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Afrikaans Style Guide Contents What's New? .................................................................................................................................... 4 New Topics ................................................................................................................................... 4 Updated Topics ............................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 5 About This Style Guide ................................................................................................................ 5 Scope of This Document .............................................................................................................. 5 Style Guide Conventions .............................................................................................................. 5 Sample Text ................................................................................................................................. 6 Recommended Reference Material ............................................................................................. 7 Normative References .............................................................................................................. 7 Informative References ............................................................................................................. 7 Language Specific Conventions ...................................................................................................... 9 Country/Region Standards ........................................................................................................... 9 Characters ................................................................................................................................ 9 Date ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Time ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Numbers ................................................................................................................................. 13 Sorting ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Geopolitical Concerns ................................................................................................................ 20 Grammar, Syntax & Orthographic Conventions ......................................................................... 21 Adjectives ................................................................................................................................ 21 Articles .................................................................................................................................... 21 Capitalization .......................................................................................................................... 22 Compounds............................................................................................................................. 23 Gender .................................................................................................................................... 24 Genitive ................................................................................................................................... 26 Modifiers ................................................................................................................................. 26 Nouns ...................................................................................................................................... 26 Prepositions ............................................................................................................................ 28 Pronouns ................................................................................................................................. 29 Punctuation ............................................................................................................................. 30 Singular & Plural ..................................................................................................................... 32 Split Infinitive ........................................................................................................................... 33 Subjunctive ............................................................................................................................. 33 Symbols & Non-Breaking Spaces........................................................................................... 33 Syntax ..................................................................................................................................... 33 Verbs ....................................................................................................................................... 34 Word Order ............................................................................................................................. 36 Style and Tone Considerations .................................................................................................. 36 Audience ................................................................................................................................. 36 Style ........................................................................................................................................ 37 Tone ........................................................................................................................................ 37 Voice ....................................................................................................................................... 38 Localization Guidelines .................................................................................................................. 39 General Considerations ............................................................................................................. 39 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 39 Accessibility ............................................................................................................................ 40 Acronyms ................................................................................................................................ 40 Applications, Products, and Features ..................................................................................... 42 Frequent Errors ....................................................................................................................... 43 Glossaries ............................................................................................................................... 44 Fictitious Information ............................................................................................................... 45 Recurring Patterns .................................................................................................................. 45 Standardized Translations ...................................................................................................... 45 Unlocalized Items.................................................................................................................... 45 Using the Word Microsoft ....................................................................................................... 45 Software Considerations ............................................................................................................ 45 User Interface ......................................................................................................................... 46 Messages ................................................................................................................................ 48 Keys ........................................................................................................................................ 52 Document Translation Considerations ....................................................................................... 56 Titles ....................................................................................................................................... 56 Copyright ................................................................................................................................. 56 What's New? Last Updated: February 2011 New Topics The following topics were added: n/a Updated Topics The following topics were updated: Another resource was added, without which a translator's library is incomplete, being "Skryf Afrikaans van A tot Z" ,(see details in resource list). 4 Introduction This Style Guide went through major revision in February 2011 in order to remove outdated and unnecessary content. It contains information pertaining to all Microsoft products and services. About This Style Guide The purpose of this Style Guide is to provide everybody involved in the localization of Afrikaans Microsoft products with Microsoft-specific linguistic guidelines and standard conventions that differ from or are more prescriptive than those found in language reference materials. These conventions have been adopted after considering context based on various needs, but above all, they are easy to follow and applicable for all types of software to be localized. The Style Guide covers the areas of formatting, grammatical conventions, as well as stylistic criteria. It also presents the reader with a general idea of the reasoning behind the conventions. The present Style Guide is a revision of our previous Style Guide version with the intention of making it more standardized, more structured, and easier to use as a reference. The guidelines and conventions presented in this Style Guide are intended to help you localize Microsoft products and materials. We welcome your feedback, questions and concerns regarding the Style Guide. You can send us your feedback via the Microsoft Language Portal feedback page. Scope of This Document This Style Guide is intended for the localization professional working on Microsoft products. It is not intended to be a comprehensive coverage of all localization practices, but to highlight areas where Microsoft has preference or deviates from standard practices for Afrikaans localization. Style Guide Conventions In this document, a plus sign (+) before a translation example means that this is the recommended correct translation. A minus sign (-) is used for incorrect translation examples. In Microsoft localization context, the word term is used in a slightly untraditional sense, meaning the same as e.g. a segment in Trados. The distinguishing feature of a term here is that it is translated as one unit; it may be a traditional term (as used in terminology), a phrase, a sentence, or a paragraph. References to interface elements really only refer to translatable texts associated with those interface elements. Example translations in this document are only intended to illustrate the point in question. They are not a source of approved terminology. Always check for approved translation in the Microsoft terminology database. 