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Timeline / 1880 to 1890 / ALL COUNTRIES Date Country Theme 1880 - 1890 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts It was the era of eclecticism. The French Protectorate builds the regency’s infrastructure in the European classical tradition, constructing monuments in the impressive Greco-Roman style. 1880 Romania Economy And Trade 29 April: promulgation of the law for the founding of the National Bank of Romania. 1880 Romania Rediscovering The Past Grigore Tocilescu’s book Dacia before the Romans is awarded the grand prize of the Academic Society, for the best work on the history of Dacia before the Roman conquest. 1880 France Rediscovering The Past Excavations of French Egyptologist Gaston Maspero (1846–1916) in Egypt. 1880 Lebanon Migrations A small number of Lebanese people emigrate to the USA, the first of a wave of migration abroad. 1880 - 1887 Italy Economy And Trade Italy is hit by the international agricultural crisis and annual per capita income decreases. 1880 - 1887 Italy Migrations Date Country Theme As a consequence of agricultural crisis, mass migration starts. 1880 - 1889 Italy Migrations Average annual Italian migration (temporary and permanent, to nearest 1,000): France 37,000; USA 24,000; Argentina 39,000; Brazil 22,000. 1880 Italy Reforms And Social Changes Anna Maria Mozzoni and Paolina Schiff (an academic) found the League for the Promotion of Women’s Interests, the first feminist organisation in Italy. 1880s United Kingdom Migrations European Zionism initiates a small migration, mostly from Russia – especially after the pogroms – to Palestine. Among the Jewish community in Palestine are ancestors of Jewish migrants from the 15th and 16th centuries who fled the Iberian Peninsula after their expulsion by Ferdinand and Isabella. 1880 Morocco Political Context The intention of the 1880 Madrid Conference, reflected in the agreements signed by Morocco under the reign of Mulay al-Hasan I and the countries of Europe, is to enhance the benefits of reform in Morocco and to provide a legal and regulatory framework for Mulay al-Hasan I. Following these agreements, the European countries won the right to own land and assets throughout Morocco. The agreements were the result of globalisation of Moroccan business. 1880s onwards Spain Travelling Travelling to North Africa, Egypt or the Turkish Empire becomes part of the leisure travels of wealthy families of Spain. 1880 Portugal Rediscovering The Past Date Country Theme Celebration of the third centenary of the death of Luís de Camões. His poetry is considered the epitome of Portuguese literature both for The Lusiads, the epic national poem in which Vasco da Gama tells the history of Portugal to the Samorim (king) of Calcutta upon his arrival in India in 1498, and for his love sonnets. 1880 Portugal Rediscovering The Past The 11th International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology is held in Lisbon. This important conference gives international recognition to the dynamism that Portuguese archaeology has demonstrated since 1850. 1880 Portugal Rediscovering The Past The remains of the poet Luís de Camões and the explorer Vasco da Gama are moved to the Jerónimos Monastery. Vasco da Gama and Luís de Camões (north and south side respectively), the two main representatives of the 16th-century The Lusiads epic poem, are honored and rest beside members of the Avis dynasty buried in Jerónimos. 1880 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces 3 October: Barbadinhos steam pumping station is inaugurated. The water from the Alviela Canal starts to be pumped thus increasing the water supply to Lisbon. 1880 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Publication of the novella O Mandarim (The Mandarin) by Eça de Queirós (Queiroz) (1845–1900). 1880 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The Soirées de Médan, a collection of short stories by Guy de Maupassant, Émile Zola, etc., is considered to be the Naturalist manifesto. Date Country Theme 1880 Germany Travelling The dome of Cologne is completed (construction began in 1248). It is the tallest church building in the world at the time. 1881 - 1883 Tunisia Political Context At the metropolitan palace, Muhammad Sadiq Bey signs the treaty imposed by the French Protectorate known as the Treaty of Bardo (or Treaty of Kasser al-Sa‘id). This is followed by the Convention of Marsa in 1883. The Regency of Tunis passes from Ottoman suzerainty to French domination. 