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Human Growth and Development
Johnson Healthcare Private Limited
Nutritional needs changes with different Life Stages
Our nutritional needs change with different life stages.
To be fit and healthy, it is important to take into account
the extra demands placed on your body by these
changes. To meet your body’s regular nutritional needs,
you should consume:
 A wide variety of nutritious foods
 Water on a daily basis
 Enough kilojoules for energy, with carbohydrates as
the preferred source
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Nutritional needs changes with different Life Stages
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Adequate protein for cell maintenance and repair
Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins
Essential minerals such as iron, calcium and zinc
Foods containing plant-derived phytochemicals, which
may protect against heart disease, diabetes, some
cancers, arthritis and osteoporosis.
 A varied diet that concentrates on fruits, vegetables,
whole grains, legumes, dairy foods and lean meats can
meet these basic requirements.
Babies – birth to six months of age
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Infants usually double their length and triple their weight
between birth and one year of age. Breastmilk generally
supplies a baby with the required amounts of nutrients, fluids
and energy up to about six months of age. It is recommended
that infants be exclusively breastfed up to around six months of
age.
 Breastmilk is preferred to infant formula where possible, as it
contains many protective and immunological factors that
benefit the baby’s development. Fruit juice is not
recommended for infants under the age of six months.
 Breastmilk or correctly prepared infant formula provides
enough water for a healthy infant to replace any water losses.
However, all infants need extra water once solid foods are
introduced.
Food for babies – six to 12 months of age
Solids should be introduced around six months of age to
meet the infant’s increasing nutritional and
developmental needs. However, breastfeeding should
continue until twelve months of age and beyond, or for
as long as the mother and child desire.
Different societies have their own traditions about
which food is more appropriate to start feeding a baby
with. Culturally appropriate foods and preparation
methods should be encouraged when these are
nutritionally adequate.
Food for babies – six to 12 months of age
As a baby is gradually weaned from the breast or bottle and
new solids are introduced, there may be reduced body stores of
iron. To maintain nutrient body stores: Give your baby foods
that are rich in iron and zinc, such as iron-enriched infant
cereals, pureed meats and poultry dishes, cooked plain tofu and
legumes/soy beans/lentils. Iron-enriched rice-based cereals are
frequently recommended as the first food to be introduced, as
there is the additional benefit of a lower risk of an allergic
reaction.
Foods can be introduced in any order, provided the texture is
suitable for the infant’s stage of development. Foods range
from fruits and vegetables (for vitamin and mineral content) to
meat, poultry, fish and whole eggs..
Food for babies – six to 12 months of age
 Do not add salt, sugar or honey to your baby’s food. It is
unnecessary.
 Avoid cow’s milk as a drink in the first 12 months. Small
amounts can be used in cereals and custards. All milk
used should be pasteurised.
 Whole fruit is preferable to fruit juice. Avoid juices and
sugar sweetened drinks.
 Put an infant to bed without a bottle, or take the bottle
away when the infant has finished feeding to minimise
long-term exposure of their teeth to sugar-containing
liquids.
Food for babies – six to 12 months of age
 Avoid whole nuts, seeds or similar hard foods to reduce
the risk of choking.
 Introduce foods one at a time. Offer new foods once
every three to four days to avoid confusion and to rule
out food allergy and sensitivity.
 Feed babies during any illness and feed up after illness.
Give ample liquids if your baby has diarrhoea.
 Occasional exposure of the skin to sunlight is usually
enough to provide a baby’s vitamin D requirements, but
this does vary from season to season and with skin
colour.
Food for young children
Once a child is eating solids, offer a wide range of
foods to ensure adequate nutrition. Young children are
often picky with food, but should be encouraged to eat
a wide variety of foods. Trying again with new foods
may be needed for a child to accept that food. As many
as eight to fifteen times may be needed.
During childhood, children tend to vary their food
intake (spontaneously) to match their growth
patterns. Children’s food needs vary widely, depending
on their growth and their level of physical activity. Like
energy needs, a child’s needs for protein, vitamins and
minerals increase with age.
Food for young children
Ideally, children should be accumulating stores of
nutrients in preparation for the rapid growth spurt
experienced during adolescence. Appropriate weight
gain and development will indicate whether food
intake is appropriate.
Food-related problems for young children include
overweight, obesity, tooth decay and food sensitivities.
Recommendations include: If a child is gaining
inappropriate weight for growth, limit energy-dense,
nutrient-poor snack foods. Increase your child’s
physical activity. You could also limit the amount of
television watching.
Food for young children
 Tooth decay can be prevented with regular brushing
and visits to the dentist. Avoid sugary foods,
especially if sticky or acidic.
 Ensure your child has enough fluids, especially water.
Fruit juices should be limited.
 Reduced-fat milks are not recommended for children
under the age of two, due to increased energy
requirements and high growth rate at this age.
