Download SICILY SUMMER SCHOOL FOR GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICAL

UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA, ITALY
SICILY SUMMER SCHOOL FOR GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICAL HERITAGE
SYLLABUS
Greek Elementary Level
This elementary course is intended to provide beginners with a basic knowledge about
declensions, conjugations, complements and the main syntactic constructs. The study of the lexicon
is arranged according to semantic fields, in order to highlight the regular patters of association of
lexical items falling within the same range of meanings.
Unit 1.
The alphabet: letters and pronunciation; classification of sounds; breathings; elision and crasis;
genuine and spurious diphthongs; Accentuation: acute and circumflex; rules of accentuation;
enclitics.
Unit 2.
Parts of speech; nouns and prepositions; general overview about the declensions; the article; Odeclension nouns; usage of prepositions (I).
Unit 3.
A-declension nouns (I): long-vowel feminine nouns; usage of preposition (II); simple phrases.
Unit 4.
General overview about the verb (voices, moods, clause and predication); ω-verbs and µι-verbs;
present active Indicative of ω-verbs.
Unit 5.
A-declension nouns (II): short-vowel feminine nouns and masculine nouns; usage of prepositions
(III).
Unit 6.
Vowel-declension adjectives: attribution and predication; attributive adjectives; substantival usage
of article plus Attribute; predicative adjectives; predicative nouns; possesive genitive; identification
of adjective forms.
Unit 7.
Sentence and clauses; general overview about conjunctions and pronouns; relative clauses; the
Imperative mood; second person Imperative; usage of prepositions (IV).
Unit 8.
Present Infinitive (active and passive); usage of the Greek Infinitive; Vowel-declension adjectives
with two endings.
Unit 9.
The Verb εἰµί: present and use of the infinitive εἶναι; some uses of the genitive and dative;
Unit 10.
Middle and Passive Voices; Present Middle/passive Indicative; Present Middle/passive Infinitive;
Present Middle/passive Imperative (second Person); idiomatic meaning of the Middle Voice.
Unit 11.
Adverbs; coordinating conjunctions: καί, τε (and), δέ (and, but), γάρ (for, because), ἀλλά (but, but
rather); usage of pronouns; pronominal usage of the article; pronoun αὐτός; usage of prepositions
(V).
Unit 12.
General overview on the contract Verbs; verbs in -έω; demonstratives: ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε (this, referring
to something very near, usually present or in sight), οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο (this, the nearer, relatively
close to the speaker, but not so close as something referred to by ὅδε); ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνη, ἐκεῖνο (that
one there, the more distant; usually pointing to something relatively distant from the speaker);
Position of Demonstrative Adjectives.
Unit 13.
Consonant Declension Nouns (I); Labial and Velar Plosive Stems; Dental Plosive Stems; masculine
nouns with stem in –ντ-; neuter nouns with stem in –τ-; the Suffix -µατ-;
Unit 14.
Interrogative Pronouns; Indefinite τις; Uses of the Accusative: Accusative of the object of a verb;
Internal accusative with adjectives; Accusative of respect or specification; Adverbial accusative;
Accusative subject of the infinitive; usage of two Accusative complements with one verb.
Unit 15.
Consonant Declension Nouns (II); consonant Stems Ending in a Liquid (λ, ρ) or Nasal (ν); Irregular
Stems in ρ; Stems in Sigma; Primary and secondary tenses; Imperfect Indicative: augment (syllabic
and temporal); imperfect indicative of verbs in –έω; Imperfect Indicative of εἰµί; Imperfect
Indicative of χρή and οἴοµαι.
During the lessons the teacher’s explanation will be followed by individual and group exercises, to
allow students to enforce their knowledge. Theory and exercise texts will be provided by the course
organizers.
A section of the course will be devoted to the reading of Greek literary texts about Greek
civilization in Sicily and South Italy in a multifaceted perspective (history and culture, literature,
myth and religion, archaeology and iconography). All the texts will be read in English translation.
Greek Advanced Level
The attendance of the advanced level of the course is designated for students who have already
been trained in the basic elements of the language and aim to acquire a full knowledge of the verbal
system and syntax.
Unit 1.
Future indicative, active and middle; Future of to be; The meaning of the middle voice; Indefinite
and interrogatives words; Nouns like τριήρης; Nouns like πατήρ.
Unit 2.
First aorist indicative, active and middle; Verbal aspect; Nouns like ὀφρῦς.
Unit 3.
Second aorist indicative, active and middle; Interrogatives: τί (what?, why?); Indirect speech; Some
particles (ἀλλά; δέ; δή).
Unit 4.
Present infinitives, active and middle; Irregular present infinitives: εἶναι, ἰέναι, εἰδέναι; Verbs
taking infinitives (e.g. βούλοµαι, δεῖ, δοκέω); Comparative and superlative adjectives, regular and
irregular.
Unit 5.
