis is closed,and air is forced out of the lungs againstthe glottis; clears the lower respiratory passageways. f 3. As just described, but clears the upper respiratory passageways. 4. Increases ventilation of the lungs; may be initiated by a need to increase oxygen levels in the blood. f £la1 Anatomy &Physiology: Chapter 23 Gas Exchange Review Wksht Name 1. Describe the movement ofoxygen from the alveoli to the surrounding capillaries (Be sure to provide partial pressures ofoxygen in both locations). of[\\v)eo\or loS 2. Describe the movement ofcarbon dioxide from capillaries to surrotmding tissues (Be sure to provide partial pressures ofcarbon dioxide in both locations) , . p, - - 1)0 3. Describe the proportion ofoxygen in the plasma to oxygen in red blood cells vS- a'\o\ 00(ji ^ ft.s 4. What is oxyhemoglobin? Howis it formed? lAb ^ ^hOz 5. What is the relationship between the partial pressure ofoxygen and the percent oxygen saturation (see Figure 23-21)? Pf vf ^ 0S</ 6. What happens to the percent oxygen saturation ifthe amount ofoxygen in the plasma decreases? V 7. Describe the effect of... a. pH changeson oxygen-hemoglobin saturation ^ '5&We«liOh ^ b. temperature on oxygen-hemoglobin saturation j^^ow do carbon dioxide levels effect oxygen saturation? ^ i i\v Oi 9. What are the three fates ofcarbon dioxide after it has been produced by the tissues and enters the bloodstream ^ [2^%) c-bi?>5oW^?i CT'Ic) 10. Describe Carbonic Acid Formation. List the equation ^ 11. What is Carbaminohemoglobin? List the equation ce^<y&iA#xVe ItlTO nBBBBHIEUEI m Ivfc-io.j Jii^ ipii Exercise 28 Respiratory System Structure and Function Terminal 5. Lungs bronchiole The twolungs are divided into threelobeson the right side and two lobes on the left. The three right lobes are the su perior, middle, and inferior lobes, and the left lobes are called the superior and inferior lobes. The rounded su perior part of the lung is the apex and the broader inferior part is the base that rests on the diaphragm. The left lobe has a concave surface called the cardiac notch that has the apex of the heart projecting into it. Each lung has a hilus, an area surrounded with pleura, where the bronchi, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter or exit the medial side of the lung. The lungs are in the thoracic cav ity and are separated from each other by the heart and the mediastinum. Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity wall, and visceral pleura covers the surface of each lung. The pieural cavity is the space between the two pleura! Visceral pleura layers that contains pleura! fluid. * alvoolar- duct • alvevhje • alveolar sac • rgspif-ato^-bronehtoie 1 Label the parts of the lung in Figure 26.7(a), (b), (c), and (d). 2 Identify these structures on a lung model or anatomical 3 chart. 4 FIGURE 26.6 3 Pronounce the terms as you point to them. 4 Label the parts of the pleura in Figure 26.8(a) and (b). Diagram of portion of lung lobule.