Download Section 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants

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Chapter 23 Roots, Stems, and Leaves
Section 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants
(pages 579–583)
TEKS FOCUS: 5A Specialized cells in roots, stems, and leaves; 5B Cell differentiation in plants;
10C Plant systems and subsystems; 13B Methods of growth in various plants
This section describes the principal organs and tissues of vascular plants. It
also explains what specialized cells make up vascular tissue.
Seed Plant Structure (pages 579–580)
1. What are the three principal organs of seed plants?
a. Roots
b. Stems
c. Leaves
2. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about a function that roots perform.
a. They anchor plants in the ground.
b. They compete with other plants for sunlight.
c. They absorb water and nutrients from soil.
d. They hold plants upright.
3. What does the transport system of stems do? It lifts water from the roots up to the leaves
and sends the products of photosynthesis from the leaves down to the roots.
4. The principal organs in which plants carry out photosynthesis are
the
leaves
.
5. What do the adjustable pores of leaves help conserve, and what do they allow
to enter and leave a plant? The pores conserve water while allowing oxygen and carbon
dioxide to enter and leave a leaf.
Plant Tissue Systems
(page 580)
6. What are the three tissue systems of plants?
a. Dermal tissue
c. Ground tissue
Dermal Tissue
(page 580)
7. Dermal tissue typically consists of a single layer of
epidermal cells
.
8. What is the cuticle, and what is its function? The cuticle is a thick, waxy layer that often
covers the exposed outer surfaces of epidermal cells. It protects against water loss and injury.
9. What is the function of trichomes? They help protect the leaf.
10. What does dermal tissue consist of in roots, and what is its function? Dermal tissue in roots
consists of root hair cells that have a large amount of surface area and aid in water absorption.
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b. Vascular tissue
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Vascular Tissue
Class __________________
Date ______________
(pages 580–581)
11. Complete the table about vascular tissue.
TYPES OF VASCULAR TISSUE
Type
Function
Cell Types Within Tissue
Xylem
Transports water
Tracheids, vessel elements
Phloem
Transports food
Sieve tube elements, companion cells
Match the vascular-tissue cells with their descriptions.
Vascular-tissue Cells
Description
b
12. Tracheids
d
13. Vessel elements
a
14. Sieve tube elements
c
15. Companion cells
a. The main phloem cells
b. Long, narrow xylem cells with walls that are
impermeable to water
c. Phloem cells that surround sieve tube
elements
d. Xylem cells arranged end to end on top of
one another
16. How can water move from one tracheid into a neighboring cell? The cell walls of
tracheids are pierced by openings that connect neighboring cells to one another.
17. How can materials move from one sieve tube element into the next? The end walls of
sieve tube elements have many small holes in them. Material can move through these holes from
one adjacent cell to another.
18. What cells support the phloem cells? Companion cells
Ground Tissue
(page 582)
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19. The cells that lie between dermal and vascular tissue make up what kind of tissue?
Ground tissue
20. Complete the table about ground-tissue cells.
GROUND-TISSUE CELLS
Type of Cell
Structure
Function
Parenchyma
Cells with thin cell walls and
large central vacuoles
The site of most of a plant’s photosynthesis
Collenchyma
Cells with strong, flexible
cell walls
Help support larger plants
Sclerenchyma
Cells with extremely
thick, rigid cell walls
Make ground tissue tough and strong
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Plant Growth and Meristematic Tissue
(pages 582–583)
21. What do plants produce at their tips as long as they live? They produce new,
undifferentiated cells.
22. The only plant tissue that produces new cells by mitosis is called meristematic tissue .
23. What occurs as meristematic cells mature? They differentiate into one of the three main
tissues of a plant.
24. What is an apical meristem? An apical meristem is a group of undifferentiated cells that
divide to produce increased length of stems and roots.
25. Where else on many plants is there meristematic tissue other than at apical meristems?
Many plants grow in width as a result of meristematic tissue that lines the stems and roots of a
plant.
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Section 23–2 Roots
Class __________________
Date ______________
(pages 584–588)
TEKS FOCUS: 5A Compare specialized cells in different parts of root;
TEKS SUPPORT: 13A Structural adaptations of plants to environment
This section describes the two main types of roots and the main tissues in a
mature root. It also explains the different functions of roots.
Types of Roots
(page 584)
1. How are primary roots and secondary roots different in some plants? The primary root
grows long and thick while the secondary roots remain small.