1881 - 1884 Tunisia Political Context Tunisians put up stiff resistance to French occupation without any external support. The Sublime Porte, itself threatened by the Western powers, limits the show of protest against the French occupation. 1881 France International Exhibitions The Paris-based International Exhibition of Electricity presents the telephone and light bulbs. 1881 France Reforms And Social Changes The (Jules) Ferry Law establishes free, compulsory and secular primary education for all French children. 1881 Austria Cities And Urban Spaces Date Country Theme Designs for a telephone network in Vienna. 1881 Austria Reforms And Social Changes Construction of the telephone network in Vienna. 1881 Italy Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The first Italian telephone services run by private companies start operating. 1881 Italy International Exhibitions The first Italian National Industrial Exhibition is held in Milan. 1881 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion At La Scala Theatre in Milan, premiere of Excelsior, mimic ballet by Luigi Manzotti, music by Romualdo Marenco. Through 11 allegorical scenes glorifying 19thcentury scientific and industrial progress (steam-engine, electric light, telegraph, Suez Canal, Fréjus Rail Tunnel, etc.), it celebrates the triumph of Light over Obscurantism. 1881 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Giovanni Verga (1840–1922) publishes the novel I malavoglia (published in English as The House by the Medlar-Tree), which describes the life of a family of Sicilian fishermen. Verga was the most important author of the Italian realist school known as verismo. 1881 United Kingdom Economy And Trade When the Ottoman Empire is declared bankrupt, an Ottoman Public Debt Commission is established made up of an international body – mainly British, French and German – to manage the Empire’s finances. This becomes a form of veiled European control of Turkey’s economy. This followed a similar imposition of financial control over Egypt’s finances. 1881 Austria Economy And Trade The Osterreichische-Alpine Montan-Gesellschaft is founded to mine the rich iron resources of north-west Styria. 1881 Spain Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme Birth of Pablo Picasso in Málaga. In Spain Picasso’s birth date would be established as the boundary between works of art in the Academic style and the avant-garde style. 1881 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Publication of Portugal Contemporâneo, by Joaquim Pedro de Oliveira Martins (1845–94). Detailed analysis of the events between 1826 and 1868, it is considered the most clear-sighted study of Portugal in the 19th century. The author makes a general criticism of Portuguese liberalism, presented as a historical account. 1881 Portugal Travelling With a thorough knowledge of the African hinterland, António da Silva Porto appeals to the Sociedade de Geografia to sponsor a plan for the scientific and commercial exploitation of Africa. The remote hinterland was about to be discovered by explorers and Africa’s boundaries defined by the colonial powers. 1881 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Werner von Siemens develops the tram. 1881 Austria Political Context The alliance of the three Emperors of Germany, Russia and Austria recognise the Habsburg Empire’s predominance in the western Balkans. In June, Austria reaches an agreement with King Milan I of Serbia, whereby Austria promises to support an eventual Serbian expansion in the south, while Serbia agrees to exclude any agreement with other powers without Austria’s prior approval. 1882 Tunisia Migrations Inauguration of the new Catholic Cathedral in Tunis, designed in the monumental Greco-Roman style, in line with the image France intends to convey in the early days of its protectorate over the regency. 1882 Tunisia Rediscovering The Past The Alaoui Museum is founded in the bey’s palace in Bardo, in a wing of the complex formerly used to host the bey’s harem. Date Country Theme 1882 - 1888 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces Swiss engineers Carl Culmann and Arnold Burkly-Ziegler are contracted to develop a water supply network for Bucharest. 1882 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces In Bucharest the first electric generators are installed and used to illuminate some important buildings of the city (the Royal Palace, the Cotroceni Palace, the National Theatre), Victory Avenue and Ci#migiu Park. 1882 Romania Rediscovering The Past Grigore Tocilescu begins to research the remains of the Roman town Tropaeum Traiani (modern Adamclisi in Dobruja). 