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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook March 25, 2015 Table of Contents # Date 1. 2. 3. 01/20/15 Ch 8: Muscular System 02/09/15 Ch 9: Nervous System Title 03/16/15 Ch 10: Somatic and Special Senses Page # 1 16 43 i 1 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook 03/16/15 Ch. 10: The Senses March 25, 2015 45 Objective: Students will be able to distinguish between general and special senses, identify and describe the different kinds of receptors, and explain how sensations arise. Ch 10: The Senses 10.1: Introduction sensory receptors: detect environmental changes and trigger nerve impulses. general senses: widely distributed throughout skin and tissues special senses: associated with specialized organs 10.2: Receptors, sensations, and perception 5 types of receptors • chemoreceptors: change in chemical concentration • pain receptors: change in tissue damage • thermoreceptors: change in temperature • mechanoreceptors: change in pressure or movement • photoreceptors: change in light energy sensation: when sensory receptors reach threshold and action potentials cause the brain to become aware of that sensory event perception: when the brain interprets those sensory impulses projection: when the brain forms the sensation, the cerebral cortex projects the sensation back to its apparent source allowing a person to perceive the region of stimulation adaptation: the ability of the nervous system to become less responsive to a maintained stimulus 2 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook March 25, 2015 10.3: General Senses Touch and Pressure Senses Free throughout skin/tissues Meissner's Tactile Pacinian Lamellated light/very light touch deep pressure 3 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook March 25, 2015 10.3: General Senses Temperature and Pain: specialized types of free nerve endings. Temp: warm 77oF-113oF cold 50oF-68oF <50oF and >113oF stimulate pain receptors Pain: tissue damage stimulates--not sure how, probably chemicals from injury, deficiency of oxygen (ischemia), and stimulation of mechanical-sensitive pain receptors. 4 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook March 25, 2015 10.3: General Senses Visceral pain and referred pain--visceral, not surface receptors, only receptors in viscera to elicit sensations referred pain--pain that feels like it is coming from a different part of the body. referred pain--usually feel it because the nerve pathways are the same; eg: heart/skin 5 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook 03/06/15 Ch. 10: The Senses March 25, 2015 69 10.3: General Senses acute pain: myelinated, fast impulse--sharp pain, skin chronic pain: unmyelinated fibers, slow impulse--dull, aching sensation--can be felt in deep tissues More notes on pain: • pain from head=cranial nerves, all other pain, spinal nerves • pain fibers terminate in reticular formation • registered upon reaching the thalamus (before the cerebral cortex), but • cerebral cortex determines intensity, source, and mediates emotional and motor responses • gray matter in midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata regulate the movement of pain impulses from spinal cord • impulses can stimulate the release of biochemicals that block pain signals by inhibiting presynaptic nerve fibers in the spinal cord--enkaphalins (morphine-like) and serotonin (stimulates release of enkaphalins) • Endorphins--pain-suppressing, morphinelike actions from pituitary and hypothalamus--response to extreme pain. 6 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook 03/16/15 March 25, 2015 Ch. 10: Senses 13 Objective: Students will be able to review the structural and functional characteristics of the ear and conduct some ordinary hearing tests. Lab Section (Insert Handout: MiniLab 30: Ear and Hearing) Microscopic view of cochlea cross section: (tests used to determine conductive hearing loss v. sensorineural hearing loss) 7 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook 03/16/15 March 25, 2015 13 Ch. 10: Senses Objective: Students will be able to review the structural and functional characteristics of the ear and conduct some ordinary hearing tests. Lab Section (Insert Handout: MiniLab 30: Ear and Hearing) Microscopic view of cochlea cross section: basilar membrane organ of Corti vestibular membrane scala vestibule scala media spiral organ one turn scala tympani cochlear nerve (tests used to determine conductive hearing loss v. sensorineural hearing loss) 8 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook March 25, 2015 Ear and Hearing Inner Outer Middle Hearing • sound waves enter ear (vibrations) • hit eardrum • malleus transfers to incus and stapes • stapes amplifies sound at oval window (more pressure) • vibrations travel into cochlea • scala vestibuli (upper compartment) with perilymph conducts the vibration through vestibular membrane to cochlear duct • cochlear duct, with endolymph, carries vibrations to basilar membrane and trigger hair cells • spiral organ contains different hair cells=different pitches • movement of the hair cells trigger calcium ion channels to open, depolarizing the membrane and releasing neurotransmitters (even though hair=epithelial, acts like neuron) • action potential begins and travels to vestibulocochlear nerve • Vestibulocochlear nerve sends message to temporal lobe of brain = hear • vibrations go through basilar membrane into scala tympani and dissipate into air in tympanic cavity by movement of the membrane covering the round window 9 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook March 25, 2015 10 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook March 25, 2015 