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978-0-521-70091-7 - Integrated Science New Zambia Basic Education Course Grade 6 Pupil’s Book
Anna Chipenge
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SECTION 1
The human body
In this section you will:
demonstrate an understanding of the circulatory
system
demonstrate an understanding of the digestive
system
develop your investigative skills.
UNIT 1 The circulatory system
In Grade 3 you learnt about the heart. Can you
remember what the heart does? In these lessons you
will learn more about the heart and the role it plays in
circulating the blood in our bodies.
LESSON 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
Parts of the circulatory system
Activity
Tie a piece of cloth tightly around your upper arm.
What do you see on your arm? What do you think
they are?
Put your hand on the left hand side of your chest
or that of your friend. What do you feel?
What organ do you think is found inside where
you touched?
Your blood flows through your body. This is known as
circulation. The heart works with the blood vessels to
circulate the blood through your body.
UNIT 1: The circulatory system
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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-70091-7 - Integrated Science New Zambia Basic Education Course Grade 6 Pupil’s Book
Anna Chipenge
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To upper body
Aorta
Artery to lungs
Arteries to lungs
Veins from lungs
Veins from lungs
Left atrium
Right atrium
Valve
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
To lower body
The heart
The heart is the central organ of the circulatory system.
Your heart is about the size of your fist. The heart is
found between the lungs on the left hand side of the
body. The heart is separated into two halves by thick
muscles. It has four chambers or divisions. The top two
chambers are known as auricles or atrium and have thin
walls. The bottom two chambers are known as ventricles
and have thick walls. There are valves between the top
and bottom chambers to control the blood flow.
Heartbeat and pulse
The heart contracts and relaxes. Each contraction is
followed by relaxation. This causes heartbeat and pulse.
Heartbeat causes the arteries to expand and blood
passes like a wave to all the arteries. Pulse can be felt in
an artery close to the surface of the body, for example,
on the wrist and on the lower neck.
2
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SECTION 1: The human body
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978-0-521-70091-7 - Integrated Science New Zambia Basic Education Course Grade 6 Pupil’s Book
Anna Chipenge
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Blood vessels
Blood vessels are pipes or tubes that circulate blood in
the body. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries,
veins and capillaries.
Arteries
Arteries are tubes or pipes that carry oxygenated blood
from the heart to all parts of the body. Oxygenated
blood is blood that contains oxygen which is needed by
the body to ‘burn’ up food, thus producing energy for
the body. Later we will look at how blood is oxygenated.
Arteries have thick walls. The biggest artery is called the
aorta.
Veins
Veins are tubes or pipes that carry deoxygenated blood
from all parts of the body back to the heart. These
vessels have thin walls.
Capillaries
Capillaries are very tiny tubes that connect arteries
and veins. The exchange of carbon dioxide, oxygen,
dissolved food and waste materials takes place through
the walls of the capillaries.
The lungs
Blood passes through the lungs to
get oxygen and leave behind carbon
dioxide.
Heart
Lungs
Blood is oxygenated in the lungs
Investigation
1. Look at the diagram of a heart or
observe a real heart. Are the walls
of the ventricles and auricles of
the same thickness?
2. Look at the heart of a cow. Can
you identify the chambers?
UNIT 1: The circulatory system
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Extension
Make a model of a human heart. You may use any
suitable materials.
Exercise
1. Draw a picture of the heart and label it.
C
A
D
E
B
2. Complete the following sentences:
(a) Arteries have …….. walls while veins have ……..
walls.
(b) De-oxygenated blood has no …….. .
(c) The exchange of gases takes place in the …….. .
(d) Arteries expand because of the …….. .
Extension
List ways of how you can keep your heart healthy.
4
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SECTION 1: The human body
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978-0-521-70091-7 - Integrated Science New Zambia Basic Education Course Grade 6 Pupil’s Book
Anna Chipenge
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LESSON 2
Circulation of blood in the body
Heart
Artery
Vein
Activity
1. Play the ‘akote akote’ game.
2. What happens if the stone
is not passed on to the next
person?
Blood moves from the right hand
side of the heart into the lungs.