First aorist participles, active and middle; Aspect in participles; Past of οἶδα: ᾔδη ‘knew’; Present
and past of φηµί ‘say’.
Unit 6.
Second aorist participles, active and middle; Pronouns: αὐτός, ὁ αὐτός, αὐτόν; ἐµαυτόν, σεαυτόν,
ἑαυτόν/αὑτόν; The verb δύναµαι.
Unit 7.
The genitive case and its uses; Further comparative and superlative adjectives (ἀγαθός; κακός);
Present optative, active and middle; ἄν + optative; The dative case and its uses; Time phrases
(throughout; within; on); Principal parts (present, future, and aorist) of verbs like ἐρωτάω, λέγω and
λανθάνω.
Unit 8.
Aorist infinitives, first and second, active and middle; Aspect in the infinitive; Aorist imperatives,
first and second, active and middle; Present imperatives: εἰµί, εἶµι, οἶδα, δύναµαι, ἀνίσταµαι;
ἔξεστι; The adjective δεινός; Vocatives; Adjectives: πᾶς.
Unit 9.
Third person imperatives, present and aorist, active and middle; Future infinitive and its uses; Root
aorists: ἔβην, ἔγνων; ἐπίσταµαι ‘I know’; Principal parts (present, future, and aorist) of verbs like
αἱρέω, πάσχω, φέρω and πείθω.
Unit 10.
Aorist optative, active and middle; Verbs: δίδωµι, γιγνώσκω; Adjectives: ἀµελής, γλυκύς; Relative
pronoun (‘who, which, what’); Present and imperfect passive; Genitive absolute; Comparative
adverbs and two-termination adjectives; Optative of φηµί ‘I say’
Unit 11.
Aorist passive; Verbs: ἵστηµι, καθίστηµι; Infinitives in indirect/reported speech; The verbs τίθηµι ‘I
place, put’ and δείκνυµι ‘I show, reveal’; Conditional sentences (with ἄν): ‘Would-should’
conditions (future ‘remote’ and present ‘contrary to fact’); Wishes: ‘Would that/O that ...’; ὅπως +
future indicative ‘see to it that’; Optative forms of εἰµί ‘I am’, εἶµι ‘I shall go’, οἶδα ‘I know’.
Unit 12.
Participial constructions in reported speech; The future passive; Aorist infinitive passive; Future
participles active, middle and passive; ὡς + future participle; πρίν + infinitive; Conditional clauses:
past ‘unfulfilled’; ‘mixed’; and ‘open/simple’ (no ἄν).
Unit 13.
Gerunds (verbs used as nouns): τό + infinitive; The perfect indicative active, ‘have -ed’; The aorist
optative passive; The use of the optative in indirect speech; Sequence of tenses; The future optative;
More forms of the perfect (perfect indicative middle and passive; perfect infinitive; perfect
participle); Some irregular perfects.
Unit 14.
The subjunctive mood: present, aorist and perfect; Indefinite constructions with ἄν; The future
perfect. The pluperfect ‘I had -ed’; Imperatives using µή + the aorist subjunctive; Verbs of
‘fearing’: φοβοῦµαι µή + subjunctive; Verb-forms in -τέος, expressing necessity.
Unit 15.
The accusative absolute; ὡς + the superlative; ἵνα or ὅπως + subjunctive or optative; The perfect
optative; ‘Jussive’/‘Hortatory’ subjunctive; ἕως ἄν ‘until’; φοβοῦµαι µή + optative; ὥστε clauses
‘so as to, so that’ + indicative and infinitive; Numerals; Aorist passive imperatives; Root aorist
imperatives; Middle verbs which take passive forms in the aorist.
During the lessons the teacher’s explanation will be followed by individual and group exercises, to
allow students to enforce their knowledge. Theory and exercise texts will be provided by the course
organizers.
A section of the course will be devoted to the reading of Greek literary texts about Greek
civilization in Sicily and South Italy in a multifaceted perspective (history and culture, literature,
myth and religion, archaeology and iconography). Latin Elementary Level
The Latin course for beginners aims to ensure a basic knowledge about declensions, conjugations,
complements and main syntactic constructs. The study of the lexicon is organized in semantic
fields, hypernimy, hyponymy and synonymy referring to a specific subject also according to
European languages.
Unit 1.
Why learn Latin? The importance of the discovery of the roots of European citizens. - How to study
a language: diachronic perspective and synchronic perspective.- Phonetics: alphabet and
pronunciation; classification of vowels and consonants; diphtongs- The syllable and its weight.
Knowing the way Latin words are divided into syllables- As you read the Latin: the rules of accent.
- Enclitics: the effect of enclitics on the accent of words.- Phonetic changes: vowel changes (IndoEuropean apophony and Latin apophony) and consonant changes (rhotacism). Morphology. The
structure of the word; the case. The structure of the verb: tenses and moods. Parts of speech.Declination and conjugation.
Unit 2.