5 Sample Text Tel. (039) 441-6347 (W) Boomstraat 12 NUWELAND 7700 12 Januarie 2010 Mnr. P.J. von Bezerk TshwaneMetroraad Posbus 10810 BRUISVILLE 2017 Meneer AANSOEK OM BETREKKING: INTERNE VERTALER In reaksie op u advertensie in Beeld (7 Desember 1999) doen ek hiermee graag aansoek om die bogenoemde betrekking. In paragraaf twee kom die aansoeker se opleiding en kwalifikasies ter sprake, asook waar hy/sy studeer het en wat sy/haar hoogste kwalifikasies is. Datums moet ook genoem word asook watter tale die aansoeker magtig is. Indien die aansoeker tans werk het (en indien nie, verwys na vorige ondervinding), moet melding daarvan gemaak word (waar en hoe lank) en wat die besoldiging is. Sou die voornemende werkgewer dit vereis, kan die aansoeker hier noem watter salaris hy/sy verlang. Nou moet die aansoeker na die advertensie verwys en die persoonlike besonderhede wat vereis word aanvul, t.w. kan onder druk werk, dra kennis van die media, ouderdom, besit motor/bestuurderslisensie, ens. Sou die aansoeker oor ander bevoegdhede beskik waarna daar nie gevra word nie, maar wat die voornemende werknemer ‘n vollediger beeld van die aansoeker gee, kan paragraaf vyf hiervoor gebruik word (bv. Dra kennis van kopieregte, goeie fotograaf, lid van ‘n organisasie soos SAVI, kerkbywoning, ens.). Vind hierby aangeheg gewaarmerkte kopieë van my sertifikate en ‘n getuigskrif van (moenie meer as vier byvoeg nie, plaas dit in ‘n genommerde lys): Naam, posisie en kontakbesonderhede (e-posadres, telefoon- en faksnommer). Terloops kan die belangrikheid van ‘n ordentlike curriculum vitae nie oorbeklemtoon word nie. Dit moet saamgestel word met die voornemende werknemer in gedagte. ‘n Aansoekbrief soos hierdie een (wat liefs 6 getik as met die hand geskryf moet wees) gee die voornemende werknemer net in breë trekke ‘n idee van die aansoeker. Ek vertrou dat my aansoek gunstig oorweeg sal word en sien uit daarna om van u te hoor. Die uwe W ILFREDMILES Geskep op 28 Januarie 2011 om10:52. Source: Kunsmatig aangepas uit: Carstens, W.A.M. 2003 Norme vir Afrikaans Pretoria: Van Schaik Uitgewers. Recommended Reference Material Use the Afrikaans language and terminology as described and used in the following publications. Normative References These normative sources must be adhered to. Any deviation from them automatically fails a string in most cases. When more than one solution is allowed in these sources, look for the recommended one in other parts of the Style Guide. 1. Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns. 2009. Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls. 10de uitgawe. Kaapstad: Pharos. 10 It is absolutely crucial to follow this source [―Afrikaans spelling list and spelling rules‖ – henceforth AWS ] carefully, consistently and conservatively. Should there ever be differences between spelling and/or orthographic styling (i.e., whether a certain group of lexical elements is written as one word [a compound word] or as separate words), the AWS takes precedence in all cases. This is particularly true of the Cyber Dictionary/Kuberwoordeboek (Protea: 2006), in which several errors in this respect occur. 2. The MS glossaries prepared for this Windows 7 localization and translation project. Informative References These sources are meant to provide supplementary information, background, comparison, etc. 1. Viljoen, HC (ed.), Du Plooy, NF and Murray, S. 2006. Kuberwoordeboek/Cyber Dictionary (AfrikaansEnglish/English-Afrikaans).Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. 2. Nasionale Vakterminologiediens. 1989. Woordeboek van biblioteekkundige, inligtingkundige en verwante terme/Dictionary of library science, information science and related terms. Pretoria: Staatsdrukker. 3. Du Plessis, M (red.). 2005. Pharos Afrikaans-Engels-Engels-Afrikaanse woordeboek. Kaapstad: Pharos. 4. Botha, WJ (hoofred.). 2005. Elektroniese WAT (A–Q). Stellenbosch: Buro van die WAT. 7 OR Botha, WJ (hoofred.). 1955–2009. Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (A–R). Stellenbosch: Buro van die WAT. 5. Odendal, FF, & Gouws, RH (reds.). 2005. HAT: Verklarende handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse taal. 5de uitgawe. Kaapstad: Maskew Miller Longman. OR Odendal, FF, & Gouws, RH (reds.). 2009. e-HAT: verklarende handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse taal. 5de uitgawe. Kaapstad: Maskew Miller Longman. 6. Van Huyssteen, G.B. (hoofred.). 2005. Afrikaanse speltoetser 3.0, Tesourus 1.0, Woordafbreker. Potchefstroom: Sentrum vir Tekstegnologie. 7. Mùller, Dalene. 2003. Skryf Afrikaans van A tot Z.Kaapstad: Pharos. 8. Carstens, WAM. 2003. Norme vir Afrikaans. Pretoria: Van Schaik. 9. De Villiers, M. 1983. Afrikaanse grammatika vir volwassenes. Goodwood: Nasou. 10. De Villiers, M. 1971. Die grammatika van tyd en modaliteit. 2de verbeterde uitgawe. Kaapstad: A.A. Balkema. 11. Botha, T.J.R. 1989. Inleiding tot die Afrikaanse Taalkunde. Pretoria: Academica. 12. Combrink, J, & Spies, J. 1994. SARA: Sakboek van regte Afrikaans. Kaapstad: Tafelberg. 13. Prinsloo, AF, & Odendaal, FF. 1995. Afrikaans op sy beste. Pretoria: JL van Schaik. 8 Language Specific Conventions This part of the style guide contains information about standards specific to Afrikaans. Country/Region Standards Characters Country/region South Africa Lower-case characters a, á, ä, b, c, d, e, ê, ë, é, è, f, g, h, i, î, ï, ì, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, ô, ñ, p, q, r, s, t, u, ø, ù, ö, v, w, x, y, z Upper-case characters A, Á, Ä, B, C, D, E, Ê, Ë, É, È, F, G, H, I, Î, Ï, Í, J, K, L, M, N, O, Ô, Ö, Ó, P, Q, R, S, T, U, Û, Ü, Ú, V, W, X, Y, Z Characters in caseless scripts n/a Extended Latin characters n/a Note on alphabetical order Alphabetical order is not necessarily indicative of sorting order. Total number of characters 41 Unicode codes a (97); A (65); à (224); À (192); ä (228); Ä (196); b (98); B (66); c (99); C (67); d (100); D (68); e (101); E (69); ê (234); Ê (202); ë (235); Ë (203); é (233); É (201); è (232); È (200); f (102); F (70); g (103); G (71); h (104); H (72); i (105); I (73); î (238); Î (206); ï (239); Ï (207); ì (237); Í (205); j (106); J (74); k (107); K (75); l (108); L (76); m (109); M (77); n (110); N (78); o (111); O (79); ó (244); Ô (212); ô (246); Ö (214); ñ (243); Ó (211); p (112); P (80); q (113); Q (81); r (114); R (82); s (115); S (83); t (116); T (84); u (117); U (85); ø (251); Û (219); ù (252); Ü (220); ö (250); Ú (218); v (118); V (86); w (119); W (87); x (120); X (88); y (121); Y (89); z (122); Z (90) Notes Vowels may take other diacritics as well (e.g. â, à, í, ò, ÷) but then mostly in loan words or proper names spelt in their original form. Some additional consonants may be used for the same reasons, e.g. ç, Ç or ð. 9 Date Country/region South Africa Calendar/Era Christian / Common Era First Day of the Week Sunday First Week of the Year Week starting on 1 January Separator - Default Short Date Format yyyy-MM-dd Example 2011-03-17 Default Long Date Format dd-MM-yyyy Example 17-03-2011 Additional Short Date Format 1 yy-MM-dd Example 11-03-17 Additional Short Date Format 2 n/a Example n/a Additional Long Date Format 1 n/a Example n/a Additional Long Date Format 2 n/a Example n/a Leading Zero in Day Field for Short Date Format Yes Leading Zero in Month Field for Short Date Format Yes No. of digits for year for Short Day Format 4 Leading Zero in Day Field Yes 10 Country/region South Africa for Long Date Format Leading Zero in Month Field for Long Date Format Yes Number of digits for year for Long Day Format 4 Date Format for Correspondence dd MMMM yyyy or yyyy-MM-dd Example 17 March 2011 or 2011-03-17 Notes Although Sunday has traditionally been considered the first day of the week there is a tendency to use Monday as the first day, such as for printed calendars. Also, the working week starts on a Monday. (-) d/M/yy or d/M/yyyy[not recommended] (-) 17/3/11 or 17/3/2011[not recommended] d is for day, number of d's indicates the format (d = digits without leading zero, dd = digits with leading zero, ddd = the abbreviated day name, dddd = full day name) Abbreviations in Format Codes M is for month, number of M's gives number of digits. (M = digits without leading zero, MM = digits with leading zero, MMM = the abbreviated name, MMMM = full name) y is for year, number of y's gives number of digits (yy = two digits, yyyy = four digits) Time Country/region South Africa 24 hour format Yes Standard time format HH:mm:ss Standard time format example 03:24:12 Time separator :(colon) Time separator examples 03:24:12 Hours leading zero Yes Hours leading zero example 03:24:12 String for AM designator vm. (9 vm. / 9.30 vm.) 11 Country/region South Africa String for PM designator nm. (6 nm. / 6.15 nm.) The AM/PM designators are still used sometimes (examples above), as is the designator ―h‖ in the 24-hour system (e.g. ―15h30‖). None of these is recommended. Notes Days Country/region: South Africa Day Normal Form Abbreviation Monday Maandag Ma. Tuesday Dinsdag Di. Wednesday Woensdag Wo. Thursday Donderdag Do. Friday Vrydag Vr. Saturday Saterdag Sa. Sunday Sondag So. First Day of Week: Sunday Is first letter capitalized?: Yes Notes: When the date is to appear in a full sentence, it is better to write it out in full too (without comma or year), e.g. Die vergadering sal op Vrydag 20 April plaasvind. Months Country/region:South Africa Month Full Form Abbreviated Form Long Date Vorm January Januarie Jan. Januarie February Februarie Feb. Februarie March Maart Mrt. Maart April April Apr. April May Mei Mei Mei 12 Month Full Form Abbreviated Form Long Date Vorm June Junie Jun. Junie July Julie Jul. Julie August Augustus Aug. Augustus September September Sep. September October Oktober Okt. Oktober November November Nov. November December Desember Des. Desember Is first letter capitalized?: Yes Notes: n/a Numbers Phone Numbers Country/ region International Dialing Code Area Codes Used? Number of Digits – Area Codes Separator Number of Digits – Domestic Digit Groupings – Domestic South Africa 27 Yes 3 Space 10 ### ### #### Country/ region Number of Digits – Local Digit Groupings – Local Number of Digits – Mobile Digit Groupings – Mobile Number of Digits – International Digit Groupings – International South Africa 10 ### ### #### 10 ### ### #### 11 +27 ## ### #### Notes: Area codes are sometimes indicated in brackets, but this is no longer recommended. Addresses Country/region:South Africa Disclaimer: Please note that the information in this entry should under no circumstances be used in examples as fictitious information. Address Format: 13 1. [Title/Honorific] Initials[FirstName] LastName 2. [CompanyName] 3. Address1 4. [Address2] 5. PostalCode City 6. [Country] Example Address: Mnr. AB Smit Beste Rekenaars (Edms.) Bpk. Posbus 1234 0003 Pretoria [Republiek van Suid-Afrika] Local Postal Code Format: xxxx Notes: Instead of initials, first name may be used. PO Box number may be replaced by a street address (and the number of the property appears after the name of the street). Postal code before city name or on line below city name. Country name required only when posted outside South Africa. Currency Country/region South Africa Currency Name South African Rand Currency Symbol R Currency Symbol Position Appears before the amount Positive Currency Format R192,35 Negative Sign Symbol -R Negative Currency Format -R192,35 Decimal Symbol , Number of Digits after Decimal 2 Digit Grouping Symbol Space Number of Digits in Digit Grouping 3 Positive Currency Example R192 000 300,00 14 Negative Currency Example -R192 000 300,00 ISO Currency Code ZAR Currency Subunit Name Cent Currency Subunit Symbol C Currency Subunit Example 56c Digit Groups Country/region: South Africa Decimal Separator:, Decimal Separator Description: Comma Decimal Separator Example: 75,05 Thousand Separator: Space Thousand Separator Description: Space Thousand Separator Example: 1 765 234 Notes:In Afrikaans, the comma is used as a decimal separator (in the currency as well) and a space to separate groups of three digits. This is a legal requirement in South Africa. Measurement Units Metric System Commonly Used?: Yes Temperature: Celsius Category English Translation Abbreviation Linear Measure Kilometer kilometer Km Meter meter M Decimeter n/a n/a Centimeter sentimeter Cm Millimeter millimeter MM Hectoliter hektoliter hℓ Liter liter ℓ Deciliter n/a n/a Centiliter n/a n/a Capacity 15 Category Mass English Units of Measurement English Translation Abbreviation Milliliter milliliter Millilitre Ton ton T Kilogram kilogram Kg Pound pond lb. Gram gram G Decigram n/a n/a Centigram n/a n/a