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Lab starts this week—NS 017 Bring lab manual to lab Do Prelab 1 before you go! Ancient civilizations believed that Earth was at the center of the universe—GEOCENTRIC MODEL Age of Reason beginning to recognize Sun is center of Solar System—HELIOCENTRIC MODEL Age of Technology exploring wide reaches of the universe 5th century B.C. Moon is a sphere lighted by Sun •http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Anaxagoras.html 4th century BC Earth is a sphere 3rd century BC Mathemetician Placed Sun at center with Earth orbiting it •http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/aristotle.html •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes#Measurement_of_the_Earth 2nd century AD Copies of works survive to this day T Translated l t d tto Arabic early, to Latin in 13th century Mars usually moves across sky west to east Occasionally appears to move east to west Occurs when Earth is ‘passing’ Mars •http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Experimental/vatican.exhibit/exhibit/full-images/d-mathematics/math21.gif 1 Earth would fly apart if it rotated on an axis Moon would be left behind if Earth orbited Sun Since God created Earth and Sun and all the heavenly bodies, Earth is the center of the universe Thought Earth was the unmoving center Earth rotates on an axis, instead of everything orbiting Earth Earth orbits Sun like the planets, so it a planet too “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres”, 1543 http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/copernicus.html Translated into Latin in 13th century Influenced intellectual thought for centuries Detailed observations of movement of planets http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.html His careful observations and records are his most important legacy http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.3.html http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.1.html http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.2.html 2 Discounted Copernicus model because he could not discern stellar parallax It does exist, he didn’t have tools to see it Tycho’s assistant and successor Used Tycho’s data to determine planetary orbits are elliptical Orbit of planet is ellipse Sun at one Focus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Johannes_Kepler.jpg http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.4.html p2=d3 p=Period (time to orbit Sun) in Earth years d=Distance in Astronomical Units: 1 A.U.=distance from Earth to Sun Equal areas in equal time intervals accounts for the uneven speeds Strong supporter of Copernican model of planetary movement Built u lt 30x 30 telescopes (from descriptions of the devices) and looked at planets and Moon starting in 1609 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei#Technology Telescope used to see that another body in solar system is a center of orbital movement These moons are not left behind, and Earth’s Moon is not either 3 Explained the orbital motion of planets as the interaction of inertia and gravity Invented the calculus to simplify his calculations of motion When viewed by telescope, planets look like discs, not points of light as stars do Jupiter has moons Venus has phases Moon’s surface has texture Sun rotates on an axis Sun is at the center of the solar system Published by Copernicus Supported by Galileo’s telescopic observations of Jupiter and Venus Kepler determined orbits are ellipses Newton determined orbits created by interaction of inertia and gravity 1851 Supports that Earth does rotate on its axis—Copernicus’ hypothesis 4