2. Complete the table about types of roots.
TYPES OF ROOTS
Mainly in Dicots
or Monocots?
Type of Root
Description
Taproots
Long and thick primary roots
that grow deep into the soil
Fibrous roots
Roots that are usually shallow Monocots
and consist of many thin roots
Root Structure and Growth
Dicots
Examples
Oak and hickory trees, carrots,
dandelions, beets, radishes
Grasses
(page 585)
3. Label the parts of a root on the illustration.
Epidermis
Endodermis
Ground tissue
(cortex)
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Root hairs
Zone of
maturation
Phloem
Vascular cylinder
Xylem
Zone of
elongation
Apical meristem
Root cap
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4. What is the structure of a mature root? A mature root has an outside layer, the epidermis,
and a central cylinder of vascular tissue. Between these two tissues lies a large area of ground
tissue.
5. Water enters the plant through the large surface area provided by
the
root hairs
.
6. What does the cortex of a root consist of? It consists of a spongy layer of ground tissue.
7. The vascular tissue in the central region of a root is called the
8. What protects the apical meristem of a root?
vascular cylinder
.
The root cap protects it.
9. Where does most of the increase in root length occur? It occurs immediately behind the
meristem, where cells are growing longer.
Root Functions
(pages 586–588)
10. What are two functions of a plant’s roots?
a. Roots anchor a plant in the ground.
b. Roots absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil.
11. Is the following sentence true or false? The ingredients of a soil can determine what
kind of plants grow in it.
true
12. What role does calcium play in a plant? It is essential for cell growth and division.
13. What is the result if a plant is deficient in nitrogen? The result is stunted plant growth and
pale yellow leaves.
14. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about active transport of minerals in roots.
a. Water molecules move into the plant by active transport.
b. ATP is the source of energy used to pump mineral ions from the soil into the plant.
c. The cell membranes of root hairs contain active transport proteins.
15. What happens to the water and dissolved minerals after they move into the cortex?
They pass the inner boundary of the cortex and enter the endodermis.
16. Each of the cells of a root’s endodermis is surrounded on four sides by a waterproof
strip called a(an)
Casparian strip
.
17. Why is there a one-way passage of materials into the vascular cylinder in plant roots?
Because water and minerals cannot pass through the waxy Casparian strip, once they pass
through the endodermis, they are trapped in the vascular cylinder.
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d. Using active transport, a root actually pumps water into the plant.
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Section 23–3 Stems
Class __________________
Date ______________
(pages 589–594)
TEKS FOCUS: 5A Specialized cells in stems; 13A Structural adaptations of plants to environment
This section explains the two main functions of stems and how monocot and dicot
stems differ. It also describes primary growth and secondary growth in stems.
Stem Structure and Function
(page 589)
1. What are the two important functions of stems?
a. They hold leaves up to the sunlight.
b. They transport substances between roots and leaves.
2. What three tissue systems compose a stem? Dermal, vascular, and ground tissue
Match the stem structure with its description.
Structure
Description
c
3. Node
a
4. Internode
b
5. Bud
a. A region between nodes
b. Contains undeveloped tissue that can produce new stems
and leaves
c. Where leaves are attached
Monocot and Dicot Stems
(page 590)
6. How does the arrangement of tissues in a stem differ among seed plants?
In monocots, vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem. In dicots and most
gymnosperms, vascular bundles are arranged in a cylinder.
7. In a monocot stem, what does each vascular bundle contain? Each contains xylem and
phloem tissue.
8. What is the arrangement of vascular tissue in a monocot stem? Vascular bundles are
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scattered throughout the stem.
9. What is the arrangement of vascular tissue in a dicot stem? Vascular bundles are
arranged in an organized, ringlike pattern.
10. The parenchyma cells inside the ring of vascular tissue in a dicot stem are known
as
pith
.
11. What do the parenchyma cells outside the ring of vascular tissue form in a dicot stem?
They form the cortex of the stem.
Primary Growth of Stems
(page 590)
12. What is primary growth in a plant? Primary growth is the increase in plant length caused by
the production of new cells at the tips of roots and shoots.
13. Primary growth of stems is produced by cell division in the
Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 23
apical meristem
.
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14. Is the following sentence true or false? Only dicot plants undergo primary growth.
false
Secondary Growth of Stems
(pages 591–594)
15. The pattern of growth in which stems increase in width is called
secondary growth
.
