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Grade
8
L.8.1.a The Function of VERBALS
Gerunds, Participles and Infinitives
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Essential Questions
What is the function of a verbal? What is the function of a gerund?
What is the function of a participle?
What is the function of an infinitive? ©Kim Kroll TeachersPayTeachers
CCSS.ELA-­‐Literacy.L.8.1.a
Explain the function of verbals (gerunds, participles, infinitives) in general and their function in particular sentences.
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Quick Review:
What is a verb?
A verb is an action word. Let’s think of a few examples.
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Scream, do,
work, eat,
challenge,
energize, drink,
exercise, turn,
be, run, shake,
fidget, write,
cook…
Excellent!
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So, what is a
verbal ?
A verbal is formed from a verb but acts as a different part of speech.
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Each verbal is often part of a phrase.
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Let’s take a look at
example sentences that
have verbs and verbals.
Remember: A verbal is formed from a verb but acts as a different part of speech.
Tip: Locate the verb first. The other verb is often part of the verbal!
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Example 1
VERBAL
Screaming at the phone, Margo ran into a
wall.
verb
Remember: A verbal is formed from a verb but acts as a different part of speech.
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Example 2
VERBAL
To do the same thing over is just
crazy!
verb
Remember: A verbal is formed from a verb but acts as a different part of speech.
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Example 3
VERBAL
Working diligently, Margo made enough
money to buy dinner.
verb
Remember: A verbal is formed from a verb but acts as a different part of speech.
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There are three types of verbals: • Gerunds • Infinitives
• Participles Could we look at these one at a time… slowly?!?
Great idea!
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#1 Gerund
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.
The gerund uses the ending –ing. A gerund acts as a noun.
Memory Trick:
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Gerund
-­‐ing noun
Examples of Gerunds
Dancing like a ballerina is my
goal.
Memory Trick:
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Gerund
-­‐ing Acts as noun
Examples of Gerunds
Gerund
Dancing like a ballerina is my goal.
verb
Memory Trick:
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Gerund
-­‐ing noun
Examples of Gerunds
verb
Charlene denied eating the cake.
Gerund
Memory Trick:
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Gerund
-­‐ing noun
GERUND:
Your Turn
Whistling is a hobby enjoyed by
Scout.
Locate the verb. Then, locate the gerund.
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Memory Trick:
. Gerund
-­‐ing noun
That’s right!
verb
Whistling is a hobby enjoyed by
GERUND
Scout.
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GERUND:
Your Turn
Acting like a sleuth will help you find
a gerund.
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That’s right!
GERUND
Acting like a sleuth will help you find
a gerund.
Memory Trick:
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Gerund
-­‐ing noun
GERUND REVIEW:
.
The gerund uses the ending –ing. A gerund acts as a noun.
Memory Trick:
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Gerund
-­‐ing noun
#2 Infinitive
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The Infinitive uses the word “to” plus a verb.
The infinitive can act as a
noun or an adjective
Note: The infinitive can also be used as an
adverb, but we are not including this rare
occurrence in today’s lesson.
Memory Trick:
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2 + Verb = Infinitive
Examples of Infinitives Infinitive
To blow bubbles during class is a
serious form of disrespect.
verb
Memory Trick:
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2 + Verb = Infinitive
Examples of Infinitives Infinitive
The person to see is Larry.
verb
Memory Trick:
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2 + Verb = Infinitive
Infinitive:
Your Turn
To bake a cake is harder than it looks.
Locate the verb. Then, locate the infinitive.
Memory Trick:
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2 + Verb = Infinitive
That’s right!
Infinitive.
To bake a cake is harder than it looks.
Memory Trick:
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2 + Verb = Infinitive
Infinitive:
Your Turn
I just want to read a book!
Locate the verb. Then, locate the infinitive.
Memory Trick:
. 2 + Verb = Infinitive
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Infinitive:
Your Turn
Infinitive.
I just want to read a book!
Memory Trick:
. 2 + Verb = Infinitive
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INFINITIVE REVIEW:
The Infinitive uses the word “to” plus a verb.
The infinitive can act as a noun, adjective
or adverb.
Memory Trick:
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2 + Verb = Infinitive
#3 Participle
Memory Trick:
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Participle/ Participle
adjective
Particijective
The Participle can use -­‐ing, -­‐en, or –ed.
The infinitive acts as an
adjective.
Why didn’t they just call it an adjectiverbal-­‐ or Particijective?
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Examples of Participles
The basket, tattered and broken, was
thrown out.
Participle
verb
Memory Trick:
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Particijective
Examples of Participles
Participle
Wailing loudly, the girl ran for her
life.
verb
Memory Trick:
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Particijective
Participle:
Your Turn
Frightened and shaking, the tiger cub
huddled in a corner.
Locate the verb. Then, locate the participle.
Memory Trick:
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Particijective
That’s right!
Participle.
Frightened and shaking, the tiger cub
huddled in a corner.
Memory Trick:
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Particijective
Participle:
Your Turn
My ankle, broken and bruised,
throbbed with pain.
Locate the verb. Then, locate the participle.
Memory Trick:
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Particijective
That’s right!
Participle.
My ankle, broken and bruised,
throbbed with pain.
Memory Trick:
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Particijective
Let’s review!
What is a verbal?
What is a gerund? What is an infinitive? What is a participle? ©Kim Kroll TeachersPayTeachers
Vocabulary Review:
• Verbal-­‐ a word that combines characteristics of a verb with those of a noun or adjective
• Gerund-­‐ a verbal noun that expresses an incomplete action
• Infinitive-­‐ a verbal that is used with to, and performs some functions of a noun or an adjective
• Participle-­‐ a verbal form used as an adjective ©Kim Kroll TeachersPayTeachers
The Gerund CLUE:
Gerald Und Is Now Going to use “ing” as a noun.
Oh!
Gerald Und’s
nickname is
“Gerund.” Cool.
And the word “is now going” starts with the letters I, N, and G! I get it!
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The Infinitive CLUE:
2 + verb =
infinity
Oh!
The number 2
stands for “to”!
And the word “infinity” represents “Infinitive.” I get it!
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The Participle CLUE:
party needs an adjective ending in –ing, -­‐ed That or –en!
Oh!
And the rest of the The word “party” is
sentence describes a short for participle!
participle. I get it!
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Activity 2
Create sentences using the three different verbals. To CHALLENGE yourself, create all sentences using the same topic. Example Topic: Robbery
GERUND: Robbing a house is NOT worth going to
jail!
PARTICIPLE: Kicking and screaming, the burglar was
hauled to the station.
INFINITIVE: I was trying to prevent the robbery!
Topic Ideas: passing a class, state fair, vegetables, sitcoms, technology, poetry,
bathtubs, gophers, trains, New York, lacrosse, turtles, peanuts, flu
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