Milligram milligram Mg Inch duim dm. Feet voet vt. Mile myl m. Gallon gelling gell. Notes:The British units of measurement are no longer (officially) used in South Africa, but the names and abbreviations are still known, mainly in a historical context. South Africa uses the metrical system and not the imperial or US system (e.g. yards, inches, pints) still prevalent in the UK and USA. In addition to common measurements such as km, m, cm, mm, and so on, the abbreviations in the following table are used in the product user interface and in technical documentation. Measurement English abbreviation Afrikaans abbreviation Comment/Example Gigabyte GB gig, GG Two options Gigabit GBit Gbis Kilobyte KB kG Kilobit Kbit kbis Megabyte MB meg, MG Megabit MBit Mbis Terabyte TB TG Terabit TBit Tbis Note lower-case k Two options 16 Measurement English abbreviation Afrikaans abbreviation Comment/Example Bits per second Bit/s bis/s Use same type for similar measurements, e.g. frames per second => F/s Megabits per second MBit/s or Mbps Mbis/s, Mbps Kilobits per second KBit/s or Kbps kbis/s, kbps Bytes per second B/s G/s Megabytes per second MB/s MG/s Kilobytes per second KB/s kG/s Note lower-case k Point Pt. pt. No plural vorm Inch ― dm., " " is acceptable in tables, sets of figures, etc., but not in body text. Megahertz MHz MHz Hertz Hz Hz Note lower-case k Use numerals for all measurements. This is true whether the measurement is spelled out, abbreviated, or replaced by a symbol. Numerals are also used for coordinates in tables or worksheets and for numbered sections of documents. Avoid beginning a sentence with a numeral. The default numerical system in South Africa is the metric (SI) system. For detailed information about the styling 10 of numerals and symbols, see Chapter 7 of AWS . Pay particular attention to the use of spaces and hyphens. Note that in South Africa the decimal separator is a comma, and commas should therefore never be used to separate groups of three digits. Note, also, the difference between numbers containing more than three digits and dates (years), on the one hand, and figures on the other. In figures digits are divided in groups of three by means of spaces, e.g. ―1 234 567 kB‖, but ―Stand No. 1234 is for sale‖ and ―In the year 1066 England was invaded‖. English example Afrikaans example Envelope 110x230 mm. (+)Koevert 110 x 230 mm 5x7 photo paper (+)5x7-fotopapier Please type a port number between 1 and 65535. (+)Tik asseblief ‘n poortnommer tussen 1 en 65 535 in. 6 months (+)6 maande 17 Percentages • Ensure that all percentages added together do not add up to more than 100. • Ensure that a percentage decrease is not more than 100. Sorting Sorting rules 1. Capital letters and lowercase letters are equal. No distinction is made between them. However, if two words are spelt exactly the same, but one begins with a capital letter, that one should appear first. 2. The extended characters are treated as separate letters of the alphabet. 3. Accented characters sort after their non-accented counterparts, so á sorts after a. 4. Diacritics are sorted in the following order: á, à, â, ä etc. (acute, grave, caret, dieresis). There are no prescribed rules for this. Different publishers may follow different systems, but consistency in a particular environment is crucial. 5. Non-alphabetical characters (i.e. symbols like @ ! #) sort before the letters of the alphabet. 6. Digits sort after the non-alphabetical characters and before the letters of the alphabet. Character sorting order a (0061); A (0041); à (00E0); À (00C0); ä (00E4); Ä (00C4); b (0062); B (0042); c (0063); C (0043); d (0064); D (0044); e (0065); E (0045); ê (00EA); Ê (00CA); ë (00EB); Ë (00CB); é (00E9); É (00C9); è (00E8); È (00C8); f (0066); F (0046); g (0067); G (0047); h (0068); H (0048); i (0069); I (0049); î (00EE); Î (00CE); ï (00EF); Ï (00CF); ì (00ED); Í (00CD); j (006A); J (004A); k (006B); K (004B); l (006C); L (004C); m (006D); M (004D); n (006E); N (004E); o (006F); O (004F); ó (00F4); Ô (00D4); ô (00F6); Ö (00D6); ñ (00F3); Ó (00D3); p (0070); P (0050); q (0071); Q (0051); r (0072); R (0052); s (0073); S (0053); t (0074); T (0054); u (0075); U (0055); ø (00FB); Û (00DB); ù (00FC); Ü (00DC); ö (00FA); Ú (00DA); v (0076); V (0056); w (0077); W (0057); x (0078); X (0058); y (0079); Y (0059); z (007A); Z (005A) @ 1 Aaron andere ändere chaque chemin Examples of sorted words cote coté cóte cóté čučēt Czech hiša irdisch 18 lävi lie lire llama lõug Lôwen lòza Lùbeck luč luck lye Männer màšta mîr môchten myndig piða pint pylon sämtlich šàran savoir Šerbūra Sietla ślub subtle symbol väga verkehrt vox waffle wood yen yuan yucca 19 ţal ţena Ţenēva zoo Zùrich Zviedrija zysk zzlj zzlz] zznj zznz Geopolitical Concerns Part of the cultural adaptation of the US-product to a specific market is the resolving of geopolitical issues. While the US-product should have been designed and developed with neutrality and a global audience in mind, the localized product should respond to the particular situation that applies within the target country/region. Sensitive issues or issues that might potentially be offensive to the users in the target country/region may occur in any of the following: Maps Flags Country/region, city and language names Art and graphics Cultural content, such as encyclopedia content and other text where historical or political references may occur Some of these issues are relatively easy to verify and resolve: the objective should be for the localizer to always have the most current information available. Maps and other graphic representations of countries/regions and regions should be checked for accuracy and existing political restrictions. Country/region, city and language names change on a regular basis and need to be checked, even if previously approved. A thorough understanding of the culture of the target market is required for checking the appropriateness of cultural content, clip art and other visual representations of religious symbols, body and hand gestures. Guideline As country/region and city names can change, please use the most up-to-date Afrikaans list for every release of your product. 20 Grammar, Syntax & Orthographic Conventions This section includes information on how to apply the general rules of the Afrikaans language to Microsoft products and documentation. Adjectives Should an adjective appear before a noun its function is attributive. If, on the other hand, it appears after the noun, its function is predicative. Example of attributive function: (+) Die duur rekenaar. Example of predicative function: (+) Die berekening lyk ingewikkeld. Possessive adjectives Many error messages in English vary with regard to the use of articles, demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Please be consistent in how you deal with such variation in Afrikaans. While it is possible in Afrikaans to follow the omission of articles and possessive pronouns of the English, it may sound odd at times. Articles (both definite and indefinite) should be retained as far as possible. Avoid the secondperson possessive pronouns as far as possible and replace them with an article, provided, of course, that that the sentence remains idiomatic for the mother-tongue speaker of Afrikaans. English example Afrikaans example Explanation File already exists (+) Die lêer bestaan reeds. In complete sentences, use determiners consistently even if the US string does not. Not enough memory to complete this operation. (+) Geheue onvoldoende om die bewerking te voltooi. No need to use a demonstrative construction, unless it is important in context. Windows Vista cannot start your system. If the problem persists, contact your network administrator. (+) Windows Vista kan nie die stelsel begin nie. As die probleem voortduur, kontak die netwerkadministrateur. Avoid using possessive marker ―your‖ unless ownership is important in context. The file already exists This file already exists Articles General considerations Afrikaans makes use of the indefinite article ― ‘n‖ and ―die‖. The former always appears in the lower case, even at the beginning of sentences, e.g. ‘n Mooi dag. 21 Unlocalized Feature Names Microsoft product names and non-translated feature names are used without definite or indefinite articles in the English language. They are treated in the same way in Afrikaans, e.g."Leer meer oor jou Bluetooth-foon." Localized Feature Names Translated feature names are handled in the same way as unlocalized feature names, they are therefore not used with a definite or indefinite article, e.g. "Leer meer oor Kalender". Articles for English Borrowed Terms When faced with an English loan word previously used in Microsoft products, consider the following options: Motivation: Does the English word have any formally motivated features that would allow a straightforward integration into the noun class system of Afrikaans language? o Names that usually appear in Western script, remain as such, e.g. Bill Gates. Analogy: Is there an equivalent Afrikaans term whose article could be used? Frequency: Is the term used in other technical documentation? If so, what article is used most often? The internet may be a helpful reference here. Example: Loanwords (nouns/terms) are not usually defined by an article, e.g. "HTML-formaat". Capitalization Some strings are concatenated ―at run-time‖ and you will occasionally find strings that seem to lack a subject or simply start in the middle. Be careful not to start such strings with an upper-case letter, unless the spelling rules of your language require it. Example of a string: is trying to connect to this computer. If you allow, you will be disconnected, but you can resume later. Do you want to allow this connection?\r\n 10 The ordinary Afrikaans syntactical use of capital letters should be followed, as set out in Chapter 9 of AWS . This means that normally only the initial word of a sentence and proper nouns are capitalised (subject to the instructions in the paragraphs above). Note, in particular, the following: 1. If a sentence (i.e. either a full sentence or an abbreviated/truncated sentence, but not a concatenated string referred to above) starts with a symbol, number, figure etc., the following word is lower case (except proper nouns). 2. If more than one option (word, phrase) are given as run-ons below an introductory phrase, the run-on options start with a lower-case letter. If, however, the ―list‖ does not consist of run-ons, but merely of ―independent‖ items (typically following ―die volgende:‖ or ―byvoorbeeld:‖), these start with a capital letter. 22 3. Note that an initial indefinite article (‘n) always remains lower case, the following word having an initial capital. Care should be taken not to allow an automatic capitalization function to capitalize the Afrikaans indefinite article ― ‘n ‖ [Eng.: ―a‖] at the beginning of sentences. 4. When a common noun refers to a command, button or something similar, that should retain its capital letters, e.g. ―Indien jy wil voortgaan, klik Ja.‖ or ―Gaan na Opsies om te sien watter keuses daar is.