Spiral Organ 11 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook March 25, 2015 Equilibrium Semi-circular canals Static Equilibrium 12 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook March 25, 2015 13 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook March 25, 2015 Static Equilibrium v. Dynamic Equilibrium 14 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook March 25, 2015 Dynamic Equilibrium Gelatinous Hair Cells nerves to cerebellum 15 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook March 25, 2015 Smell Taste 16 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook 03/19/15 March 25, 2015 Ch. 10: Senses 77 Debrief Characteristics that taste, smell, and hearing all have in common are: • use of hair cells as receptors • liquids to "sense" • Although taste and smell involve chemoreceptors, it is the hair cells that actually receive the information and trigger an impulse. • In order for chemoreceptors to function, the chemicals must be dissolved in liquid • Although hearing and equilibrium involve mechanoreceptors, liquids moving hairs or otoliths trigger the receptors as well. 17 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook 03/20/15 Ch. 10: Senses March 25, 2015 82 Objective: Students will be able to identify the structure and function of the mammalian eye, using the cow eye as a model. http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=_5dEOLRVg&feature=endscreen MiniLab 31: Eye Structure Laboratory Performance Assessment • I will be asking you to point out the external and internal parts to the eye-you will receive 25 points for lab credit. • sclera • cornea • choroid coat • ciliary body • iris • pupil • retina • optic nerve/blind spot • aqueous humor • vitreous humor • lens opthalmascope use tutorial http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NE_epHjNpfo 18 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook March 25, 2015 Lab Section Eye Model Background--use this section for reference as you are completing the experiments. Observations--Record as you go Experiment #1 Part 1: Questions 1-2 Part 2: Questions 1-4 Part 3: Questions 1-7 Part 4: Questions 1-6 Part 5: Questions 1-3 Part 6: Questions 1-3 Part 7: Questions 1-8 Part 8: Questions 1-3 Experiment #2 Questions 1-6 Experiment #3 Questions 1-5 19 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook 03/23/15 March 25, 2015 95 Ch. 10: Senses MiniLab 32: Visual Tests and Demonstrations opthalmascope use tutorial http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NE_epHjNpfo 4: Color Vision Test Results Males Class Period % # Normal Females % # 3 4 5 Total Deficient red-green 3 4 5 Total Protanopia 3 4 5 Total Deuteranopia 3 4 5 Total 20 Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook 03/28/12 Ch. 10: Special Senses March 25, 2015 35 Review for Exam: Nervous System and Senses Vision MiniLab Questions? For more help see: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvozcv8pS3c http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HzWmldLDHI&feature=endscreen&NR=1 Discussion Questions: • Match each sensory receptor to the type of stimulus to which it is likely to respond: Approaching Headlights Chemoreceptor Change in blood pressure Pain receptor Smell of roses Thermoreceptor Infected tooth Mechanoreceptor Cool breeze Photoreceptor • You fill up the tub to take a hot bath, but the water is too hot to the touch. You try a 2nd and 3rd time, and within a few seconds it feels fine. The most likely explanation is: A. The water has cooled down quickly. B. Your ability to sense heat has adapted. C. Your nervous system is suddenly not functioning properly. D. Your ability to sense cold has adapted. E. All of the above. • Which is more acute: Cone vision or Rod vision? Looking at the color sheet--what is one reason for this? • In MS (multiple sclerosis), nerve fibers in the CNS lose their myelin. Why would this affect skeletal muscle function? • Some of the sheep brains we dissected were "smooth" meaning they were missing sulci and gyri. What would this tell you about the sheep the brain came from? • How would the functional losses in 2 patients compare if one suffered injury to the right occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex, but the other suffered injury to the right temporal lobe? R Occipital: Left 1/2 of visual field (each eye) L Temporal: Partial loss of hearing in both ears, possibly can't sense input if dominant hemisphere. • What is the role of the cerebrum and the cerebellum in athletics? Cerebrum: Primary motor areas Cerebellum: Coordinates complex skeletal movements and helps to maintain posture • Describe the sequence of events that occurs along an axon during a nerve impulse. A. Resting potentials are propagated along a stimulated axon, causing a very small action potential. B. A threshold stimulus opens K+ channels and the ions diffuse in, depolarizing the cell membrane. Then Na+ channels open, Na+ exits, and the cell membrane repolarizes, generating an action potential that stimulates adjacent cell membrane, forming the nerve impulse. C. A threshold stimulus opens Na+ channels and the ions diffuse in, depolarizing the cell membrane. Then K+ channels open, K+ exits, and the cell membrane repolarizes, generating an action potential that stimulates adjacent cell membrane, forming the nerve impulse. D. A threshold stimulus opens Na+ channels and the ions diffuse in, depolarizing the cell membrane. Then K+ channels open, K+ exits, and the cell membrane repolarizes, generating an action potential that inhibits adjacent cell membrane, forming the nerve impulse. E. Action potentials occur at different points along an axon, then join to form a very large action potential. 21