This blood is dark in colour
since the oxygen has been used
up. In the lungs, the blood is
oxygenated and changes to bright
red. It moves to the left side of
the heart and out to all parts of
the body. In the body the oxygen
is used by cells. Carbon dioxide is
produced and joins the blood. The
deoxygenated blood travels in the
veins, back to the heart. The heart
pumps the deoxygenated blood to
the lungs again.
Exercise
The movement of blood to all parts of
1. Draw the diagram of the
the body. Black vessels indicate the path
flow of blood and indicate
of deoxygenated blood. White vessels
the direction of the flow of
indicate the path of oxygenated blood.
blood using arrows.
2. Oxygen is added to the
blood, and carbon dioxide
is taken out of the blood in
the …….. .
3. Deoxygenated blood has (a) …….. and is
transported by the (b) …….. .
4. Oxygenated blood has (a) …….. and is transported
by the (b) …….. .
5. What kind of blood flows into the right auricle?
UNIT 1: The circulatory system
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Extension
1. Where do lungs get oxygen from?
2. Where is carbon dioxide produced?
LESSON 3
Blood
Activity
1. What is blood made up of?
2. List the functions of blood.
Blood composition
A healthy adult person has about 5 litres of blood.
Blood consists of plasma, solid cells called the red
and white corpuscles or blood cells, and platelets.
Plasma
Plasma is the clear liquid part of blood. The other parts
of the blood float on the plasma.
Corpuscles
The solid cells or corpuscles float in the plasma. There
are two types of corpuscles, the white and
red corpuscles or blood cells.
White blood cells
The white blood cells protect the body
against germs. These cells are bigger
than the red cells and fight the germs
that invade our bodies. The white or
yellow liquid you see on a wound or any
affected part is pus. These are dead germs
killed by white blood cells.
White blood cells
Red blood cells
The red blood cells give the blood the
red colour. They also carry oxygen and
carbon dioxide to all parts of the body.
Red blood cells
6
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SECTION 1: The human body
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Platelets
Platelets are tiny droplets in the blood that help the
blood to clot. Blood clotting is when fresh, liquid blood
gets hard on a wound. Clotting is important because it
prevents the loss of too much blood from the body and
it prevents germs from entering the body.
Platelets
Functions of blood
Can you remember some of the functions of blood?
Blood is very important in the body. Here are some of
its functions:
1. Blood carries food nutrients to all parts of the body.
2. It carries waste materials from different parts of the
body to the excretory organs.
3. Blood protects our bodies from diseases by fighting
germs. Which part of the blood does this?
4. Blood prevents germs from entering fresh wounds
by clotting. Clotting also prevents excessive loss
of blood.
5. Blood distributes heat in the body.
6. Transports oxygen from the lungs to all parts of
the body.
7. Transports carbon dioxide from all parts of the
body to the lungs.
UNIT 1: The circulatory system
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Investigation
Observe a fresh cut wound.
Does the blood continue flowing?
What usually happens to the fresh blood after a
short while?
What else do you see when the blood tries up?
Exercise
1. Use the word chain to complete the sentences.
kidneys œ solid œ different œ temperature
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The blood has (a) …….. functions. For example, it
regulates body (b) …….. and carries solid blood.
The (c) …….. cells, which are red and white
cells, are found in the blood. Some of the waste
products form the body parts are transported to
the (d) ……..
Name the four things that make up blood.
What is clotting?
What is the liquid part of blood called?
How does carbon dioxide leave the body?
Which blood cells fight germs?
Extension
How does carbon dioxide leave the body?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
8
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Unit assessment 1.1
What is the name of the biggest artery in the body?
Which of the following parts supplies oxygen to
the blood? (a) heart (b) lungs (c) artery (d) vein
What happens to your pulse rate and breathing
when you move fast?
What is the function
of the blood cells
shown here?
State two reasons
why clotting is
important.
SECTION 1: The human body
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978-0-521-70091-7 - Integrated Science New Zambia Basic Education Course Grade 6 Pupil’s Book
Anna Chipenge
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6. Label the parts shown in the diagram below.
C
A
D
E
B
F
7. Name the three types of blood vessels.
8. What is the difference between veins and arteries?
9. What is the difference between the blood on the
left hand side of the heart and the blood on the
right hand side of the heart?
10. A heartbeat is created when the heart (a) …….. and
(b) ……...
UNIT 1: The circulatory system
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