‖ English example Afrikaans example unknown software exception\r\n (+)onbekende programmatuuruitsondering\h\n acquired (+)Verkry Log off user (+)Teken gebruiker af Edit... (+)Redigeer … Many more nouns and verbs are capitalized in the English source string than would normally be expected. You should not try to mimic the capitalization in the source strings, but use your knowledge of the spelling conventions of Afrikaans to decide which words in a string to capitalize and which to leave lower-case. Over-capitalization is 10 awkward and leads to inconsistencies in the UI. Refer to Chapter 9 of AWS . Should an English noun be capitalized in the source string and be translated by two words in the target language, be consistent in capitalizing either both words, or neither word, or capitalize one word and not the other. Be consistent in the application of spelling rules. This is especially important when such a translation consists of or contains Afrikaans phrasal verbs (separable verbs), e.g. ―gaan uit‖ or ―skakel af‖. If a button or command consist of such a verb only, the first part only should be capitalized, e.g. ―Gaan uit‖ or ―Skakel af‖. Compounds Generally, compounds should be understandable and clear to the user. Overly long or complex compounds should be avoided. Keep in mind that unintuitive compounds are ultimately an intelligibility and usability issue. Noun and verb compounds are a frequent word formation strategy in English. Product user interfaces, online help, and documentation contain a number of such examples. However, not all languages use compounding to create complex word meanings. An illustrative list of various types of compounds that may be formed in Afrikaans is provided under 14.3 in 10 AWS . 10 Afrikaans uses compounding extensively to form (new) words. This matter is dealt with in detail in AWS , especially Chapters 12 (Koppeltekens) and 14 (Skryfwyse – los en vas) and various well-cross-referenced places, e.g. 5.6, 7.1 and 7.2. These rules should be followed strictly, consistently and conservatively. 23 Hyphens play an important role in the spelling system of Afrikaans, and special care should be taken with their use. See Ch. 12 (Koppeltekens – ―Hyphens‖) of AWS10. Never use an en dash instead of a hyphen, or a hyphen where an en dash is appropriate. Note that MS Word tends to change a ―place-holder‖ hyphen before a word (i.e. space-hyphen-word in, for instance, ―staatskole en -hospitale‖) to a dash. Care should be taken to prevent this from happening; alternatively, a hard hyphen (Ctrl + Shift + hyphen) should be used. In its normal function of combining word elements, a hyphen should not have a space on either side. For cases where there should be a space before or after a hyphen, see rules 12.24 and 12.25 of AWS10. Special attention should be paid to consistent and systematic hyphen use – under no circumstances should this become a random affair. Consistency is important not only in different occurrences of the same compound word or term, but also different words or terms of the same type. Special attention should be paid to hyphen use in compounds containing an abbreviation or acronym. See for instance 12.8–12.11, AWS10. Hyphens should be used conservatively, but in long compounds (four roots or more) hyphens may be used to enhance readability or comprehensibility at first glance. Care should be taken when inserting this type of hyphen, since its position will influence understanding of the compound by causing semantic ―grouping‖. Note that where AWS10 allows various possibilities in compounds containing proper nouns (14.6–14.12) the hyphenated variant (i.e. proper noun + hyphen + lower-case common noun) is the preferred form for Windows 7. Generally, compounds should be understandable and clear to the user. Overly long or complex compounds should be avoided by verbally expressing the relationship among the various compound components. Keep in mind that unintuitive compounds are ultimately an intelligibility and usability issue. While long(ish) compound nouns are common in Afrikaans, one should always consider the option of paraphrasing, provided it can be done effectively and without too much circumlocution. English examples Afrikaans example Internet Accounts (+)Internetrekening Logon script processing (+)Aantekenskripverwerking Workgroup Administrator (+)Werkgroepadministrateur Internet News Server Name (+)Internetnuus-bedienernaam Gender You should always recognize your audience‘s sensitivity to male and female stereotypes. Instead of stressing gender differences or reinforcing stereotypical distinctions between men and women, use language that is as 24 neutral as possible. The neutral approach also applies to the localization of scenarios, comparisons, examples, illustrations, and metaphors. Create a balance when assigning roles and functions to men and women (active vs. passive roles, leading vs. secondary roles, technical vs. non-technical professions, and so on). Scenarios, pictures, metaphors, and comparisons should be based on areas and attributes common to both genders. Instead of using phrases which mention the two genders separately, use a general term that includes both genders such as ―mense‖, ―gebruikers‖ or ―persone‖. Avoid writing sentences that refer to a single person whose gender is unknown. You can often avoid this situation by rewriting the sentence to make the subject plural. In cases where a reference to a single person is impossible to avoid, use ―hy of sy‖, ―sy of haar‖ or ―hom of haar‖. The language in Microsoft products should, however, sound natural, as if part of a spoken conversation. Also, generally avoid the use of slashes to combine both genders (although sometimes exceptions are made - see table below). Use the following strategies to avoid the use of overtly gender-based expressions: Linguistic method Example Context Use a Neutral noun (+)persoon, leier, spanleier, deskundige, werknemer, gebruiker Concept descriptions, explanations Combine both genders by means of a slash (+)hy/sy, sy/haar, hom/haar Only in exceptional cases such as License Terms, sometimes in tables (headers or column/row titles, for example) Special Afrikaans notes: 1. In Afrikaans, it is NOT acceptable to use a plural pronoun if the antecedent is singular, e.g. ―Die gebruiker moet hulle vergewis van die inhoud van die lisensiekontrak‖ is not acceptable, even though this is increasingly done in English. (The only exception to this rule may occur when the antecedent is nominally singular but notionally plural, e.g. some collective nouns.) Therefore, the use of a plural pronoun with a singular antecedent is not an acceptable way of avoiding gender-specific language. 2. Afrikaans uses the masculine pronoun (hy/sy/hom) to refer to non-human objects, and not the nonpersonal (neuter) pronoun dit, e.g. (+) Die rekenaar werk nie want sy hardeskyf is stukkend. (The PC doesn‘t work because its hard disk is broken) (+) Die motor kan nie ry nie want hy het nie ‘n battery nie.(The car won‘t go because it doesn‘t have a battery.) 25 (+) Die hond het vir hom ‘n skaduplekkie gesoek. (The dog found itself a patch of shade.) The non-personal pronoun ―dit‖ is used, of course, but mostly as sentence or clause subject or object. Please also note that this idiomatic usage of the masculine pronoun concerns grammatical gender and not biological gender. There is therefore no need to try to avoid it because it is (mistakenly) seen as sexist or non-inclusive language. 3. The relative pronoun ―who‖ is translated as ―wat‖ [= ‗that, which‘] irrespective of whether its antecedent is human or non-human, except when the relative pronoun is accompanied by a preposition or the particle ―se‖ (the possessive particle), in which case ―wie‖ [= ‗who, whose‘] is used, e.g. (+) Die program wat gebruik word, is verouderd. (The program that is used is obsolete.) (+) Iemand wat die lisensievoorwaardes oortree, sal… (Someone who does not comply with …) (+) ‘n Gebruiker wat sukkel, kan die hulplyn gebruik. (A user experiencing problems may use the help line.) (+) ‘n Gebruiker wie se rekenaar te klein is, gaan sukkel. (A user whose PC is too small …) (+) Die mense na wie jy soek, is … (The people you‘re looking for are …) Genitive This section does not apply to Afrikaans. Modifiers This section does not apply to Afrikaans. Nouns General considerations Many languages differentiate between different noun classes based on features such as animacy, shape, gender, and so on. English loan words must be integrated into the noun class system of your language. When faced with an English loan word not previously used in Microsoft products, consider the following options: 1. Motivation: Does the English word have any formally motivated features that would allow a straightforward integration into the noun class system of your language? 2. Analogy: Is there an equivalent Afrikaans term that could be used to justify the noun class the noun gets assigned to? 3. Frequency: Is the term used in other technical documentation? If so, what noun class is it assigned to most often? The Internet may be a helpful reference here. If the choice of noun class is left up to you, ensure that you provide consistent translations within the Microsoft product. Please consult with your translation team lead and team members to decide what noun class to assign. 26 Afrikaans does not have noun classes in this sense, nor will it use loan word/terms other than those that are well established in the language and hardly recognized as such any more. English example Afrikaans example Delete it from server. (+)Skrap dit uit die bediener. Enter a password to log into the server (+)Tik ‘n wagwoord in om op die bediener aan te teken. DNS cannot resolve the server IP address (+)DNS kan nie die bediener-IP-adres oplos nie. Verify the name of the server‘s certificate (+)Verifieer die naam van die bedienersertifikaat. The examples below show how English loanwords inflect for number in Afrikaans. English example Afrikaans example + plural CD (+)CD – CD‘s CD-ROM (+)CD-ROM – CD-ROM‘e of CD-ROM‘s HTML (+)HTML – HTML‘e HTTP (+)HTTP – HTTP‘s SIM (+)SIM – SIM‘s English example Afrikaans example Clients N/A Websites N/A Downloads N/A Proxys N/A Administrators N/A Inflection This section does not apply to Afrikaans. 27 Plural Formation Refer to AWS for rules relating to plural formation. The apostrophe is used for the plural form in each of the following: • for abbreviations, e.g. TV's, 1990's • degrees and diplomas, e.g. B.Ed.'s • single letters (e.g. b’s), • dates (the year),e.g. 1980's • digits, e.g. 10'e, gr. 8's Prepositions Prepositional phrases in English need to be translated according to their context; anglicisms should be avoided. The table below contains frequently used verbs and the prepositions that follow them. Please use this table as a reference. This is a particularly problematic area, because some verbs used transitively in English cannot be so used in Afrikaans, and then something needs to be added or changed in translation, for instance migrate cannot be used transitively in Afrikaans, and so a link verb like laat needs to be added: laat migreer (or a similar translational solution used). Also, Afrikaans phrasal verbs will change (be ―split‖) depending on the particular syntactical environment. This matter should be dealt with extremely carefully. US-English expression Afrikaans expression Comment migrate to (+) migreer na Migrate from (+) migreer vanaf import to (+) invoer na import from (+) invoer vanaf export to (+) uitvoer na export from (+) uitvoer vanaf Note that this is not a transitive verb in Afrikaans The preposition ―vanaf‖ should not be used in conjunction with ―na‖. Depending on the context, the preposition may also be ―in‖. Context may require ―voer … in na‖. Preposition may also be ―uit‖, and vanaf‖ should not be used in conjunction with ―na‖. Context may require ―voer … in vanaf‖. Context may require ―voer … uit na‖. Preposition may also be ―uit‖, and vanaf‖ should not be used in conjunction with ―na‖. Context may 28 US-English expression Afrikaans expression update to (+) bywerk tot upgrade to (+) opgradeer na change to (+) verander na click on connect to welcome to ... (+) klik op (+) verbind met (+) welkom by Comment require ―voer … uit vanaf‖. Context may require ―tot op‖ and ―werk … by tot (op)‖. ―Opdateer‖ is NOT to be used. Context may require ―gradeer … op na‖. Context may require ―in‖; there is a distinct difference in meaning. Context may require ―aan‖ The examples below contain frequently occurring noun phrases that are preceded by a preposition. Please use this table as a reference. US-English expression Afrikaans expression Comment in the toolbar (+) op die nutsbalk on the tab (+) op die duimgids on the menu (+) op die kieslys on the net (+) op die Net Note the capital letter on the Internet (+) op die Internet Note the capital letter on the Web (+) op die Web Note the capital letter on a web site (+) op ‘n webwerf on a web page (+) op ‘n webblad Pronouns The possessive pronoun ―se‖ needs to be as close to the noun it refers to as possible and should definitely not be separated by a noun. The comparative pronoun ―wat‖ is used with reference to people, animals and objects. When it appears as ―wie‖, it is usually in conjunction with ―se‖. It is when a preposition occurs with the pronoun that errors creep in, e.g. Rekenaarkundiges moet hiervan kennis neem [NOT: Rekenaarkundiges moet van dit kennis neem]. 