16. In conifers and dicots, where does secondary growth take place? It takes place in lateral
meristematic tissues called the vascular cambium and cork cambium.
17. What type of lateral meristematic tissue produces vascular tissues and increases the
thickness of stems over time? Vascular cambium
18. What does cork cambium produce? It produces the outer covering of stems.
19. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the formation of vascular cambium.
a. Vascular cambium forms between the xylem and phloem of individual vascular
bundles.
b. Divisions of vascular cambium give rise to new layers of xylem and phloem.
c. Once secondary growth begins, vascular cambium appears as a thin layer.
d. The production of new layers of xylem and phloem causes the stem to shrink when
secondary growth begins.
20. Is the following sentence true or false? Most of what we call “wood” is actually
layers of phloem.
false
21. What is heartwood? It is the darker wood near the center of the stem that no longer conducts
water.
22. The wood that is active in fluid transport and therefore lighter in color is
called
sapwood
.
23. The alternation of dark and light wood produces what we commonly
tree rings
.
24. How can you estimate the age of a tree? You can estimate a tree’s age by counting the rings
in a cross section of the tree.
25. On most trees, what does bark include? Bark includes all tissues outside the vascular
cambium, including phloem, the cork cambium, and cork.
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26. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about cork.
a. Cork cells usually contain fats, oils, or waxes.
b. Cork cells cause the loss of water from a stem.
c. The outermost cork cells are usually dead.
d. Cork cambium produces a thick, protective layer of cork.
27. Label the parts of the illustration of wood.
Wood
Bark
Cork
Cork
cambium
Heartwood
Phloem
Vascular cambium
Sapwood
28. What are four kinds of modified stems that store food?
a. Tuber
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b. Bulb
c. Rhizome
d. Corm
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Section 23–4 Leaves
Class __________________
Date ______________
(pages 595–598)
TEKS FOCUS: 5A Specialized cells in leaves; 11A Maintenance of homeostasis; 12C Adaptations of
plants in different biomes; 13A Structural adaptations of plants to environment
This section explains how the structure of a leaf enables it to carry out
photosynthesis. It also describes how gas exchange takes place in a leaf.
Leaf Structure
(page 595)
1. The structure of a leaf is optimized for what purposes? It is optimized for absorbing light
and carrying out photosynthesis.
2. What is a leaf blade? A blade is the thin, flattened section of a leaf.
3. The blade is attached to the stem by a thin stalk called a(an)
petiole
.
4. Circle the letter of the type of tissue that covers a leaf.
a. vascular
b. dermal
c. ground
d. petiole
5. The vascular tissues of leaves are connected directly to the vascular tissues of
stems
Leaf Functions
.
(pages 596–598)
6. The bulk of most leaves is composed of a specialized ground tissue known
mesophyll
as
.
7. How do the carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis get to the rest of the
plant? They move from mesophyll cells into phloem vessels, which carry them to the
rest of the plant.
Match the leaf structure with its description.
Description
Structure
c
8. Palisade mesophyll
e
9. Spongy mesophyll
10. Vein
d
11. Stomata
b
12. Guard cells
13. How do the air spaces in the spongy mesophyll connect with the exterior of the leaf?
They connect with the exterior through stomata.
14. What is transpiration? Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant through its leaves.
15. Why must a plant have its stomata open at least part of the time? The stomata must be
open part of the time to allow gas exchange between air spaces in the spongy mesophyll and the
exterior.
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a
a. A bundle of xylem and phloem tissues
b. Specialized cells that control the opening and
closing of stomata
c. A layer of mesophyll cells that absorb much of
the light that enters the leaf
d. Openings in the underside of the leaf
e. A loose tissue with many air spaces between its
cells
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16. What would probably happen to a plant that kept its stomata open all the time?
The water loss due to transpiration would be so great that the plant would be unable to take in
enough water to survive.
17. What is the balance plants maintain that prevents them from losing too much water?
Plants keep their stomata open just enough to allow photosynthesis to take place, but not so much
that they lose an excessive amount of water.
18. Complete the flowchart about guard cells.
high
Guard cells are forced in a curved shape when water pressure becomes
stoma
The guard cells pull away from one another, opening the
Guard cells straighten out when water pressure
The guard cells pull together, closing the
decreases
stoma
.
.
.
.
