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Classification of Living
Things
What is Classification?
Classify
• to classify means to group (organize)
similar ideas, items, objects or information
based on similarities.
• there are so many organisms it is necessary
to classify organisms in order to study
them and to organize the information
properly
Taxonomy
•
•
the science of grouping living things
there are 1.3 million NAMED species
-over 1 million of these are in the Phylum Arthropoda
(insects)
-350,000 are beetles
-there are 120,000 butterflies and moths
-there are 93,000 named species of mollusks
Phylum Chordata
• There are only 52,000 named species of
Chordates. (animals with a backbone)
• Humans belong in the phylum Chordata.
Unnamed Species
• Scientist estimate there are 10-200 million
species of living things that are unnamed.
Carolus Linnaeus
• known as the Father of Taxonomy
• He was a Swedish Botanist who developed
our system for naming organisms.
• Linnaeus’s system gives a 2 word name to
every organism - it is called binomial
nomenclature.
Binomial Nomenclature
• two name system for identifying all living
things.
• An organisms scientific name is based
on it’s genus and species.
3 Domain System
• Relatively new concept - 1990. Founded by
Dr. Woese at University of Illinois. GO ILLINI
• The 3 Domains are
1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Eukarya
Old System
• 1969 began with 5 kingdom system
• 1977 began with 6 - 7 kingdom system
• Kingdoms 1. Plant or Plantae
2. Protists
3. Animal or Animalia
4. Monerans
5. Fungi
6. Archaebacteria
7. Eubacteria
Current Levels of
Classification
• Domain (from largest group to smallest)
• Kingdom
• Phylum (some books call this Division)
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species (the most specific)
• Did King Phillip Come Over
For Greasy Spaghetti?
Prefixes
There are times when a group is extremely
large and prefixes will be added to various
classification levels.
Such as Superclass or Subclass
Scientific Naming
Organisms are classified based on:
1. similarities in body structure and systems,
sizes, shape and colors
2. methods they obtain food
3. behavior
4. chemical make-up
Scientific Name
An organisms scientific name is it’s
GENUS and SPECIES
Rules
Rules for writing a scientific name
1. GENUS is always written first and always
capitalized.
2. SPECIES is always written second and is
written in lowercase. (NOT CAPITALIZED)
3. Both names are underlined or written in
italics.
Homo sapiens or
Homo sapiens
•
•
This is the scientific name for a human.
KNOW THIS AND KNOW HOW TO
WRITE IT.
The Classification of
Humans
• Domain - Eukarya
• Kingdom - Animalia
• Phylum - Chordata
• Class - Mammalia
• Order - Primata
• Family - Hominadae
• Genus - Homo
• Species - sapiens
The functions of a
scientific name
1. Scientific names help scientist avoid errors in
communication. There is only one scientific name
for every organism.
2. Organisms with similar evolutionary histories are
group together.
3. The scientific name gives descriptive information
about the species.
4. The scientific name allow information about the
organism to be organized and found efficiently.
Domain Eukarya
This domain includes 4 of the
kingdoms.
1. Protists or Protista
2. Fungi
3. Plant or Plantae
4. Animal or Animalia
Kingdom Protists
•
These organisms in this kingdom are all eukaryotes
(organisms with cells with membrane bound nucleus
and organelles)
•
•
Include one celled or many celled organisms
•
•
some move
some make their own food (producers) while some
obtain their food from other organisms (consumers)
EX. Euglena, Diatoms, Radiolarian (an algae), Amoeba
Kingdom Fungi
• Also made up of organisms composed of
eukaryotic cells
• one celled organisms, as well as, many
celled organisms in this kingdom
• all members of this kingdom are consumers
(obtain their food from other organisms)
• EX - Mushrooms
Kingdom Plantae
• All eukaryotic cells
• many celled organisms
• all producers - make their own food
(photosynthesis)
• most contain chlorophyll
• EX - trees, flowers, etc.
Kingdom Animalia
•
•
•
•
Eukaryotic cells
•
EX - Humans, horses, butterflies, ticks
many celled (multicellular organisms)
most move
members are consumers. The may be herbivores
(plant eaters), carnivores (meat eaters), or
omnivores (both herbivores and carnivores).
Domain Bacteria
•
•
Include 2 Kingdoms the Monerans and Archaebacteria
•
•
•
•
•
unicellular (single celled) organisms
Members of this group are all prokaryotes (organisms
without an organized nucleus)
microscopic organisms (can’t see without a microscope)
some organisms in this domain are harmful and cause disease
others are beneficial (aid in making Swiss cheese)
EX - Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella typhimurium
Domain Archaea
•
•
•
Contain kingdom Eukarya
•
The live in the Earth’s most extreme environments
(hot springs and thermal vents in Yellowstone)
•
also live in cow and termite intestines
These organisms are prokaryotes
they are a type of bacteria with different DNA
structure than those found in Domain Bacteria
Phylogeny
• an organisms evolutionary history
• tells scientist who the ancestors of an
organism were and helps to classify them
• classification of many organisms is based on
phylogeny
Field Guides
• manual/book used to identify organisms
• the keys to using field guides are divided
into steps with two descriptions at each
step. These keys are known as
dichotomous keys
• after going through these steps with the
keys you will come up with the scientific
name
Common Names
•
When speaking informally - we all use the
common name of an organism and not its scientific
name.
•
Depending on what part of the world you are in
an organism may have many different common
names. EX. - mountain lion, puma, polecat, cougar are some of the same animals 13 common names
•
this creates errors in understanding
One scientific name
• The is only one scientific name for every
organism.
• This avoids any confusion, everyone is clear
on the organism being discussed
Factors that influence
how organisms are
classified
•
Vertebrate or Invertebrate
vertebrate - animal with a backbone
invertebrate - animal without a backbone
Body Plans
• how an organisms body is arranged
• symmetry - balanced proportions - we are
going to discuss 3 types of symmetry
• radial, bilateral and assymetrical
Radial Symmetry
• organism with a top and bottom usually
display this type of symmetry
• EX. - hydra, starfish, daisy, octopus
Bilateral Symmetry
• organisms with a definite left and right side
(mirror image)
• Bilateral means 2 sided
Asymmetry
• organisms with no distinct sides, no definite
shape
• prefix “a” means without - therefore
asymmetry means “without symmetry”
• EX. - sponges
Animal Movement
• sessile - when an organism is permanently
attached to a surface
• free-living - organisms that are mobile and
not parasitic
• parasite - an organism that lives in or on
another organism (a host) and at the same
causes harm to that organism
Important Terms:
• Dorsal - Top side of an organism.
• Ventral - Underneath (belly) side of an
organism.
• Anterior - Front end of an organism. (end
towards mouth)
• Posterior - Back end or rear end of an
organism. (end towards anus)