29 Punctuation Comma Commas and Other Common Punctuation Marks Please follow the following basic rules for the use of punctuation marks in Afrikaans. If your language uses a character set that is based on the Latin alphabet, make sure to include a space after commas and periods. There are a few important punctuation conventions that need to be observed: 1. The predicates of complex sentences are separated by a comma, whether or not they occur next o each other in the sentence. After the infinitive (om te + verb) as a noun clause no comma is needed. 2. A defining adjectival clause is terminated by a comma, unless two equivalent clauses are linked by ―en‖ or ―of‖, or, of course, unless it is the final clause of the complex sentence. 3. A non-defining adjectival clause is preceded by a comma before the relative pronoun and is terminated by a comma. 4. A dash (en dash) between words should be preceded and followed by a single space. Comma vs. Period in Numerals US English uses a period as the decimal separator, while many other languages use a comma. In Afrikaans a comma is used – this is a legal requirement. Do not use a space for this purpose as a space separates the numeral from the abbreviation. In paper sizes (the last example in the table below) the decimal separator and the abbreviation "in" for inches are kept, since the sizes are US norms and should be represented accordingly. The ―in‖ as abbreviation for ―inch‖ is not acceptable in Afrikaans, and should be changed to ―dm.‖ – note the full stop! – which has been the recognized abbreviation for decades. Before independence, South Africa as part of the British Empire used the imperial measurement system in which ―inch = duim‖ and ―in = dm.‖. English example Afrikaans example 5.25 cm (+) 5,25 cm 5 x 7.2 inches (+) 5 x 7,2 duim Letter Landscape 11 x 8.5 in (+) Letter Landskap11 x 8,5 dm. For thousands, English uses a comma while many other languages use a period (at Microsoft we normally do not use a space for this purpose, but we use a period instead to avoid wrapping problems). In Afrikaans a space is used – this is a legal requirement. 30 Note that neither a full stop nor a comma may be used for thousands, because both may be interpreted as a decimal separator. A space should be used for thousands and preferably a hard space (Ctrl Shift Spacebar) to avoid wrapping problems. English example Afrikaans example 1,526 (+) 1 526 $ 1,526.75 (+) $1 526,75 Note that there should be NO SPACE between the currency symbol and the first digit! Colon Colons are generally not followed by a capital letter unless it is a proper noun or full sentence. Example: Vermy asseblief die volgende elemente: selfspeur, grafieka en tabelle. Example: Koop asseblief hierdie koeldranke op my lys: Coke, Fanta en Sprite. Dashes and Hyphens Refer to Ch. 12 (Koppeltekens – “Hyphens”) of AWS 10 Three different dash characters are used in English: Hyphen The hyphen is used to divide words between syllables, to link parts of a compound word, and to connect the parts of an inverted or imperative verb form. Example: bo-op, vroue-emansipasie En Dash The en dash is used in number ranges, such as those specifying page numbers. No spaces are used around the en dash in this case. When combined with a symbol, the en dash is used. Example: 9 mm-pistool; 5 l-bottels, A4-formaat. Em Dash This section does not apply to Afrikaans. Ellipses (Suspension Points) Keep in mind the following when using ellipses/suspension points: • An ellipse consists of three dots only • A space should be left between each dot as well as the word preceding and following the ellipse 31 • Should part of the word preceding an ellipse fall away, the space preceding the ellipse does not appear • No period appears (as fourth dot) if the ellipse falls at the end of a sentence. Example: Werkers wat heeldag slaap? Example: “Ek het jou mos gewaarsku . . .,” het sy gesê. Period A period is used to end the sentence. Example: Dit is die einde. Periods are also used for abbreviations, the rules can be found in Chapter 3 of the AWS. Quotation Marks Please follow the following basic rules for the use of quotation marks in Afrikaans. The default quotation marks are double quotes in both the initial and final positions, both in the raised (above the line) position. Use single quotes within double quotes. Please ensure that both the initial and the final quotation marks are present. Example: “In „Siener in die suburbs‟ word die vraag gestel of „eendsterte‟ normale lewens kan lei.” Parentheses In English, there is no space between the parentheses and the text inside them. Afrikaans follows this style convention, e.g. "Ek gaan volgende week – Dinsdag en Woensdag – in die Kaap wees." Singular & Plural Please refer to Chapter 13 in the AWS for an in-depth discussion of the various rules regulating the plural in Afrikaans. In short, some of the basic rules are: -nouns that end with a b, d, f, g, k, p, s and t get an "e" at the end to form the plural, eg. taak - take, greepgrepe -words ending on a, e ,i ,o and u and on an unstressed ie or ee get a "s" at the end to form the plural, eg. radioradio‟s, foto- foto's. -nouns that are formed from loan words and end on a "y" get aan "s" at the end to form the plural, e.g. essay essays. Note that the "y" changes to "ie" if the plural of an English loanword is used, e.g. derby-derbies, whisky-whiskies. 32 Split Infinitive This section does not apply to Africaans. Subjunctive This section does not apply to Africaans. Symbols & Non-Breaking Spaces This section does not apply to Africaans. Syntax In error messages, describe the action the user is supposed to take before the purpose of the action. Phrases like ―To skip creating your startup disk, click Cancel‖ should be rephrased as ―Click Cancel to skip creating your startup disk‖. Avoid personified inanimate subjects and try to replace active constructions with passive ones where possible. In error messages that use the imperative (as in the above-mentioned example), start with the imperative verb (the ―command‖) and the description of the action to be performed plus the infinitive (either ―om … te … [verb]‖, or ―ten einde … te … [verb]‖). Note that phrasal verbs (separable verbs), such as instel, afskakel, etc., should be split in such instances, the main verb being at the beginning and the particle following later, but usually before the infinitive. Note that in impersonal passive constructions such as in the first row of the table below the impersonal adverb (in many cases representing a preliminary subject) is mostly daar (seldom dit). Note also, however, that using a personified inanimate subject is not uncommon in Afrikaans and very often this would result in a simpler, more natural Afrikaans sentence, whereas avoiding it might well result in a long, convoluted, unclear sentence. Another possibility is to use the definite article and an ordinary common noun as sentence subject instead of personifying the subject. English example Afrikaans example Explanation Setup encountered an error while creating your startup disk. (+) Die opsteller het ‘n fout teëgekom terwyl jou aanskakelskyf geskep is. Avoid personified subjects if the context allows for omission ( e.g. Setup encountered/Setup cannot ... in Setup error messages). Rephrase and change the word order. In many cases, a passive construction may be possible. Setup cannot find the remote computer. Setup cannot get disk information. (+) Die opsteller kan nie die afgeleë rekenaar opspoor nie. (+) Die opsteller kan nie skyfinligting kry nie. Remove any existing settings to (+) Verwyder alle bestaande Generally, describe the action 33 English example Afrikaans example Explanation free space. instellings om ruimte te skep. before the purpose instead of the other way around. Attempt to remove current directory (+) Probeer om die huidige gids te verwyder. In procedural text, which tells the user to perform certain actions in a certain number of steps, the order in which interface terms are to appear in the translation is usually top to bottom (for example, ―menu,‖ ―command,‖ ―dialog box,‖ ―dialog box controls‖). This order reflects the sequence in which the action needs to be performed, and it should be maintained unless there are technical reasons preventing it. This convention is less important in normal body text, which is usually written in a more personal tone and less formal style, thus requiring the translator to be more creative. English example Afrikaans example On the View menu, click Filter (+) Klik Filter op die Aansig-kieslys On the Tools menu, click Internet Options, and click the Security tab (+) Klik Internetopsies en dan die Sekuriteit-duimgids op die Nutsmiddels-kieslys Verbs Sometimes an English verb can be used as loan word in the target language. Such loan words usually follow the syntactic and morphological rules of the target language. For the sake of exposition, let us assume that the verbs in red below are not translated in Afrikaans. English example Afrikaans examples Afrikaans examples Afrikaans examples chat N/A N/A N/A crawl N/A N/A N/A debug N/A N/A N/A Continuous operations are usually expressed in English with a gerund, which should be translated into Afrikaans. Translating gerunds very often is quite difficult in Afrikaans, and using a nominalised form of the verb may result in very awkward translations. Nominalisation may be achieved by using a derived noun (e.g. by means of a suffix 10 like -ing). If this route is followed, translators should take note of rules 14.24–14.26 of AWS . Every verb in Afrikaans can also be used as a noun without any morphological change, and this may well be a better option than deriving a noun from the verb. However, this may also lead to awkward translations. Either format will 34 probably require the definite article and the insertion of a preposition, such as van. Despite the need for consistency, translators should consider using a verb format for heading should a particular nominalised heading be idiomatically awkward. In the examples in the table below, such an alternative may be ―Hoe om ‘n lêer te stuur‖ or ―Hoe om style te gebruik‖, for instance. Be consistent in how you translate verbs in error messages. If it is grammatical to omit the predicate ―be‖ in your language, you can omit it in error messages, but you should be consistent in your usage across all error messages. Be concise without changing the meaning of the source string. There are a few important matters to remember about verb (and participle) use in Afrikaans: 10 1. For the use of ge-/-ge- in certain verb categories, see rules 17.1–17.8 in AWS . Consistency where alternatives are possible is crucial. 2. While the verb (or the main verb of a complex verb) very often occurs later in the sentence than in English, it is a misconception to think that all verbs should be placed ―at the end of a sentence‖. Subject to maintaining idiomaticity, verbs should be placed as close to their subjects as possible, especially in complex sentences. Care should be taken not to string several verbs belonging to different clauses together at the end of a complex sentence. 