19. Is the following sentence true or false? In general, stomata are closed
at night.
true
20. How is the structure of the leaves of a pine tree an adaptation to dry conditions?
The structure reduces water loss from the leaf.
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21. What are cactus leaves adapted for? Cactus leaves are actually nonphotosynthetic thorns
that protect against herbivores.
22. Why must carnivorous plants rely on insects for their source of nitrogen?
Carnivorous plants typically live in nutrient-poor soils.
Reading Skill Practice
Writing a summary can help you remember the information that you have read.
When you write a summary, write only the most important points. Write a summary
of the information under the blue heading Leaf Functions. Your summary should be
shorter than the text on which it is based. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper.
Students’ summaries should include definitions of the boldface terms, as well as the main points
under each of the two subheadings.
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Section 23–5 Transport in Plants
Date ______________
(pages 599–602)
TEKS FOCUS: 11A Feedback mechanisms and maintenance of homeostasis; 13B Methods of
growth of various plants
This section describes how water and the products of photosynthesis are
transported throughout a plant.
Water Transport
(pages 599–601)
1. What combination of factors provides enough force to move water through the xylem
tissue of even the tallest plant? The combination of root pressure, capillary action, and
transpiration moves water through the xylem of plants.
2. Complete the table about attraction between molecules.
ATTRACTION BETWEEN MOLECULES
Type of Attraction
Definition
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
Adhesion
Attraction between unlike molecules
3. The tendency of water to rise in a thin tube is called
capillary action
.
4. How does the thinness of a tube affect how high water will rise because of capillary
action? Show your answer by drawing how high water would rise in each of the tubes
on the illustration.
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5. The tubelike structures of what two kinds of cells use capillary action to raise
water above the level of ground?
a. Tracheids
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b. Vessel elements
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6. How do vessel elements form continuous tubes through which water can move freely?
Their cell walls are lost at both ends when the cells die.
7. What causes the process known as transpiration pull? When water is lost through
transpiration, osmotic pressure moves water out of the vascular tissue of the leaf. The movement
of water out of the leaf “pulls” water upward through the vascular system from the roots.
8. What normally keeps a plant’s leaves and stems rigid? Osmotic pressure on the plant’s
cell walls keeps the leaves and stems rigid.
9. High transpiration rates can lead to water loss that is severe enough to
wilting
cause
.
10. How does the loss of osmotic pressure in leaves slow down the rate of transpiration?
The loss of osmotic pressure causes guard cells to close, thereby slowing down the rate of
transpiration.
Nutrient Transport
(pages 601–602)
11. The movement of sugars out of leaves and through stems to fruitstakes place in what
Phloem
kind of vascular tissue?
12. Is the following sentence true or false? Many plants pump food down into their roots
true
for winter storage.
13. The hypothesis that considers plants in terms of where they produce and use materials
from photosynthesis is called the
pressure-flow hypothesis
.
14. Complete the flowchart about the pressure-flow hypothesis.
Photosynthesis produces a high concentration of sugars in a cell, called the
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source
cell.
Sugars move from the cell to phloem, and water also moves into the phloem by
the process of
osmosis
.
pressure
Water moving into the phloem causes an increase in
.
The pressure causes fluid to move through the phloem toward a cell where
sugars are lower in concentration, called the
Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 23
sink
cell.
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WordWise
Use the clues to help you find the vocabulary terms from Chapter 23 hidden in
the puzzle below. The words may occur vertically, horizontally, or diagonally.
sapwood
1. Heartwood is surrounded by
.
2. The parenchyma cells inside the ring of vascular tissue in dicot stems are known as
pith
.
internode
3. Between the nodes on a stem are
taproot
4. A(an)
secondary roots.
regions.
is a primary root that is longer and thicker than the
mesophyll
5. The bulk of most leaves is composed of
.
cuticle
6. Epidermal cells are often covered with a waxy layer called a(an)
bud
7. A(an)
or leaf.
.
contains undeveloped tissue that can produce a new stem
8. The spongy layer of ground tissue just inside the epidermis of a root is known as the
cortex
.
blade
9. The thin, flattened section of a leaf is a(an)
.
node
10. The place where a leaf is attached to a stem is a(an)
.
11. The spongy layer of ground tissue that completely encloses vascular tissue in the
endodermis
central region of a root is
.
12. At the end, or tip, of each growing stem and root is a group of undifferentiated cells
meristem
called an apical
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.