 Be aware of foods most likely to cause allergic
reactions, including peanuts, shellfish and cow’s
milk. Be particularly careful if there is a family
history of food allergy.
Food for children entering their teenage years
 The growth spurt as children move into adolescence
needs plenty of kilojoules and nutrients. For girls,
this generally occurs around 10 to 11 years of age. For
boys it occurs later, at around 12 to 13 years.
Recommendations include: The extra energy
required for growth and physical activity needs to be
obtained from foods that also provide nutrients
instead of just ‘empty calories’.
Food for children entering their teenage years
 Takeaway and fast foods need to be balanced with
nutrient-dense foods such as wholegrain breads and
cereals, fruits, legumes, nuts, vegetables, fish and
lean meats.
 Milk, yoghurt and cheese (mostly reduced fat)
should be included to boost calcium intake – this is
especially important for growing bones. Cheese
should preferably be a lower salt variety.
 Adolescent girls should be particularly encouraged
to consume milk and milk products.
Older teenagers and young adults
 Moving away from home, starting work or study,
and the changing lifestyle that accompanies the late
teens and early 20s can cause dietary changes that
are not always beneficial for good health.
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Recommendations include: Make a deliberate effort
to keep physically active.
Limit alcohol intake.
Reduce the amount of fats and salt in the daily diet.
Be careful to include foods rich in iron and calcium.
Establish healthy eating habits that will be carried on
into later life.
Food for pregnant women
 A pregnant woman should concentrate on increasing her nutrient intake,
rather than her kilojoule intake, particularly in the first and second
trimesters. In Australia, pregnant women are expected to gain about 10 to
13 kg during pregnancy. However, this depends on the pre-pregnancy
weight of the mother.
Recommendations include: Not ‘crash dieting’, as this can have a negative
impact on the baby.
 Not ‘eating for two’, as this will lead to unnecessary weight gain. A healthy
pregnancy only requires about an extra 850 to 1,100 kilojoules a day during
the second and third trimester, which is equivalent to a glass of milk or a
sandwich.
 Concentrate on diet quality rather than quantity.
 Accommodate cravings, but don’t let them replace more nutritious foods.
Food for pregnant women
 Nutrients for which there are increased requirements during pregnancy
include folate, iron and iodine.
 Iron is required for oxygen transport in the body. Iron supplements can be
advised by your doctor during pregnancy, but do not take them unless your
doctor recommends them. Increasing vitamin C intake can help increase
iron absorption from foods.
 Folate is important three months before and in the first trimester of
pregnancy to avoid neural tube defects (like spina bifida) in the baby. All
women of childbearing age should eat high-folate foods (such as green
leafy vegetables, fruits and legumes) or take a folate supplement
(remember to talk to your doctor first). It is now mandatory for all breadmaking flour to be fortified with folic acid (a form of folate that is added to
foods).
This will help women reach their recommended intake of folate.
Food for pregnant women
 Iodine is important for normal growth and development
of the baby. Iodine supplements are often advised during
pregnancy to meet the increased needs as food sources
(such as seafood, iodised salt and bread) are unlikely to
provide enough iodine. Speak to your doctor.
 The recommended intake of calcium does not specifically
increase during pregnancy. It is, however, very important
that pregnant women do meet calcium requirements
during pregnancy.
 No one knows the safe limit of alcohol consumption
during pregnancy. Recommendations are to not drink at
all.
Food for pregnant women
 Pregnant women are advised to avoid foods that are associated
with increased risk of the listeria bacteria (such as soft cheese
and cold seafood) and to be careful with foods that are more
likely to contain mercury (such as certain fish. such as flake).
 Being physically active has many benefits. If you are active and
fit, and are experiencing a normal pregnancy, you can remain
physically active during your pregnancy. Otherwise, consult
your doctor for advice.
 Drink plenty of fluids.
 Do not smoke – both direct and passive smoking is associated
with growth retardation, increased risk of spontaneous
abortion, stillbirths, placental complications and low birth
weight.
Food for breastfeeding mothers
 Breastfeeding mothers need a significant amount of
extra energy to cope with the demands of
breastfeeding. This extra energy should come in the
form of nutrient-dense foods to help meet the extra
nutrient requirements that also occur when
breastfeeding. Vegan mothers who are
breastfeeding (and during pregnancy) should take a
vitamin B12 supplement.
Food for breastfeeding mothers
 Recommendations include: Eat enough food –
breastfeeding burns through extra kilojoules.
 Eat foods that are nutrient dense – especially those
foods that are rich in folate, iodine, zinc and calcium.
 Eat and drink regularly – breastfeeding may increase
the risk of dehydration and cause constipation. Fluid
needs are approximately 750 – 1000 ml a day above
basic needs.
 Women should continue to avoid drinking alcohol
while breastfeeding.