3. Care should be taken to split phrasal verbs correctly in the applicable types of sentences. See inter alia 10 rules 14.48–50, 17.2 and 17.3 of AWS . 4. Note that predicates belonging to different clauses are separated by a comma. 5. The verb to be (Afr. wees/is/was) may be omitted in certain (short) sentences, but this should be done sparingly and, in the same lexical environment, consistently. 6. Generally speaking the English modal auxiliary may is translated as kan, while mag should be reserved for instances where permission is granted or where a negative (e.g. geen, nie) or restrictive adverb (e.g. slegs) occurs. Instead of kan, sal plus a modal adverb (e.g. dalk, miskien) may sometimes be more appropriate. English example Afrikaans example Explanation The document is too large. (+) Die dokument is te groot. Be consistent in your usage of the verb ―to be‖ (+) Toegang geweier. In complete sentences, use verbs and the same tense as in the source string. The file '%s' is an unknown graphics format. (+) Die lêer ‗%s‘ het ‘n onbekende grafikaformaat. Rephrase ―is‖ with ―have‖ if necessary to produce an appropriate translation. The application may attempt to convert the graphic. (+) Die toepassing sal miskien probeer om die grafika te omskep. may + Verb can be rephrased as Verb + possibly A problem occurred while trying to (+) ‘n Probleem het voorgekom in Shorten and rephrase if necessary Document too large. Access was denied. Access denied. 35 English example Afrikaans example Explanation connect to the network share '%1!s!'. die poging om met die gedeelde netwerk-‗%1s!‘ te verbind. to ―A problem occurred while connecting to the network share '%1!s!' The following error occurred: '%1!s!' (error #%2!lx!) (+) Die volgende fout het voorgekom:'%1!s!' (fout no. %2!lx!) Shorten this construction where possible, e.g. Error: '%1!s!' (error #%2!lx!). An unknown error has occurred./ No error occurred. (+) ‘n Onbekende fout het voorgekom./Geen fout het voorgekom nie. Shorten this construction where possible, e.g. Unknown error. / No error Word Order Afrikaans has a strict word order, described in many text books as the so-called "STOMPI rule". The name of the rule indicates the order in which the parts of a sentence should appear. The "STOMPI" rule: S V1 T O M P V2 I Subject, First verb, Time, Object, Manner, Place, Second verb, Infinitive Example:"Die rekenaar wat ek by die huis gebruik, het tans 'n virus en ek kan nie enige program oopmaak nie." Word order in Afrikaans follows broadly the same rules as in Dutch: in main clauses, the finite verb appears in "second position" (V2 word order), while subordinate clauses (e.g. content clauses and relative clauses) have Subject, Object, Verb order, with the verb at (or near) the end of the clause. Style and Tone Considerations This section focuses on higher-level considerations for audience, style, tone, and voice. Audience The people who will use computers with a Language Interface Pack (LIP) installed are largely novice computer users. Therefore, the LIP content should be localized to accommodate the requirements of novice computer users who depend heavily on the localized terminology in their software to understand how to use that software. Example: Gaan na "Start" wat gewoonlik links onder op die skerm verskyn. 36 Style The bottom line for good Afrikaans language usage (so-called ―Standaardafrikaans‖) is to familiarize yourself with the AWS and apply the rules as set out there-in. Constantly consulting this in addition to Skryf Afrikaans is far better than setting out a list of do‘s and don‘ts for spelling, grammar, style, etc. etc. It is important to have the right style when addressing your target audience – a music magazine discussing the latest hits and trends in popular music, would have a very laidback, colloquial and informal manner in addressing the target audience. A speech delivered in Parliament would be formal, reserved and aimed at educated professionals. Example: Klik hier as jy wil 'n koel luitoon wil aflaai. Tone The text should be translated using a semi-formal, courteous tone, that is, the user should in all cases be treated as an adult/mature professional. In most cases where English uses imperatives, Afrikaans will use them too. The following must be borne in mind, however: 1. Strings containing imperative verbs can come across as too curt or abrupt. Care should be taken to tone them down where necessary, for instance by adding the polite ―asseblief‖ (‗please‘) or in another way, e.g. ―Plaas asseblief die skyf in die speler‖. 2. Curt commands can often be avoided by using the passive voice plus the modal ―moet‖ (‗must, should‘), e.g. ―Die skyf moet nou ingesit word‖ (‗Insert the disk now‘), or even the active voice plus ―moet‖: ―Jy moet nou die skyf insit‖ (‗You should now insert the disk‘). Please note that this type of passive usage is very common in Afrikaans and need not be avoided as a matter of principle. 3. Afrikaans uses two forms of direct address (second person), namely the polite form ―u‖ (singular and plural, second person; possessive pronoun the same) and the familiar form ―jy/jou‖ (singular, second person/possessive [‗you/your‘]). Extreme care should be taken in this regard, because younger people, especially those in puberty, adolescence or early adulthood, may regard ―u‖ as too formal and stiff, while older people, especially professionals, may prefer the polite form to the familiar form. Furthermore, even regular ―u‖ users would never address children or high school students as ―u‖, and once one has become friendly or familiar with someone, one would also drop the ―u‖ in favour of ―jy/jou‖. One also has to consider the fact that users tend to develop a certain ―relationship‖ with their computers – they become ―friendly‖ or ―familiar‖ with their computers – and so the continued use of ―u‖ would probably become annoying or ―unnatural‖. In view, therefore, of the changing social standards and attitudes, in view of the fact that by far the greater majority of computer users are of the younger generation and in view of the Windows 7 tone advocated in this document, Afrikaans should use ―jy/jou‖ where the direct form of address is advisable. However, often direct forms of address may be avoided. Wherever this is possible without becoming too longwinded or circumlocutory it may be done. However, clarity and brevity remain the most important factors, and therefore passives, impersonal pronouns or ―zero options‖ (i.e. no pronouns) should be treated with circumspection. Also see ―Voice‖ below. 37 Voice Direct forms of address can often be avoided by using passives or impersonal pronouns. This style is very common in Afrikaans, and there is no stylistic need to avoid it where it comes naturally. However, see the note in the previous paragraph: it should be used with circumspection. This can be supplemented by using the so-called zero reference plus passive and/or imperative verbs. Where this style would lead to clumsy or cumbersome strings, commands, etc., the user should be addressed in the 2nd person pronoun. The possessive pronoun ―jou‖ (‗your‘) can often be avoided by using the definite article ―die‖ (‗the‘), for instance ―Om die inhoud te bekyk wat op die rekenaar gestoor word, …‖ instead of ―… jou rekenaar …‖ [‗To view the content stored on your/the computer …‘]. Examples: English You are now connected to the Internet. You cannot drop directories here. Game Over -- You Win Confirm your password You can apply the view you are using for this folder to all folders To scroll down, place the cursor … You can save the file by clicking on… Translation (+) Jy is nou aan die internet verbind. (+) Gidse kan nie hier gelos word nie. (+) Spel verby — jy wen! (+) Bevestig asseblief jou wagwoord. (+) Die aansig wat vir hierdie omslag gebruik word, kan ... (+) Jy kan die aansig wat jy vir hierdie omslag gebruik, ... (+) Jy kan afrol deur die loper op … te plaas (?) Om af te rol plaas die loper op ... (+) Stoor die lêer deur op … te klik (?) Die leer kan gestoor word deur op … te klik 38 Localization Guidelines This section contains guidelines for localization into Afrikaans. General Considerations Localization is more than the process of simply translating a product for a specific international market. Localization includes the adaptation of the product to the language, standards, and cultural norms of a particular country or region, as well as the accommodation of the requirements and expectations of a specific target group. Language, gestures, images, symbols, values, and norms can vary significantly from one country or region to the next. Therefore, localizers must be thoroughly familiar with both the culture of the original language and that of the target language. Abbreviations Common Abbreviations Lists of abbreviations appear in most dictionaries as well as the AWS. You might need to abbreviate some words in the UI (mainly buttons or short screen messages) owing to a lack of space. This may be necessary especially where Afrikaans uses a prepositional phrase instead of a single (short) preposition, such as t.o.v.,d.m.v.; i.v.m.; m.b.t.; m.b.v. In such abbreviations full stops are to be used. The general rule is that each (lower-case) letter (including the last one!) is followed by a full stop, but there are several types of abbreviations where this does not apply. The general rules for abbreviations are contained in Ch. 3 (Afkortings – ―Abbreviations‖) in AWS10. A list of common abbreviations appears on pp. 473–521 of AWS10. Note that some common nouns are abbreviated using capital letters. In such cases full stops are NOT to be used. Also note that the full forms of such capital-letter abbreviations do NOT require initial capital letters, e.g. PIN's (persoonlike identifikasienomers), OTM'e (outomatiese tellermasjiene). The following table lists some common Afrikaans expressions and their associated, acceptable abbreviations. Afrikaans Acceptable abbreviation afsender (+)afs. antwoord (+)antw. as gevolg van (+)a.g.v. asseblief (+)asb. 39 Afrikaans Acceptable abbreviation byvoorbeeld (+)bv. deur middel van (+)d.m.v. dit wil sê (+)d.w.s. en dergelike (+)e.d. ensovoorts (+)ens. in verband met (+)i.v.m. met ander woorde (+)m.a.w. met behulp van (+)m.b.v. met betrekking tot (+)m.b.t. persoonlike rekenaar (+)PR punt (+)pt. straat (+)str. ten opsigte van (+)t.o.v. van links na regs/links na regs (+)v.l.n.r./l.n.r. versus (+)v. Note that ―bv.‖ and ―ens.