1882 - 1884 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces On the occasion of the 1884 General Exhibition of Turin, construction of the Rocca (castle) and the Borgo Medievale (medieval village) in Parco del Valentino (Valentino Park) in order to promote appreciation for 15th-century Piedmont architecture. In 1884, the Municipality of Turin buys part of this area, where it will later locate the Civic Museums. 1882 Italy Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The Gotthard Rail Tunnel between Italy and Switzerland opens (14.9 km). The construction work had started in 1872. 1882 Italy Fine And Applied Arts Brera Picture Gallery, originally created by Maria Teresa of Austria in 1776, becomes an independent museum. Date Country Theme 1882 Italy Reforms And Social Changes In order to fight malaria, Parliament approves a law on drainage of swamps. Malaria plagues about one-third of Italian territory, where 10 per cent of the population lives. 1882 Italy Political Context Electoral reform: the right to vote is extended to 7 per cent of the Italian population, by lowering the age limit (from 25 to 21) and the level of income required. 1882 Italy Political Context The Triple Alliance formed (Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary). 1882 Italy Travelling The municipality of Cervia (on the Adriatic Sea) builds a bathing establishment explicitly intended for the middle class: previously a prerogative of the elite, beach tourism starts to become a more widely practised activity. 1882 United Kingdom Reforms And Social Changes With the British occupation of Egypt comes growth in European-imported ideas and fashions. Egypt becomes a significant tourist destination for wealthier Europeans. English and French –especially French – become commonly used languages. 1882 United Kingdom Political Context Britain also acquires indirect control over Egypt, with an occupying army and control over Egyptian finances and administration. Egyptian tourism flourishes and with it a superficial economic development – an affluent class, construction of railways and building projects. However, European cultural influences in Egypt are mostly French. 1882 Serbia Political Context The first king of Serbia in the modern age is Milan Obrenovi#, Prince (1822–82) and King (1882–89). From the start of his independent reign, Knez Milan works to build up the military, and sides with Russia in his foreign policy. He declares war on Turkey in 1876, but it ends in Serbia’s defeat due to poorly prepared diplomatic policy. The signing of the Treaty of San Stefano (made between the two countries after the Russo-Turkish War) is followed by an about-face in Knez Milan’s policy as he turns more and more to Austria-Hungary. A decision by the Congress of Berlin in 1878 grants Serbia independence, while the Secret Convention (between Serbia Date Country Theme and Austria-Hungary) binds Austria-Hungary into declaring Serbia a kingdom in 1882. 1882 Egypt Political Context Britain occupies Egypt. 1882 Spain Cities And Urban Spaces Madrid has two "extensions": the first had been designed by the Marquis of Salamanca in 1860; the second, in 1882, is a modern design by Arturo Soria known as “Ciudad Lineal” (linear city), a plan for an elongated urban formation. The city will consist of a series of functionally specialised parallel sectors. 1882 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The concession for telephone lines is signed and they are first installed in Lisbon and Porto. The first telephone list of Lisbon is published with 22 numbers located around 1.5 km from the telephone exchange. Public telephone cabins were installed and opened from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. though always available to firemen, police and doctors. 1882 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts White Houses of Capri by naturalist painter António Carvalho da Silva Porto (1850– 93) represents the new interest in travelling and other cultures. 1882 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes Inauguration of the first public kindergarten in Lisbon and Porto by followers of the Froebel method. The pupils, aged from 3 to 7 years, are divided into four age groups, each with a classroom; the plan includes a games room, toilets, offices and a refectory. The method respected the learning rhythm of the children and created didactic tools. 1882 France Fine And Applied Arts The Thinker by the sculptor Auguste Rodin. 1882 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Robert Koch discovers the cause of tuberculosis. 