Download Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook

Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
March 25, 2015
Table of Contents
#
Date
1.
2.
3.
01/20/15
Ch 8: Muscular System
02/09/15
Ch 9: Nervous System
Title
03/16/15 Ch 10: Somatic and Special Senses
Page #
1
16
43
i
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
03/16/15
Ch. 10: The Senses
March 25, 2015
45
Objective:
Students will be able to distinguish
between general and special senses,
identify and describe the different kinds
of receptors, and explain how sensations
arise.
Ch 10: The Senses
10.1: Introduction
sensory receptors:
detect environmental changes and trigger
nerve impulses.
general senses:
widely distributed throughout skin and
tissues
special senses:
associated with specialized organs
10.2: Receptors, sensations, and perception
5 types of receptors
• chemoreceptors: change in chemical
concentration
• pain receptors: change in tissue damage
• thermoreceptors: change in
temperature
• mechanoreceptors: change in pressure
or movement
• photoreceptors: change in light energy
sensation:
when sensory receptors reach threshold
and action potentials cause the brain to
become aware of that sensory event
perception:
when the brain interprets those sensory
impulses
projection:
when the brain forms the sensation, the
cerebral cortex projects the sensation
back to its apparent source allowing a
person to perceive the region of
stimulation
adaptation:
the ability of the nervous system to
become less responsive to a maintained
stimulus
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
March 25, 2015
10.3: General Senses
Touch and Pressure Senses
Free
throughout
skin/tissues
Meissner's
Tactile
Pacinian
Lamellated
light/very
light touch
deep
pressure
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
March 25, 2015
10.3: General Senses
Temperature and Pain: specialized types
of free nerve endings.
Temp: warm
77oF-113oF
cold
50oF-68oF
<50oF and >113oF
stimulate pain
receptors
Pain: tissue damage stimulates--not sure
how, probably chemicals from injury,
deficiency of oxygen (ischemia), and
stimulation of mechanical-sensitive pain
receptors.
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
March 25, 2015
10.3: General Senses
Visceral pain and referred pain--visceral,
not surface receptors, only receptors in
viscera to elicit sensations
referred pain--pain that feels like it is
coming from a different part of the body.
referred pain--usually feel it because the
nerve pathways are the same; eg:
heart/skin
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
03/06/15
Ch. 10: The Senses
March 25, 2015
69
10.3: General Senses
acute pain:
myelinated, fast impulse--sharp pain, skin
chronic pain:
unmyelinated fibers, slow impulse--dull,
aching sensation--can be felt in deep
tissues
More notes on pain:
• pain from head=cranial nerves, all other
pain, spinal nerves
• pain fibers terminate in reticular
formation
• registered upon reaching the thalamus
(before the cerebral cortex), but
• cerebral cortex determines intensity,
source, and mediates emotional and motor
responses
• gray matter in midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata regulate the movement
of pain impulses from spinal cord
• impulses can stimulate the release of
biochemicals that block pain signals by
inhibiting presynaptic nerve fibers in the
spinal cord--enkaphalins (morphine-like)
and serotonin (stimulates release of
enkaphalins)
• Endorphins--pain-suppressing,
morphinelike actions from pituitary and
hypothalamus--response to extreme pain.
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
03/16/15
March 25, 2015
Ch. 10: Senses
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Objective: Students will be able to review the
structural and functional characteristics of
the ear and conduct some ordinary hearing
tests.
Lab Section (Insert Handout: MiniLab 30: Ear and Hearing)
Microscopic view of cochlea cross section:
(tests used to determine conductive hearing
loss v. sensorineural hearing loss)
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
03/16/15
March 25, 2015
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Ch. 10: Senses
Objective: Students will be able to review the
structural and functional characteristics of
the ear and conduct some ordinary hearing
tests.
Lab Section (Insert Handout: MiniLab 30: Ear and Hearing)
Microscopic view of cochlea cross section:
basilar membrane
organ of Corti vestibular membrane
scala vestibule
scala media
spiral organ
one turn
scala tympani
cochlear nerve
(tests used to determine conductive hearing
loss v. sensorineural hearing loss)
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
March 25, 2015
Ear and Hearing
Inner
Outer
Middle
Hearing
• sound waves enter ear (vibrations)
• hit eardrum
• malleus transfers to incus and stapes
• stapes amplifies sound at oval window (more
pressure)
• vibrations travel into cochlea
• scala vestibuli (upper compartment) with
perilymph conducts the vibration through
vestibular membrane to cochlear duct
• cochlear duct, with endolymph, carries
vibrations to basilar membrane and trigger
hair cells
• spiral organ contains different hair
cells=different pitches
• movement of the hair cells trigger calcium
ion channels to open, depolarizing the
membrane and releasing neurotransmitters
(even though hair=epithelial, acts like
neuron)
• action potential begins and travels to
vestibulocochlear nerve
• Vestibulocochlear nerve sends message to
temporal lobe of brain = hear
• vibrations go through basilar membrane
into scala tympani and dissipate into air in
tympanic cavity by movement of the
membrane covering the round window
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
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Spiral Organ
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
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Equilibrium
Semi-circular canals
Static Equilibrium
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
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Static Equilibrium
v.