‖ are not to be used in the same list of items. Accessibility Microsoft provides people with disabilities (single-handed or with hearing or motion disabilities) with more accessible products and services. These may not be available in Africaans. Please check with your Microsoft contact and remove these references from Africaans text if necessary. Acronyms The term acronym refers to words that are made up of the initial letters of the major parts of a compound term if they are pronounced as a new word. Some well-known examples of acronyms are WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get), OLE (Object Linking and Embedding), or RAM (Random Access Memory). Caution: Do not include a generic term after an acronym or abbreviation if one of the letters in the acronym stands for that term. Even though this might occur in the US-English version, it should be ―corrected‖ in the localized version. The following examples show the redundancy in red for English terms.: 40 (-) RPC call (-) HTML language (-) TCP/IP-Protocol (-) PIN Number Afrikaans: (-) MIV-virus (-) HOD-diploma (-) OTM-masjien (-) PIN-nommer Localized Abbreviations and Acronyms In online help or documentation, spell out the words that comprise an acronym or abbreviation the first time that acronym is used in the text. You should include the language-specific translation, the US term, and the acronym as in the following example: Datatoegangsobjekte (Data Access Objects, DAO) ActiveX-dataobjekte (ActiveX Data Objects, ADO) In the user interface, there is usually not enough space for all three terms (US term, language-specific translation, and the acronym); only in wizards, the acronym can easily be spelled out and localized on first mention. If there are space constraints or there is no 'first' occurrence, it is up to you to judge to the best of your knowledge whether the acronym or abbreviation can be left as is or should be spelled out and localized. You should also consider that different users will have different levels of knowledge about a product. For example, an Italian Exchange user will understand ―DL,‖ but the average Italian Windows user might not understand ―DL‖ and would need to see ―lista di distribuzione‖ (distribution list) instead. Try to be consistent within a product with your use of acronyms and initializations. Note: Although the English acronym cannot generally be derived from the language-specific translation, creating a new acronym derived from the language-specific translated term is not an option. For example, do not replace an English acronym with a language-specific acronym; instead, leave the English acronym or abbreviation intact, as in the following examples ―where DLL‖ and ―DPI‖ are correctly rendered as ―DLL‖ and ―DPI‖: Afrikaans notes: (1) This approach is acceptable, especially as far as technical abbreviations and acronyms are concerned, but well-known, existing, general Afrikaans abbreviations/acronyms should not be discarded in favor of AmE abbreviations/acronyms, for instance ―PC‖ for ―rekenaar‖ or ―PR‖ is not acceptable, nor is something like ―US‖ or ―UK‖ acceptable for ―VSA‖ or ―VK‖. 41 (2) If the full form of an acronym or abbreviation is of a technical nature and the context/place of occurrence allows, supply an Afrikaans explanatory translation as well. In program (pop-up) messages, the available space should be taken into account. If the acronym or abbreviation is well-known, use it without the full form or translation; if not, consider using an explanatory translation only instead of the acronym or abbreviation. Unlocalized Abbreviations and Acronyms Many abbreviations and acronyms are standardized and remain untranslated. They are only followed by their full spelling in English if the acronym needs to be explained to the speakers of a different language. In other cases, where the acronym is rather common, adding the fully spelled-out form will only confuse users. In these cases, the acronym can be used on its own. The following list contains examples of acronyms and abbreviations that are considered commonly understood; these acronyms and abbreviations should not be localized or spelled out in full in English: ANSI (American National Standards Institute) ISO (International Standards Organization) ISDN DOS DSL CD, CD-ROM DVD ASCII ADSL SABS Afrikaans notes: (1) If you are unsure what an acronym or abbreviation stands for or refers to, please consult the 10 Kuberwoordeboek/Cyber Dictionary, the abbreviations list in AWS or a similar source, or contact the Moderator responsible for this Style Guide. (2) Please note that if such an acronym or abbreviation forms part of a compound noun, it should be linked 10 by hyphen to the rest of the compound. See 3.14 and 12.8–12.11 of AWS . For the plurals of acronyms 10 or abbreviations, see 3.18, 13.9 and 13.18 of AWS . (3) No full stops are used in acronyms or capital-letter abbreviations. Applications, Products, and Features Application/product names are often trademarked or may be trademarked in the future and are therefore rarely translated. Occasionally, feature names are trademarked, too (e.g. IntelliSense™). Before translating any application, product, or feature name, please verify that it is in fact translatable and not protected in any way. In Afrikaans these words are rarely translated, if at all and generally follow the source text. 42 Frequent Errors The influx of English into other languages has significantly increased in recent years. Some speaker communities welcome this trend, while others resist it. Microsoft must guard against taking a stance in this debate and, therefore, use the terminology that is most widely used in the computer press and among users. This terminology usage naturally depends on the target market of each product (technical products are bound to contain more specialized language, which usually means more English terminology). While it is acceptable to use English terms if they are indeed the industry standard in your country or region, you should also research current industry standards. For example, stylistic Anglicism's are still a major translation mistake (see section on Anglicism's below). When incorporating English terms, you must follow the spelling, grammar, and syntax rules of your language. Sometimes English words get incorporated as a whole into other languages, but most often the English word gets ―phonologized‖ and integrated into the target language. If you are sure that there is no Afrikaans-specific equivalent for an English loan word and decide to incorporate an English word instead, please check with your translation lead and other team members. In many languages the spelling of incorporated loanwords is not documented and it is important that English loan words are spelled consistently in the target language. Apart from proper nouns (specifically MS product and component names) and certain acronyms and certain (capital-letter) abbreviations, Afrikaans should not, for this project, take over English terms, whether transliterated (―phonologized‖) or not. While the use of English terms in (informal) spoken language is common, the same does not apply to written language. In this respect Afrikaans differs markedly from Dutch. Note, however, that Afrikaans and English share a common Romance and Germanic heritage, so they might well use words/terms of the same origin and so appearance. Using words of Romance origin in Afrikaans does not (necessarily) constitute using Anglicism's. Furthermore, many Afrikaans terms are mere translational equivalents and as such might also display a certain resemblance with the English term. Translators/localisers should, however, guard against Anglicism's in idiom, syntax and phrasing, for this is where the danger of Anglicism's lurks, not so much at the lexical level. 10 For the transliteration of foreign words in Afrikaans, see Chapter 18 of AWS . Anglicism's often sneak into sentence structure and word usage. Please edit your documents with this concern in mind. The following examples from German and Italian illustrate ―direct translations‖ with syntactic and lexical mistakes that you should try to avoid in your own translations. The text marked in red in the target language highlights the wrong choice. 43 English example Anglicism in target language Correct example For several minutes (-) fùrmehrereMinuten (+) mehrereMinutenlang Middle East (-) MittlererOsten (+) NaherOsten For more information please contact ... (-) Fùr weitere Informationen kontaktieren Sie ... (+) Um weitere Informationen zu erhalten, wenden Sie sich an ... Assume (-) assumere (+) supporre fatal error (-) errore fatale (+) erroreirreversibile resolved invalid (-) risoltoinvalido (+) risolto non valido English example Anglicism in Afrikaans language Correct example for several minutes (-) vir ‘n paar minute lank (+) vir ‘n paar minute (momentele handeling) (+) ‘n paar minute lank (durende handeling) update information (-) dateer inligting op (+) werk inligting by Click (-) kliek (+) klik two days in a row (-) twee dae in ‘n ry (+) twee dae ná mekaar end up in the Recycle Bin (-) in die Snippermandjie opeindig (+) in die snippermandjie beland/eindig by far the best (-) by verre die beste (+) verreweg die beste MS was the first to introduce … (-) MS was die eerste om ... in te voer (+) MS was die eerste wat ... ingevoer het Type in the password yourself (-) Tik die wagwoord jouself in (+) Tik die wagwoord self in Please see more general information concerning Frequent Errors in Windows Live here. Glossaries You can find the translations of terms and UI elements of Microsoft products at Microsoft Language Portal (http://www.microsoft.com/Language/en-US/Default.aspx). 44 Fictitious Information Fictitious content is legally sensitive material and as such cannot be handled as a pure terminology or localization issue. Below is some basic information and contact points when dealing with fictitious content: Vendors and Localizers are not allowed to create their own fictitious names. You must either use the source names or use the list of legally approved names. Please contact your product team representative for further information on how to deal with fictitious companies, names, addresses, email addresses, phone numbers, etc. in your product. For technical products, you may also check with the product team representative whether localized fictitious content is required or not (e.g. Visual Studio). Recurring Patterns This section does not apply to Africaans. Standardized Translations There are a number of standardized translations mentioned in all sections of this Style Guide. In order to find them more easily, the most relevant topics and sections are compiled here for you reference. See for example: Localized Abbreviations and Acronyms and Unlocalized Abbreviations and Acronyms . Unlocalized Items Trademarked names and the name Microsoft Corporation shouldn‘t be localized. A list of Microsoft trademarks is available for your reference at the following location: http://www.microsoft.com/trademarks/t-mark/names.htm. Using the Word Microsoft In English, it is prohibited to use MS as an abbreviation for Microsoft. Afrikaans follows the same rule, e.g. "Microsoft-produkte is maklik om te gebruik." Software Considerations This section refers to all menus, menu items, commands, buttons, check boxes, etc., which should be consistently translated in the localized product. 45 Refer to http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/aa511258.aspx for a detailed explanation of the Windows user interface guidelines (English). User Interface You might need to abbreviate some words in the UI (mainly buttons or short screen messages) owing to a lack of space. This may be necessary especially where Afrikaans uses a prepositional phrase instead of a single (short) preposition, such as t.o.v., d.m.v.; i.v.m.; m.b.t.; m.b.v. Here is an example of how Menu options and the Statusbar look in a UI: In the tab "Page Layout" there are various menu options, being Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph and Arrange. The statusbar is in the left corner above "Start " and shows the current status of Document1, which is Page 1 of 1 (meaning it has only 1 page) and the language for the proofing tools, which is set to "Afrikaans". 