1882 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts Birth of #brahim Çall# (d. 1960). He was a prominent painter who was sent to Paris between 1910 and 1914 where he studied in the workshop of Fernand Cormon. Date Country Theme 1882 Turkey Reforms And Social Changes 28 September: Bayezid Kütüphânesi, the first public library in #stanbul is founded. 1883 (18 October) - 1883 (30 October) Romania Political Context 30 October: by signing a treaty with Austro-Hungary, to which Germany adheres the same day and Italy in 1888, Romania becomes part of the Triple Alliance. 1883 Romania Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion 6 June: the death of Romanian composer Ciprian Porumbescu, at the age of only 29. One of the melodies he composed will be adopted for Albania’s national anthem in 1912. 1883 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces A credit-fuelled “construction fever” explodes in Rome and in the other urban centres. 1883 Italy Great Inventions Of The 19th Century In Milan, the first thermoelectric power station in Europe is inaugurated. 1883 Italy Fine And Applied Arts Inauguration of the National Gallery of Modern Art in Rome, in the Exhibition Palace by Pio Piacentini. It is intended to focus on “national” art. 1883 Austria Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The Czech writer Frank Kafka is born in Prague; he dies in Klosterneuburg, Austria, in 1924. 1883 Egypt Travelling Arriving in Egypt as diplomatic agent and Consul-General of Britain, Sir Evelyn Baring’s (Lord Cromer’s) first task is to demand that Khedive Muhammad Tawfiq should abandon Sudan. Tawfiq consents reluctantly, but having done so he then does everything he can to ensure success of the policy that Baring has been sent to carry out. 1883 Portugal Travelling Date Country Theme A Commission of Cartography is created to prepare an atlas of all Portuguese colonies and map three expeditions to Africa. The first expedition (1884–85), undertaken by Roberto Ivens and Hermenegildo Capelo, starts in Moçâmedes in Angola (in present-day Namibia) aiming to reach to the east coast. The expedition members would face risks from hunger, cold, harsh nature, the wildlife and the tsetse fly. 1883 - 1889 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Imperial Chancellor Otto von Bismarck initiates German social laws and the basic system for a modern social state. 1883 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts Opening of the School of Fine Arts (Sanâyi-i Nefise Mektebi) by Osman Hamdi Bey. It consists of sections for painting, sculpture and architecture. 1883 Turkey Rediscovering The Past Osman Hamdi Bey, Ottoman administrator and archaeologist excavates in Nemrud. Publication of his book Le Tumulus de Nemroud-Dagh. 1883 Turkey Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Nam#k Kemal writes Renan Müdafanamesi (Critique of Renan), a book on Islam and science. 1883 Austria Political Context In October, the Austrian Emperor Franz Josef concludes a secret alliance with the Hohenzollern King of Romania, Carol I, against Russia. 1884 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces 12 October: Timi#oara is the first European city where electric street lighting is introduced not only on some streets, but also across the entire city. An electric plant is built and 731 incandescent lamps with coal filament installed, covering an area of 10 km2. 1884 Romania Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Date Country Theme The inauguration of the first railway line (Buz#u–M#r##e#ti) designed and built by Romanian engineers. 1884 France Reforms And Social Changes Unionism (“workers’ and employers professional associations”) becomes legal in France. 1884 - 1885 Italy Great Inventions Of The 19th Century First experiments of electric street lighting in Turin and Milan. 1884 Italy International Exhibitions The General Italian Exhibition in Turin attracts 3 million visitors. 1884 - 1885 Italy Reforms And Social Changes Cholera epidemic causes 7,000 deaths in Naples and 2,500 in Palermo (out of a total 21,000 deaths). The government starts programmes of urban renewal in Naples and other towns (the most effective tool to prevent new epidemics). 1884 Serbia Political Context The first Serbian railway and railway bridge is built in Belgrade. 1884 Serbia Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The first Serbian railway and railway bridge is built in Belgrade. Date Country Theme 1884 - 1885 Portugal Political Context Berlin Conference called by Portugal to regulate European colonisation and convened by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. The Portuguese government presents the "Pink Map”, a project uniting the colonies of Angola and Mozambique through the corridor of land that separates them. The proposal is rejected by England although endorsed by the majority of countries. 