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Unit 3: Tissues and The Skin Chapters 5 & 6 Types of Tissues Tissues – groups of different cells working together for a common purpose Kinds: 1) 2) 3) Epithelial Covering Connective Tissue Binds and Fills Muscle tissue Motion a) 4) Skeletal, smooth and cardiac Nervous tissue Messaging/ Communication Epithelial Tissues General Characteristics Function – covering, barrier, protection Avascular Free surface/ Basement Membrane Secretions and Absorptions Diffusion from underlying tissue Reproduce rapidly Tightly packed cells Important Terms for Classification Simple VS. Stratified Squamous, Cuboidal or Columnar Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelial Tissues Simple Squamous Ep. Single row of flattened cells Thinnest of coverings Allows substances to pass freely important for areas that need diffusion to happen between tissues Simple Cuboidal Ep. Alveoli (air sacs) in lungs; capillary blood vessels Single row of square shaped cells Central, spherical nuclei Ovaries, kidney tubules, ducts of salivary glands, pancreas and liver Simple Columnar Ep. Single layer of tall, elongated cells Nuclei usually at same level, near basement membrane Digestive System Microvilli Goblet Cells Epithelial Tissues Pseudostratified Columnar Ep. Nuclei at different levels but cells reach basement membrane Respiratory tract/ Female reproductive tubes Stratified Squamous Ep. Cube-like at bottom, flattened as they approach free surface Epidermis of skin, mouth, vagina, anal canal Cilia and Goblet cells Keritinization Stratified Cuboidal Ep. Larger gland ducts – mammary, sweat, salivary and pancreas Ovarian follicles (Female Rep. Sys.) and seminiferous tubules (Male Rep. Sys.) Epithelial Tissues Stratified Columnar Ep. Transitional Ep. Cuboidal at basement membrane, elongate towards free surface Male urethra, Vas Deferens, parts of pharynx Specialized layers to respond to changes in tension Bladder and passages of urinary system Glandular Ep. Cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances into tubes (ducts) or body fluids Exocrine – secrete into ducts that lead to internal or external surfaces Simple, compound, tubular, alveolar Also classified by how they secrete Merocrine – substance only Apocrine – substance + part of cell cytoplasm Holocrine – substance + all of cell interior Endocrine – secrete directly into body fluids (commonly blood) Endocrine glands revisited in Ch. 13 Connective Tissue General Characteristics Most abundant by weight Many functions: bind structures together; provide support and protection; framework; fill spaces; store fat; produce blood cells; protect against infections; help repair tissue damage Cells generally farther apart with lots of intercellular material (matrix) Cell Types Resident vs. Wandering cells Fibroblast – produce fibers Macrophages –phagocytosis Mast Cell – produce and release chemicals Histamine – associated with inflammatory response Heparin – helps prevent blood clotting Connective Tissue Fiber Types Collagenous Fibers – tough, dense protein fibers Collagen - white Great tensile strength Dense – many; loose – few and spread out Elastic Fibers – stretch and recoil Regular vs. irregular Elastin - yellow Vocal cords and respiratory passages Reticular Fibers – thin, single strands of collagen fibers Highly branched for a delicate framework Connective Tissue Loose Fibrous C. T. Adipose C. T. Delicate thin membranes Scattered collagenous and elastic fibers Binds skin to underlying tissue Highly vascular fat storage Beneath skin, between muscles, around kidneys, behind eyeballs Dense Fibrous C. T. Mostly fibers; few cells Can be regular tendons and ligaments Can be irreguar dermis of skin Elastic C. T. Slow to heal b/c of poor vascularization Parallel stands or branching networks of elastic fibers Ligamente flava, larger airways and arteries Reticular C. T. Thin, collagenous fibers arranged in 3-D network Walls of liver, spleen and lymphatic organs Connective Tissue Cartilage – rigid connective tissue Provides support, framework, attachment, protection of underlying tissues, structural model for developing bones Chondrocytes – cartilage cells Perichondrium – covering of cartilage Hyaline – most common type Ends of bones, soft part of nose, supporting rings of respiratory system Bone forms from this during development Elastic – more flexible than hyaline Lacunae External ears and larynx Fibrocartilage – shock absorber with many collagenous fibers Intervertebral disks Connective Tissue Bones (osseous tissue) – solid connective tissue Solid matrix due to calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate (mineral salts) Attachments for muscles, leverage, protection, inorganic salt storage Osteons – basic repeating unit of bone Blood – liquid connective tissue Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets in plasma Hematopoietic tissue Osteonic (Haversion) canal Osteocytes Lacunae Canaliculi Bone marrow Reticuloendothelial tissue – largely phagocytic tissue Found in blood, brain, lungs, bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph glands Muscular Tissue Elongated cells (fibers) specialized for contraction Skeletal: Smooth: Voluntary, striated, movement of body parts Fibers contain many nuclei and mitochondria; very long Involuntary, non-striated, movement of walls of internal organs (digestive, blood vessels, urinary etc.) Cardiac: Involuntary, striated, self-exciting, rhythmic beating of heart Intercalated disks – hold cardiac cells together Nervous Tissue: Tissue specialized to transmit electrochemical messages (nervous impulses) throughout the body Neurons – functional cell of nervous system Dendrites – receiving end Cell body Axon – impulses travel down axon to terminals Synapse – space between neurons Neurotransmitters – chemicals released from axon into synapse Motor neurons – send messages to effectors (muscles and glands) Sensory neurons – receive sensory information from external and internal environment Interneurons – connect and integrate information from sensory neurons to motor neurons Neuroglial cells – accessory cells of nervous system Support, bind components of nervous system together, phagocytosis, help supply nutrients #7 #8 #9 #10 – what type of cell is the arrow pointing to? Bonus: #7 #8 #9 #10 BONUS