46 Checkboxes allow a user to select one or more options of a number of choices. Here is an example of what a checkbox can look like in an Afrikaans UI, the option "Afrikaans" has been checked, meaning it has been selected. With a radio button, users make a choice among a set of mutually exclusive, related options. Users can choose only one option. Radio buttons are so called because they function like the channel presets on radios. An example of a radio button is shown below, where the user can choose only one option in the Page Range: {Source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa511488.aspx} 47 Messages Messages should be translated as closely as possible to the source text. Take note of verb usage, as well as the ellips, e.g. "Loading calendars..." is translated as "Laai tans kalenders...", but "Loading calendars" on the other hand is translated as "Laai kalenders". Status Messages What is a Status Bar Message? A status bar message is an informational message about the active document or a selected command as well as about any active or selected interface item. Messages are shown in the status bar at the bottom of the window when the user has chosen a menu, a command or any other item, or has started a function. The status bar messages refer to actions being performed or already complete (for example in Outlook below). Afrikaans Style in Status bar Messages In English, the status bar messages have different forms dependent on the information they must convey. In Afrikaans, menu and commands status bar messages should follow the format below. Name Edit Copy to Folder... New Afrikaans Name (+) Redigeer Category English Status Bar message Afrikaans Status Bar message menu Contains editing commands (+) Bevat redigeringsboodskappe menu Copies the selected items to a new location (+) Kopieer die geselekteerde items na 'n nuwe ligging command Creates a new document (+) Skep 'n nuwe dokument Make object visible? (+) Maak objek sigbaar? Word is converting the document. Press Esc to (+) Word skakel die dokument tans om. Druk (+) Kopieer na vouer…. (+) Nuwe 48 Name Afrikaans Name Category English Status Bar message Afrikaans Status Bar message stop. Esc om te kanselleer. Datasheet View (+) Aansig van databladsy Done (+) Gedoen The importance of standardization In the US product you can often find messages that are phrased differently even though they have the same meaning. Try to avoid this in the localized Afrikaans version. Use one standard translation as in the examples below: English term Correct Afrikaans translation Press F1 to get Help (+) Druk F1 vir Hulp. If you want Help press F1 To get Help press F1 Not enough memory (+) Geheue onvoldoende Insufficient memory There is not enough memory Save changes to %1? (+) Wil jy die veranderinge in %1 stoor? Do you want to save changes to %1? Error Messages What Is An Error Message? Error messages are messages sent by the system or a program, informing the user that there is an error that must be corrected in order for the program to keep running. For example, the messages can prompt the user to take an action or inform the user of an error that requires rebooting the computer. 49 Here is an example: Afrikaans Style in Error Messages It is important to use consistent terminology and language style in the localized error messages, and not just translate as they appear in the US product. e.g."Cannot connect to the internet' is translated as "Kan nie koppel aan die internet nie." Standard Phrases in Error Messages Error messages written in US-English are occasionally inconsistent. As you localize the software into Afrikaans, you should ensure that you use a standard phrase for error messages that have the same meaning and purpose in the US-English version. The following table provides US-English examples of inconsistent error messages and their corresponding, standardized Afrikaans: English phrase English example Afrikaans example Cannot Could not File cannot be found (+) Kon nie die lêer kry nie Failed to … Failure of … Failed to connect Cannot find … Could not find … Unable to find … Unable to locate … Cannot find driver software Could not find driver software Unable to find driver software File could not be found (+) Kon nie verbind nie Failure to connect (+) Kon nie die aandrywerprogrammatuur kry nie Unable to locate driver software Not enough memory Insufficient memory There is not enough memory (+) Geheue onvoldoende. There is not enough memory available … is not available The command is not available (+) Die bevel is nie beskikbaar nie. 50 English phrase English example ... is unavailable The command is unavailable English Translation Cannot … Kan nie … Could not … Kon nie … Failed to … Kan nie … Failure of … Kon nie … Cannot find … Kan nie … Could not find … Kon nie … Unable to find … Kon nie … kry nie Unable to locate … Kon nie … vind nie Not enough memory Nie genoeg geheue nie Insufficient memory Onvoldoende geheue There is not enough memory Die geheue is nie genoeg nie There is not enough memory available Daar is nie genoeg geheue beskikbaar nie ... is not available …is nie beskikbaar nie ... is unavailable …is nie beskikbaar nie Afrikaans example Example (+) Kon nie die lêer kry nie (+) Kon nie verbind nie (+) Kon nie die lêer kry nie (+) Geheue onvoldoende (+) Die bevel is nie beskikbaar nie. Error Messages Containing Placeholders When localizing error messages containing placeholders, try to find out what will replace the placeholder. This is necessary for the sentence to be grammatically correct when the placeholder is replaced with a word or phrase. Note that the letters used in placeholders convey a specific meaning, see examples below: %d, %ld, %u, and %lu means <number> %c means <letter> %s means <string> Examples of error messages containing placeholders: "Checking Web %1!d! of %2!d!" means "Checking Web <number> of <number>". "INI file "%1!-.200s!" section" means "INI file "<string>" section". 51 Keys The keyboard is the primary input device used for text input in Microsoft Windows. For accessibility and efficiency, most actions can be performed using the keyboard as well. While working with Microsoft software, you use keys, key combinations and key sequences. In English, references to key names, like arrow keys, function keys and numeric keys, appear in normal text (not in small caps). Afrikaans follows the same principle. Access Keys/Hot keys Sometimes, there are underlined or highlighted letters in menu options, commands or dialog boxes. These letters refer to access keys (also known as hot keys) that allow you to run commands, perform tasks, etc. more quickly. Hot Key Special Options Usage: Is It Allowed? Notes "Slim characters", such as I, l, t, r, f can be used as hot key Yes Characters with downstrokes, such as g, j, y, p and q can be used as hotkeys Yes Avoid using g as a hot key. Extended characters can be used as hotkeys No It would be very difficult to insert a vowel with diacritics and use Ctrl, Alt, etc. at the same time. An additional letter, appearing between brackets after item name, can be used as hotkeys Yes 52 Hot Key Special Options Usage: Is It Allowed? A number, appearing between brackets after item name, can be used as hotkey Yes A punctuation sign, appearing between brackets after item name, can be used as hotkey Yes Duplicate hotkeys are allowed when no other character is available Yes Notes In principle it would be acceptable, but it would more likely be confusing. If used, restrict to @, #, %, &, = No hotkey is assigned when no more Yes characters are available (minor options only) Additional notes: N/A Arrow Keys The arrow keys move input focus among the controls within a group. Pressing the right arrow key moves input focus to the next control in tab order, whereas pressing the left arrow moves input focus to the previous control. Home, End, Up, and Down also have their expected behavior within a group. Users can't navigate out of a control group using arrow keys. Numeric Keypad It is recommended that you avoid distinguishing numeric keypad keys from the other keys, unless it is required by a given application. In case which keys to be pressed is not obvious, provide necessary explanations. The same principle should be followed in the Afrikaans translation. Shortcut Keys Shortcutkeys are keystrokes or combinations of keystrokes used to perform defined functions in a software application. Shortcut keys replace menu commands and they are sometimes given next to the command they represent. In opposition to the access keys, which can be used only when available on the screen, shortcut keys can be used even when they are not accessible on the screen. This general principle holds true for Afrikaans as well. 53 Standard Shortcut Keys US Command US English Shortcut Key Afrikaans Command Afrikaans Shortcut key General Windows Shortcut keys Help window F1 Hulpvenster F1 Context-sensitive Help Shift+F1 Kontekssensitiewe hulp Shift+F1 Display pop-up menu Shift+F10 Wys opspringerkieslys Shift+F10 Cancel Esc Kanselleer Esc Activate\Deactivate menu bar mode F10 Aktiveer/deaktiveer kiesbalkmodus F10 Switch to the next primary application Alt+Tab Skakel oor na die volgende primêre program Alt+Tab Display next window Alt+Esc Wys volgende venster Alt+Esc Display pop-up menu for the window Alt+Spacebar Wys opspringerkieslys vir die venster Alt+Spacebar Display pop-up menu for the active child window Alt+- Wys opspringerkieslys vir die aktiewe syvenster Alt+- Display property sheet for current selection Alt+Enter Wys eienskapbladsy vir huidige seleksie Alt+Enter Close active application window Alt+F4 Sluit aktiewe programvenster Alt+F4 Switch to next window within (modelesscompliant) application Alt+F6 Skakel oor na volgende venster in (modusloos - voldoenend) program Alt+F6 Capture active window image to the Clipboard Alt+PrntScrn Neem aktiewe venster se beeld na die klembord Alt+PrntScrn Capture desktop image to the Clipboard PrntScrn Neem werkskermbeeld na die klembord PrntScrn Access Start button in taskbar Ctrl+Esc Kry toegang tot Begin-knoppie in taakbalk Ctrl+Esc Display next child window Ctrl+F6 Wys volgende syvenster Ctrl+F6 54 US Command US English Shortcut Key Afrikaans Command Afrikaans Shortcut key Display next tabbed pane Ctrl+Tab Wys volgende oortjiepaneel Ctrl+Tab Launch Task Manager and system initialization Ctrl+Shift+Esc Lanseer Taakbestuurder en stelselaanvang Ctrl+Shift+Esc File Menu File New Ctrl+N Lêer Nuut Ctrl+N File Open Ctrl+O Lêer Oop Ctrl+O File Close Ctrl+F4 Lêer Toe Ctrl+F4 File Save Ctrl+S Lêer Stoor Ctrl+S File Save as F12 Lêer Stoor as F12 File Print Preview Ctrl+F2 Lêer Drukvoorskou Ctrl+F2 File Print Ctrl+P Lêer Druk Ctrl+P File Exit Alt+F4 Lêer Verlaat Alt+F4 Edit Menu Edit Undo Ctrl+Z Redigeer Herroep Ctrl+Z Edit Repeat Ctrl+Y Redigeer Herhaal Ctrl+Y Edit Cut Ctrl+X Redigeer Sny Ctrl+X Edit Copy Ctrl+C Redigeer Kopieer Ctrl+C Edit Paste Ctrl+V Redigeer Plak Ctrl+V Edit Delete Ctrl+Backspace Redigeer Skrap Ctrl+Backspace Edit Select All Ctrl+A Redigeer Kies almal Ctrl+A Edit Find Ctrl+F Redigeer Vind Ctrl+F Edit Replace Ctrl+H Redigeer Vervang Ctrl+H Edit Go To Ctrl+B Redigeer Gaan na Ctrl+B Help Menu Help F1 Hulp F1 Font Format 55 US Command US English Shortcut Key Afrikaans Command Afrikaans Shortcut key Italic Ctrl+I Skuins Ctrl+I Bold Ctrl+G Vet letters Ctrl+G Underlined\Word underline Ctrl+U Onderstreep/Onderstreep woord Ctrl+U Large caps Ctrl+Shift+A Hoofletters Ctrl+Shift+A Small caps Ctrl+Shift+K Kleinletters Ctrl+Shift+K Paragraph Format Centered Ctrl+E Gesentreer Ctrl+E Left aligned Ctrl+L Linksopstelling Ctrl+L Right aligned Ctrl+R Regsopstelling Ctrl+R Justified Ctrl+J Gelyk Ctrl+J Document Translation Considerations Document localization may require some specific considerations that are different from software localization. This section covers a few of these areas. Titles In English the titles for chapters usually begin with "How to …" or with phrases such as "Working with …" or "Using …".In the Afrikaans version of Microsoft documentation, such titles are usually translated using the infinitive. Example: Hoe om te werk met … Copyright Copyright protection is granted to any original work of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression from which it can be perceived, reproduced, or communicated. Please note that SA‘s Copyright Act, 1978 (Wet op Outeursreg, 1978), uses the term ―outeursreg‖ and not ―kopiereg‖. The former is the term is to be used. English text Afrikaans translation Copyright (+) Outeursreg 56 English text Afrikaans translation All rights reserved (+) Alle regte voorbehou Microsoft Corporation (+) Microsoft Corporation 57