1884 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Estacio Pharmacy in Porto founded in 1883 starts to produce the first pills for medication. The preparation of manipulated medicines in the apothecaries of the Catholic monasteries and convents (Boticas de Convento) is replaced by the production of medicines by laboratory pharmacies. 1884 - 1888 Portugal Travelling The Muatiânvua Expedition to Angolan’s Lunda territory led by Major Henrique de Carvalho provides exceptional scientific data on meteorology, zoology, ethnography and linguistics and photographic records. This second great expedition aims to counter the diversion of trade from Malanje to Zaire implemented by other colonial countries. 1884 - 1890 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Gottlieb Daimler develops the petrol engine and Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel engine. 1884 Germany Reforms And Social Changes The goal in founding the Society for German Colonization was to acquire colonial territories overseas. 1884 - 1885 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Germany establishes protectorates in south-west Africa, Cameroon, Togo, East Africa and New Guinea. 1884 Turkey Reforms And Social Changes 7 May: An industrial school for girls is opened in #stanbul. 1885 Romania Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Date Country Theme 8 May: The renowned Romanian soprano Hariclea Darclée makes her debut at the Paris Opéra, as Marguerite in Charles Gounod’s Faust. 1885 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces After the 1884–85 cholera epidemic hits Naples (the fourth cholera epidemic hitting the city since 1835), the government starts a redevelopment plan to clear Naples of slums and improve its sewerage and water systems. Similar renewal plans will be extended to other cities. 1885 Egypt Economy And Trade Alexandria’s Futures Market is one of the oldest in the world. The first recorded local cotton transaction takes place in 1885 in Café de l’Europe on the Place des Consuls, later renamed Muhammad ‘Ali Square. It is here that cotton merchants meet and cut deals based on supply and demand for the long staple, Karnak and Menuf, or the short to medium staple, Ashmuni, Giza and Zagora. Over the years, deals extend to cottonseed varieties such as Hull, Afifi and Sakellaridis. 1885 - 1889 Egypt Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The singer Salama Hijazi turns to acting with the Kirdahi and al-Haddad troupes. Through his contributions, many musical theatre troupes emerge such as Aziz Eed, Naguib al-Rihani and ‘Ali al-Kassar. As one of the first artists to travel abroad, Hijazi achieves worldwide acclaim for his musical and theatrical works. Warmly welcomed in Italy, Syria and Tunisia, he is granted awards of appreciation by many international governments. Hijazi’s statue stands at the Museum of Napoli. 1885 Spain Political Context Death of King Alfonso XII. Alfonso XIII born posthumously. Pacto de El Pardo: agreement between liberals and conservatives to rule the country by turns. Regency of Queen María Cristina until 1902 when King Alfonso XIII comes of age. 1885 Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) Fine And Applied Arts The earliest portrait in Macedonian art that is not part of religious depiction, a portrait of a child is painted by Dimitar Andonov of Papradishte (1859–1954). Dimitar Andonov was one of the last Macedonian “zographs” (icon painters) and the founder of Macedonian profane art. 1885 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme O Grupo Do Leão painted by Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro is a landmark in 19thcentury painting both for its quality and for its subject matter. The depicted group of artists in the Leão beer house were linked to the Portuguese Naturalist and Realist painting movement. This work became famous and marked the beginning of a period of great artistic activity. 1885 Portugal International Exhibitions “Exposition Universelle”, Antwerp. Sponsored by the Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa and Banco Nacional Ultramarino, the Portuguese Pavilion reflects a strong Islamic influence. 1885 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The birth of Guilhermina Suggia (d. 1950). This great Portuguese cellist was a pupil of Pablo Casals, with whom she lived for some years. The two were considered the world’s greatest cellists. She played as a soloist with prestigious orchestras. She devoted the last years of her life to teaching but continued to give concerts. 