The first declension. The lexicon of agriculture; Latin and European languages: the life of the fields
in time and space; feminine adjectives in -a; the verb sum/ possum: present tense, imperfect and
future; predicate nominative. The dative of possession. The four active conjugations: present tense
indicative, imperative and infinitive; the attribute and the apposition. The structure of the Latin
sentence.
Unit 3.
The second declension; the first class adjectives . The lexicon of slavery. Latin and European
languages: slavery in space and time. Main complements. Latin possessive adjectives; the four
conjugations active: the imperfect indicative and Future.
Unit 4.
The four conjugations active: the indicative perfect. The lexicon of the school and education. The
language of education in time and space: the Latin and European languages.
Unit 5.
The third declension; second class adjectives; the four conjugations active/ sum: the indicative
perfect, pluperfect and future perfect.
Unit 6.
Main complements. The lexicon of religion in latin and in modern Europe.- The four conjugations
active/ sum: the subjuntive mood ( all tenses).
Unit 7.
Cum + subjunctive. Latin temporal clauses.- The fourth declension. Ut clauses of purpose, result
and indirect command. Negative ut clauses.
Unit 8.
The lexicon of domus in Latin and Europe.- The fifth declension; the word res in latin and Europe.
Latin personal pronouns.- Infinitive mood. The infinitive and subjective clauses.
Unit 9.
The lexicon of the war in Latin and Europe.- The four conjugations active: present and future
participle. Active periphrastic.
Unit 10.
Passive Voice: indicative and subjunctive simple tenses. Lexicon of identity and kinship in latin and
Europe.
Unit 11.
Passive Voice: the Perfect-Passive system. The past participle. Impersonal Passive in Latin.
Lexicon: the roman marriage.
Unit 12.
Latin gerund and gerundive. Passive periphrastic. The degrees of adjectives: comparative and
superlative.
Unit 13.
Latin absolute ablative. Latin defective and invariable nouns. Defective verbs. The roman mos
maiorum: basic lexicon. Latin numeral pronouns and adjectives. The roman calendar.
Unit 14.
Latin verbs in -Ǐo. The latin magical words.- Determinative and demonstrative adjectives and
pronouns. Latin indefinite pronouns and adjectives; latin relative pronouns; relative clause.- Latin
interrogative pronouns and adjectives; forms of interrogative sentences.
Unit 15.
Latin lexicon of food. Deponent and semi deponent verbs. Irregular verbs.
During the lessons the teacher’s explanation will be followed by individual and group exercises, to
allow students to enforce their knowledge. Theory and exercise texts will be provided by the course
organizers.
A section of the course will be devoted to the reading of Latin literary texts about Latin
civilization in Sicily and South Italy in a multifaceted perspective (history and culture, literature,
myth and religion, archaeology and iconography). All the texts will be read in English translation.
Latin Advanced Level
The attendance of the advanced level of Latin language demands the knowledge of Latin
morphology elements (noun, adjective and pronoun declensions; verb conjugations) and of Latin
syntax elements (cum + subjunctive; active periphrastic; passive periphrastic; ablative absolute).
Unit 1.
Syntax of the cases: concordances; the nominative (double nominative, videor, verba dicendi, verba
vetandi); the vocative.
Unit 2.
The accusative (accusative taken by verbs, impersonal verbs, double accusative, complements by
accusative).
Unit 3.
The genitive (genitive taken by substantives, genitive taken by adjectives and participles, genitive
taken by verbs, interest and refert).
Unit 4.
The dative (dative of possession, dative of purpose, dative taken by adjectives, dative taken by
verbs, double dative).
Unit 5.
The ablative (complements by ablative, ablative taken by adjectives, ablative taken by verbs).
Time and place complements.
Unit 6.
Syntax of the verb. The indicative mood. The subjunctive in independent clauses.
Unit 7.
The infinitive; sequence of tenses (consecutio temporum).
Unit 8.
Syntax of the sentence. Parataxis and hypotaxis; substantive clauses (infinitive with subject
accusative).
Unit 9.
Substantive clauses (indirect questions).
Unit 10.
Attributive clauses (relative clauses). Adverbial clauses (final clauses)
Unit 11.
Adverbial clauses (consecutive clauses).
Unit 12.
Adverbial clauses (causal clauses, concessive clauses).
Unit 13.
Adverbial clauses (conditional sentences).
Unit 14.
History of Latin language. Indoeuropean and Latin; Latin and Indo-European apophony; rhotacism.
Noun formation; verb formation.
Unit 15.
Prosody and Metric (syllables, quantity and accent; feet and versification; scansion; the hexameter;
the pentameter).
During the lessons the teacher’s explanation will be followed by individual and group exercises, to
allow students to enforce their knowledge. Theory and exercise texts will be provided by the course
organizers.
A section of the course will be devoted to the reading of Latin literary texts about Latin
civilization in Sicily and South Italy in a multifaceted perspective (history and culture, literature,
myth and religion, archaeology and iconography).