Food for menopausal women
 Thinning of the bones is common in postmenopausal
women because of hormone-related changes.
Recommendations include: Eat foods rich in calcium
– such as milk or, if necessary, take calcium
supplements as prescribed by a doctor.
 Weight-bearing exercises – such as walking or
weight training can strengthen bones and help
maintain a healthy body weight.
Food for menopausal women
 A high-fibre, low-fat and low-salt diet – a diet high in
phytoestrogens has been found to reduce many
symptoms of menopause, such as hot flushes. Good
food sources include soy products (tofu, soymilk),
chickpeas, flax seeds, lentils, cracked wheat and
barley.
 A variety of wholegrain, nutrient-dense food – whole
grains, legumes and soy-based foods (such as tofu,
soy and linseed cereals), fruits and vegetables, and
low-fat dairy products.
Food for older people
 Many people eat less as they get older – this can make it
harder to make sure your diet has enough variety to
include all the nutrition you need.
Recommendations include: Be as active as possible to
encourage your appetite and maintain muscle mass.
 Remain healthy with well-balanced eating and regular
exercise.
 Eat foods that are nutrient dense rather than energy
dense, including eggs, lean meats, fish, liver, low-fat dairy
foods, nuts and seeds, legumes, fruit and vegetables,
wholegrain breads and cereals.
Food for older people
 If possible, try to spend some time outside each day to
boost your vitamin D synthesis for healthy bones.
 Limit foods that are high in energy and low in nutrients
such as cakes, sweet biscuits and soft drinks.
 Choose foods that are naturally high in fibre to
encourage bowel health.
 Limit the use of table salt, especially during cooking.
 Choose from a wide variety of foods and drink
adequate fluids.
 Share mealtimes with family and friends.
Things to Remember
The nutritional requirements of the human body
change as we move through different life stages.
A varied diet that includes plenty of nutrient-dense
foods is recommended for everyone, regardless of age.
Things to Remember
 Research suggests that Children tend to grow faster
in spring season as compared to any other time of
the year !
 Hugging releases oxytocin, which helps to heal
physical wounds, makes someone trust you more !
 Do you know that your Toe-prints are also unique ,
just like your finger prints !And imagine even your
tongue print is unique!
 You know ,you have no sense of smell when you're
sleeping!
 You know ,you can see your nose all the time but
somehow your brain always ignores it!
Things to Remember
 An average person has over 1,460 dreams a year
which is about 4 dreams every night!
 Do you know the similarity between human body
and a banana? You will be amazed to know that 50%
of human DNA is same as in banana!
 The human body has enough iron in it to make 3
inches long nail.
 A human heart pumps enough blood to fill 100
swimming pools in an average life time. In the same
time it will beat almost three billion times
 While sleeping, one person out of every eight snores,
and one in ten grinds his teeth
Things to Remember
 All babies are color blind when they are born ,so they
only see black & white.
 People with dark color skin wrinkle later than the
people having light color skins!
 Guess how many muscles are working when you take a
step! Well, about 200 muscles are used when we take
a single step!
 Weight of the eyeball ! The eyeball of a human weighs
approximately 28 grams.
 People generally read 25% slower from a computer
screen compared to paper.
Things to Remember
 Do you know ,it is impossible to sneeze with your eyes
open !
 And do you know ,it is impossible to hum while your
nose is plugged close !
 Your brain is more active and thinks more at night
than during the day.
 Do you know what is Uvula? It is the small piece of the
small tissue dangling over the tongue.
 Now this is cool ,the tongue is the strongest muscle in
the human body.
Things to Remember
 And did you know that our fingers don't have any
muscles ? The muscles which move our finger joints are
located in the palm and up in the forearm.
 An adult human body contains approximately 100
trillion cells!
 Your tongue has 3,000 taste buds.
 Do you know ,your brain has 80% water?
 No pain in the brain! Do you know our brain does not
feel pain! Even though brain processes pain signals,
the brain itself actually does not feel pain.
Things to Remember
 Bones in an adult account for 14% of the body's total
weight.
 The tips of your fingers have enough strength to
support the weight of your whole body
 When you are born with 300 bones in their body, but
as an adult you only have 206 bones. This happens
because many of them join together to make a single
bone.
 The outsides of a bone are hard, they are light and soft
inside. They are about 75% water.
 The strongest bone in your body is the femur
(thighbone), and it's hollow!
Things to Remember
 The smallest bone in the human body is the stapes bone
which is located in the ear,it is also called stirrup .
 Men get hiccups more often than women.
 A sneeze can exceed the speed of 100 miles per hour.
When a sneeze leaves your body ,it is at such a high
speed that you should avoid supressing it.
 It takes food only seven seconds to go from the mouth
to the stomach via the esophagus, pretty fast ! right?
 Enamel is hardest substance in the human body.