1885 Portugal Travelling 21 June: the expedition of Roberto Ivens and Hermenegildo Capelo reaches Quelimane, Mozambique, after 14 months. Throughout their 8,300 km expedition across the African hinterland, Ivens wrote and drew sketches and maps, while Capelo collected specimens of plants, rocks and animals. The constant desertions and sickness and death of the bearers increased the danger and uncertainty. 1885 Portugal Travelling 20 September: After their return to Lisbon a triumphal reception was offered to Capelo and Ivens by several Portuguese associations. During the solemn session organised by the Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa (SGL) at the Teatro Real de S. Carlos, following their lectures, the explorers receive the SGL gold medal from King Luís I. 1885 - 1887 Portugal Travelling The third great expedition, undertaken by Serpa Pinto and Augusto Cardoso, aims to establish a trade corridor between the eastern region of lakes, and the coast of Mozambique. Major Serpa Pinto fell ill and was replaced by Augusto Cardoso who reached Quelimane after a journey of 2,500 km lasting 20 months, during which some agreements were signed with African chiefs. 1885 Lebanon Cities And Urban Spaces Date Country Theme Part of the Old Serail in Zahlé is used to house the local prison, with severe overcrowding. The prison was moved to a better location in 2009. Still known as the Old Serail, the restored monument today serves as the Town Hall and houses the offices of the municipality and a museum illustrating Zahlé’s history. 1886 Tunisia Travelling Muhammad Sadiq Bey on a visit to Algiers is received by Napoleon III. 1886 Italy Reforms And Social Changes Legislation passed prohibiting children under the age of 9 from working in factories and mines and those under the age of 12 from working at night. 1886 Greece Fine And Applied Arts Nikolaos Gyzis, one of Greece’s most important 19th-century painters, becomes professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. 1886 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces Completion of the construction of Avenida da Liberdade in Lisbon. Engineer Frederico Ressano Garcia (1847–1911) followed Joseph Pezarat’s plans. Inspired by Haussmann’s Parisian boulevards, Avenida da Liberdade is testimony to the economic boom of the Fontismo period, with new residential areas built for investment and profit. 1886 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Opening of D. Luís I road bridge over the Douro River in Porto. At the time this iconic bridge held the record for the longest iron arch in the world (180 m.) It was a huge advance for the urban traffic network since it allowed a road connection between Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia over the Douro. 1886 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Date Country Theme Augusto Hilário (1864–96), the quintessential fado singer of Coimbra, enrols at the University of Coimbra and became a symbol of “Coimbra Serenade”. "Fado Hilário" is his best known work as a composer and writer. 1886 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler invent the modern automobile. Since 1886 Germany Travelling Seven weeks after the death of King Ludwig II in 1886, Neuschwanstein Castle – built in order that the king could withdraw from public life – opened to the public. 1886 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts 26 February: Mihri Mü#fik Han#m, one of the first female painters of renown, is born. 1887 France Travelling The birth of the French Riviera, originally frequented by wealthy English patrons. 1887 Italy Economy And Trade Adoption of a protectionist policy aimed at boosting industrial development. 1887 Italy Economy And Trade Federation of Italian Cooperatives is funded (from 1893 known as the League of Cooperatives). 1887 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion After long silence, Verdi composes a new opera on a text by Arrigo Boito: Othello, based on Shakespeare’s tragedy. In Othello, Verdi adopts a more fluent narrative structure that goes beyond the traditional division into separate units (arias, duets, concertatos, choirs). Date Country Theme 1887 Egypt Cities And Urban Spaces El-Hakaneia Palace on Manshieh Square in Alexandria is designed by Alfonso Maniscalco in the Beaux-Arts tradition. Constructed as the seat of the “Mixed Tribunals” the building is still used as a courthouse today. 1887 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Publication of A Relíquia (The Relic) by Eça de Queirós. The novel criticises the hypocrisy of the Portuguese society. 