Dynamic Equilibrium
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
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Dynamic Equilibrium
Gelatinous
Hair Cells
nerves to cerebellum
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
March 25, 2015
Smell
Taste
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
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Ch. 10: Senses
77
Debrief
Characteristics that taste, smell,
and hearing all have in common are:
• use of hair cells as receptors
• liquids to "sense"
• Although taste and smell involve
chemoreceptors, it is the hair cells
that actually receive the information
and trigger an impulse.
• In order for chemoreceptors to
function, the chemicals must be
dissolved in liquid
• Although hearing and equilibrium
involve mechanoreceptors, liquids
moving hairs or otoliths trigger the
receptors as well.
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
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Ch. 10: Senses
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82
Objective:
Students will be able to identify the
structure and function of the mammalian
eye, using the cow eye as a model.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=_5dEO­LRV­g&feature=endscreen
MiniLab 31: Eye Structure
Laboratory Performance Assessment
• I will be asking you to point out the
external and internal parts to the eye-you will receive 25 points for lab credit.
• sclera
• cornea
• choroid coat
• ciliary body
• iris
• pupil
• retina
• optic nerve/blind spot
• aqueous humor
• vitreous humor
• lens
opthalmascope use tutorial
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NE_epHjNpfo
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
March 25, 2015
Lab Section
Eye Model
Background--use this section for
reference as you are completing the
experiments.
Observations--Record as you go
Experiment #1
Part 1: Questions 1-2
Part 2: Questions 1-4
Part 3: Questions 1-7
Part 4: Questions 1-6
Part 5: Questions 1-3
Part 6: Questions 1-3
Part 7: Questions 1-8
Part 8: Questions 1-3
Experiment #2
Questions 1-6
Experiment #3
Questions 1-5
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
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Ch. 10: Senses
MiniLab 32: Visual Tests and
Demonstrations
opthalmascope use tutorial
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NE_epHjNpfo
4: Color Vision Test Results
Males
Class Period
%
#
Normal
Females
%
#
3
4
5
Total
Deficient red-green
3
4
5
Total
Protanopia
3
4
5
Total
Deuteranopia
3
4
5
Total
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Anatomy and Physiology Sem 2 Ch 10 Special Senses.notebook
03/28/12
Ch. 10: Special Senses
March 25, 2015
35
Review for Exam: Nervous System and
Senses
Vision MiniLab
Questions? For more help see:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvozcv8pS3c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HzWmldLDHI&feature=endscreen&NR=1
Discussion Questions:
• Match each sensory receptor to the type
of stimulus to which it is likely to respond:
Approaching Headlights
Chemoreceptor
Change in blood pressure
Pain receptor
Smell of roses
Thermoreceptor
Infected tooth
Mechanoreceptor
Cool breeze
Photoreceptor
• You fill up the tub to take a hot bath,
but the water is too hot to the touch. You
try a 2nd and 3rd time, and within a few
seconds it feels fine. The most likely
explanation is:
A. The water has cooled down
quickly.
B. Your ability to sense heat has
adapted.
C. Your nervous system is
suddenly not functioning properly.
D. Your ability to sense cold has
adapted.
E. All of the above.
• Which is more acute: Cone vision or Rod
vision? Looking at the color sheet--what is
one reason for this?
• In MS (multiple sclerosis), nerve fibers
in the CNS lose their myelin. Why would
this affect skeletal muscle function?
• Some of the sheep brains we dissected
were "smooth" meaning they were missing
sulci and gyri. What would this tell you
about the sheep the brain came from?
• How would the functional losses in 2
patients compare if one suffered injury to
the right occipital lobe of the cerebral
cortex, but the other suffered injury to
the right temporal lobe?
R Occipital: Left 1/2 of visual field
(each eye)
L Temporal: Partial loss of hearing in
both ears, possibly can't sense input if
dominant hemisphere.
• What is the role of the cerebrum and
the cerebellum in athletics?
Cerebrum: Primary motor areas
Cerebellum: Coordinates complex
skeletal movements and helps to
maintain posture
• Describe the sequence of events that
occurs along an axon during a nerve
impulse.
A. Resting potentials are propagated along a stimulated axon,
causing a very small action potential.
B. A threshold stimulus opens K+ channels and the ions
diffuse in, depolarizing the cell membrane. Then Na+
channels open, Na+ exits, and the cell membrane repolarizes,
generating an action potential that stimulates adjacent cell
membrane, forming the nerve impulse.
C. A threshold stimulus opens Na+ channels and the ions
diffuse in, depolarizing the cell membrane. Then K+
channels open, K+ exits, and the cell membrane repolarizes,
generating an action potential that stimulates adjacent cell
membrane, forming the nerve impulse.
D. A threshold stimulus opens Na+ channels and the ions
diffuse in, depolarizing the cell membrane. Then K+
channels open, K+ exits, and the cell membrane repolarizes,
generating an action potential that inhibits adjacent cell
membrane, forming the nerve impulse.
E. Action potentials occur at different points along an axon,
then join to form a very large action potential.
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