Things to Remember
 Fingernails grow nearly 4 times faster than toenails!
 Women hearts beat faster than men. Also women blink
more than men !
 In one day ,your heart beats 100,000 times.
 The normal pulse is 70 heartbeats per minute.
 Blood is such a good stain that Native Americans used it
for paint.
 Did you know that Blood is 6 times thicker than water?
Things to Remember
 Our kidneys filter about 1.3 liters of blood every minute
& expel up to 1.4 liters of urine in a day.
 The capacity of an adult human bladder ranges from
approximately 600 ml to 800 ml. The exact maximum
capacity varies from person to person. But remember
that the urge to urinate is triggered when the bladder
contains about 100 to 200 mls , much lower than full
capacity. As the bladder fills with fluid, receptors in the
bladder wall get stretched.
Things to Remember
 Do you know a woman has approximately 4.5 liters of
blood in her body, while men have 5.6 liters?
 Your blood takes a very long trip through your body. If
you could stretch out all of a human's blood vessels,
they would be about 60,000 miles long. That's enough
to go around the world twice.
 Did you know that, our heart (which is one of the main
muscles ) is so powerful that it can squirt the blood no
less than 9 meters high? It's because it’s programmed to
deliver the blood even in the less accessible areas of the
body, like the toes & the fingertips, and therefore, in
order to do this, it’s necessary for the heart to create
lots of pressure inside the veins.
Things to Remember
 The reason honey is so easy to digest is that it’s already
been digested by a bee.
 The only part of the body that has no blood supply is the
cornea in the eye. It takes in oxygen directly from the
air.
 The sound you hear when you crack your knuckles is
actually the sound of nitrogen gas bubbles bursting.
 Women blink nearly twice as much as men.
 It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle
the whole body.
Things to Remember
 Every drop of blood in your body is filtered by your body
over 300 times a day.
 Babies are born with pink lungs but they darken in color
as we breathe in polluted air.
 Your right lung is bigger than left lung! The left lung is
small so as to adjust heart in that part !
 Human hair and fingernails continue to grow after
death.
 You burn more calorie while sleeping than watching TV.
Things to Remember
 Almost half of total bones in human body are in hands &
feet.
 The Hyoid bone, in your throat ,is the only bone in your
body which is not attached to other bone..
 Your skeleton keeps changing every 10 years, that means
your bodies keep renewing themselves so every 10 year
you have a new skeleton.
 The word Karate means, "empty hand”.
 The best time for a person to buy shoes is in the
afternoon. This is because the foot tends to swell a bit
around this time.
Things to Remember
 Do you know left hand side of your brain controls right side of your body whereas right-hand side controls left
part of body .
 Do you know everybody has a strong eye and one weak!
 Pupils in eyes get their name because the picture they
give is small ,like schoolchildren !
 Rods & Cons are the two types of light sensitive cells in
your eyes.Rods tell about brightness of color but Cones
tell about what color it is. Cones don't work well in night
,that is why colors look gray at night!
 The brain grows quickest till the age of 5.!
Things to Remember
 A normal human being can survive for 20 days without
eating but it can survive only for 2 days without
drinking!
 Your blood carries food & oxygen to all of your body.!
 Body fat is not particularly hazardous to health untill
the level of total body fat reaches 35% for men & 40% for
woman
 About 90% of what we eat is assimilated in the small
intestine.
 Human Bones consist of 50% water & 50% solid material.
Things to Remember
 14 bones make up the human face.
 It is considered that average quantity of blood in a
man is 6.8 litres where as it is 500 ml less in an average
woman
 Hair is made of protein and keratin & has no blood
supply and common belief that shaving facial hair
makes them grow faster or thicker is ,not true.
 An average person has 100,000 hairs on his/her head.
Each hair grows about 5 inches (12.7 cm) every year.
 There are 60,000 miles (97,000 km) of blood vessels in
each human.
Things to Remember
 The average adult can read 150 to 200 words per
minute and the vocabulary of an average person
consists of only 5,000 - 7,000 words.
 The only part of the body that has no blood supply is
the cornea in the eye. It takes in oxygen directly from
air.
 Have you heard about 'Glabella' ! It is the space
between your eyebrows!
 Another interesting word 'Borborygmi' -it is the noise
or sound which our stomach makes when we are
hungry!
 The only joint less bone in human body is Hyoid bone
in the throat !
Things to Remember
 The average adult can read 150 to 200 words per
minute and the vocabulary of an average person
consists of only 5,000 - 7,000 words.
 The only part of the body that has no blood supply is
the cornea in the eye. It takes in oxygen directly from
air.
 Have you heard about 'Glabella' ! It is the space
between your eyebrows!
 Another interesting word 'Borborygmi' -it is the noise
or sound which our stomach makes when we are
hungry!
 The only joint less bone in human body is Hyoid bone
in the throat !
Questions?