1887 Portugal Travelling The Naval Academy is founded for teaching and research on Portuguese tropical medicine. Its purpose is to provide access to tropical medicine for general medical students and as a specialty for naval doctors. The Academy had a small laboratory for some diagnostic tests. 1887 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Emil Berliner invents the phonograph. 1887 Lebanon Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The foundation, under Wassa Pasha’s rule, of the port of Beirut on the eastern part of the Saint George Bay on Beirut’s northern Mediterranean cost, west of Beirut River. It is one of the largest and busiest ports on the eastern Mediterranean. 1887 Turkey Rediscovering The Past Osman Hamdi Bey excavates in Saida. 1888 Austria Reforms And Social Changes Austria’s Legislation is passed for the mandatory insurance of workers (employees). 1888 - 1889 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces Date Country Theme Construction of Piazza Esedra (now Piazza della Repubblica) in Rome, designed by Gaetano Koch. The newly built palaces with porticos around the square are opposite the Terme di Diocleziano (Baths of Diocletian) and connect the area of Termini railway station to via Nazionale, providing an attractive entrance to the city. 1888 - 1890 Italy Economy And Trade Tariff war with France. 1888 Italy Migrations The first law on migration introduces measures aimed at preventing a married woman from migrating without her husband’s consent; at preventing men to migrate to avoid military service; and at granting migrants some protection against abuses. 1888 Italy Reforms And Social Changes First comprehensive law on health services. 1888 Austria Cities And Urban Spaces The Burgtheater (National Theatre) moves from its former residence at the Hofburg (Imperial Castle) to purpose-built premises at the Ringstrasse. 1888 Spain Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Building of a submarine (aparato de profundidades) designed by a naval officer, Isaac Peral. The boat (22 x 2.87 metres) is driven by electric engines and has a periscope and three torpedos. In spite of a successful test, the Spanish Navy decides not to put the prototype into production. 1888 Spain International Exhibitions The Barcelona Universal Exhibition held in the Parc de la Ciutadella from April to December attracts exhibitors from 22 countries and more than two million visitors. Date Country Theme The park displays monuments in the Modernismo/Modernisme and Neo-Mudéjar styles. 1888 Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) Migrations A movement to awaken national awareness leads to the establishment of many independent associations of Macedonian emigrants, such as the Macedonian Literary Society established by Gjorgji Pulevski in Sofia in 1888. 1888 Portugal International Exhibitions Portuguese Industrial Exhibition in Avenida da Liberdade in Lisbon. 1888 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Publication of Os Maias by Eça de Queirós. A mature romance and perhaps his best known. Focused on the saga of the Maia family through three generations, it debates the issue of the country’s destiny, in the context of the Constitutionalist ennobled bourgeoisie, whose good intentions end up capsizing. 1888 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Birth of Fernando Pessoa (d. 1935) is the classic author of Portuguese modernism. His books are published under different names, which he called heteronyms (not pseudonyms), each one corresponding to a cycle of experimental attitudes, which unfold in contradictions. 1888 Portugal Travelling The neo-Manueline Palace of Bussaco, modelled on the Manueline Belém Tower of Lisbon is commissioned by King Carlos I as a royal retreat. It combines the architectural fashion of castle romanticism (German Burgenromantik) with the neoManueline gothic style that evokes the Portuguese Discoveries. 1888 Germany Rediscovering The Past Date Country Theme Julius Stinde writes Frau Buchholz im Orient. He has already documented the cities of Cairo, Jerusalem, Athens, and Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). 1888 Turkey Economy And Trade The Agricultural Bank (Ziraat Bankas#) is founded as the first state-funded bank of the empire. 1888 Turkey Travelling 12 August: Direct rail connection is established between Paris and #stanbul. 1889 Romania International Exhibitions The two Romanian pavilions at the International Exposition in Paris – a restaurant and a pavilion for wine tasting – are built by architect Ion Mincu, who uses elements of traditional rustic Romanian architecture. 1889 France International Exhibitions The Exposition universelle of 1889 in Paris is the tenth registered World Fair held from 6 May to 31 October. It commemorates the French Revolution on the occasion of its centenary. The Eiffel Tower is built for this Expo. 1889 France Political Context The World Fair in Paris showcases the development of the latest industrial processes, and the Eiffel Tower is constructed for it. 1889 Italy Rediscovering The Past Establishment of the National Roman Museum, in the stunning structure of the Terme di Diocleziano (Baths of Diocletian) in Rome. 1889 Italy Rediscovering The Past Date Country Theme Establishment of the Museum of the pre-Roman Antiquities of Latium in the 16thcentury Villa Giulia, in Rome. The museum would be later renamed the National Etruscan Museum. 1889 Greece Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Founding of the first commercial unit for electricity in Athens. The Royal Palace was the first building in the capital to benefit from electric lighting. 1889 Austria Cities And Urban Spaces The Deutsche Volkstheater (German People’s Theatre) opens in Vienna. 1889 Austria Reforms And Social Changes The Social Democratic Party is founded during the Hainfeld Congress. 1889 Portugal Political Context 10 October: Coronation of King Carlos I (28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908) Despite the King’s attempt to reform the political system, the growing urban influence of the Republican Party and the people´s discontent were fostered by cash payments made to the Royal House. 1889 Portugal International Exhibitions At the Paris “Exposition Universelle” Bordalo Pinheiro’s (1846–1905) famous ceramics decorating the interior of the Portuguese Pavilion are a main attraction for the cosmopolitan visitor. 1889 France Fine And Applied Arts The inauguration of the Eiffel Tower and the use of iron in architectural structures. 1889 Turkey International Exhibitions Although the Ottoman government does not participate in the 1889 Paris Exhibition, the architecture of the Sultan Ahmed Fountain (from the Vienna Exhibition in 1873) is recycled in the exhibition in the Pavilion of Turkish Tobacco. Date Country Theme 1890 France Reforms And Social Changes On 1 May, Labour Day is celebrated for the first time. 1890 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The Cavalleria rusticana by Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945) has a great success, marking the beginning of verismo (Italian realism) in music, which intends to portray the world of peasants and the poor through strong and passionate drama. The singing style changes radically, leaving behind the aesthetics of bel canto and turning to reciting, even shouting, and spoken parts in the most exciting dramatic moments. 1890 Italy Reforms And Social Changes For the first time, trade unions organise celebrations for May Day as the International Worker’s Day. 1890 Egypt Reforms And Social Changes The Alexandria Sporting Club is built; it is one of the oldest clubs in Egypt. 1890 Spain Reforms And Social Changes Suffrage established for men aged 25 years and above. Although the 1812 Constitution had theoretically established “universal” suffrage for men, during most of the 19th century it had been limited to men above a certain economic level. It was not until 1931, under the Second Republic, that the suffrage became truly universal, including women. 1890 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces Date Country Theme The railway station of Rossio (Lisbon) designed by the Portuguese architect José Luís Monteiro, begun in 1886 and inaugurated on 23 November of 1890. Located in the historical centre, the Rossio station follows the neo-Manueline architectural style and is an important building of the 19th-century late Romantic style. 1890 Germany Reforms And Social Changes Emperor Wilhelm II dismisses Bismarck; and so begins the era of the emperor’s personal regiment. 1890 Lebanon Cities And Urban Spaces Khan Antun Bey Square evolves after the construction of the great Ottoman jetty and quays from 1890 that changes the design of the urban area. 1890 Turkey Great Inventions Of The 19th Century 16 September: Sailing frigate Ertu#rul sinks while returning from a goodwill voyage to Japan off the coast of Oshima in a typhoon that kills all but 69 of its 609 crew. 1890 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts Müfide Kadri is born (d. 1912). One of the early female painters, she took private classes from Osman Hamdi Bey.
