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Battle of Stalingrad: turning the tide
Source:
McNeese, Tim. "Turning the Tide of Battle." Stalingrad: Sieges That Changed the World. N.p.:
n.p., n.d. N. pag. Facts On File: Modern World History. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.
<http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/default.asp?ItemID=WE53>.
Quote:
As the war dragged on, the German forces increasingly suffered the effects of attrition. Dead German soldiers could not be
replaced. Ruined equipment, tanks, and artillery were simply considered gone. The Russians, on the other hand, were able to
resupply their forces—in everything from guns to manpower—through the entire battle for the city.
Russian forces were massing outside the city, to the north, along a 200-mile (322-kilometer) front then held by forces of the Axis
powers, including Hungarian, Italian, and Romanian divisions. The Soviet command, intent on carrying out a counteroffensive
on a truly massive scale, provided as much support in terms of troops and materiel as possible. Half of the Red army's available
reserve of artillery was moved into the Stalingrad region for the counteroffensive. This reserve included a total of 230 artillery
regiments, troops who had at their disposal 13,540 cannons and mortar.
Within just days, a formerly defensive force had turned the war over Stalingrad into another sort of siege. By November 23, the
Russians had successfully encircled more than 300,000 German forces, including the entire 6th army, within the confines
of Stalingrad itself. It was a stunning victory, and the timing could not have been worse for the Germans.
Paraphrase:
As the war went on the germans could not resupply themselves with weapons, supplies, or men.
The russians were abble to get whatevver they needed in the battle for the city.
Russian forces massed outside the city preparing for a massive counteroffensive. almost half of
the red army's artillery was moved to take part in it.
By november 23rd the russians had successfully encircled the german forces. it was a major
victory in the second world war over the germans.
Defense of Stalingrad: about.com
Source:
About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.
<http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/worldwarii/p/World-War-Ii-Battle-Of-Stalingrad.htm>.
Quote:
With German ground forces nearing, General Wolfram von Richthofen's Luftflotte 4 quickly gained air
superiority over Stalingrad and began reducing the city to rubble, inflicting thousands of civilian
casualties in the process. Pushing west, Army Group B reached the Volga north of Stalingrad in late
August and by September 1 had arrived at the river south of the city. As a result, Soviet forces in
Stalingrad could only be reinforced and re-supplied by crossing the Volga, often while enduring
German air and artillery attack.
While the grinding fighting was taking place in Stalingrad, Stalin dispatched General Georgy Zhukov south
to begin building up forces for a counterattack. Working with General Aleksandr Vasilevsky, he
massed troops to the on steppes to the north and south of Stalingrad. On November 19, the Soviets
launched Operation Uranus which saw three armies cross the Don River and crash through the
Romanian Third Army. South of Stalingrad, two Soviet armies attacked on November 20, shattering
the Romanian Fourth Army. With Axis forces collapsing, Soviet troops raced around Stalingrad in a
massive double evelopment.
The Soviet forces successfully encircled 6th Army trapping around 250,000 Axis troops. To support the
offensive, attacks were conducted elsewhere along the Eastern Front to prevent the Germans from
sending reinforcements to Stalingrad. Though the German high command wished to order Paulus to
conduct a breakout, Hitler refused and was convinced by Luftwaffe chief Hermann Göring that 6th
Army could be supplied by air. This ultimately proved impossible and conditions for Paulus' men began
to deteriorate.
While Soviet forces pushed east, others began tightening the ring around Paulus in Stalingrad. Heavy
fighting began as the Germans were forced into an increasingly smaller area. The Soviets began
driving the Germans back on a wide front effectively ending German hopes for relieving Stalingrad. In
the city, Paulus' men resisted tenaciously but soon faced ammunition shortages. With the situation
desperate, Paulus asked Hitler for permission to surrender, but was refused.
On January 30, Hitler promoted Paulus to field marshal. As no German field marshal had ever been
captured, he expected him to fight to the end or commit suicide. The next day, Paulus was captured
when the Soviets overran his headquarters. On February 2, 1943, the final pocket of German
resistance surrendered ending over five months of fighting.
Paraphrase:
As the Germans neared Stalingrad the Luftflotte began bombing the city destroying many
buildings and killing many civilians.
As the fighting was taking place the Russian generals began planning a counterattack. On
november 19th the russians attacked the North and South flanks which were defended by the
Romanians. As the romanians were defeated the Russians enveloped the German forces. Attacks
were also conduct to prevent the germans to send reinforcements.
As Paulus was trapped the German high command want to order him to attempt a breakout,
Hitler refused saying the airforce would air drop supplies in. This never happened and as the
german conditions deteriorated Paulus asked Hitler if they could surrender, he again refused.
The next day Paulus was promoted to Field Marshal, no german field marshal had ever been
captured, but when the Russians overran his headquarters he was and the rest of the german army
surrendered.
Notecard: Battle of Stalingrad
Source:
Crisis and Achievement, 1900 to 1950. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Vol. 5 of Encyclopedia of World History.
Facts On File: Modern World History. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.
<http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/LowerFrame.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHV278&Single
Record=True>.
URL:
http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/LowerFrame.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=WHV278&SingleRe
cord=True
Quote:
On June 28, 1942, the German High Command launched Operation Blau (blue) against the
Soviet Union. Blau's objectives were to capture the oil fields and agricultural resources of the
Caucasus region and the city of Stalingrad. This task was assigned to Army Group South, a
coalition of German, Italian, Romanian, and Hungarian armies. Army Group South advanced
through heavy Soviet resistance throughout the summer of 1942 and by August had reached
Stalingrad.
While Stalingrad's defenders held fast, the Soviet High Command launched a counterattack,
Operation Uranus. Uranus called for an assault on the northern and southern flanks of Army
Group South. The Soviets deemed these flanks particularly vulnerable because ill-equipped and
unenthusiastic Romanian units guarded them. On November 19 Soviet forces assaulted the Third
Romanian Army in the north. The following day Soviets attacked the Romanian 4th Army Corps
in the south. The Romanians quickly gave way, allowing Soviet armies from both flanks to meet
at the town of Kalach and successfully execute a pincer movement that encircled 250,000 Axis
soldiers within the Stalingrad sector.
Germany's defeat at Stalingrad proved the turning point of the war. Germany's reputation for
invincibility was shattered, and after Stalingrad the Germans endured a defensive position on the
eastern front. The Soviets gained an important strategic and psychological triumph and pushed
steadily toward Berlin. Soviet victory came at great sacrifice, however; the Battle of Stalingrad is
considered World War II's bloodiest battle, with over 2 million deaths on both sides.
Paraphrase:
On June 28, 1942 The Germans launched an attack called Operation Blau on the Soviet Union.
The main objectives were to capture the regions Agricultural and oil resources as well as the city
of Stalingrad. The Army Gruop South was assigned to the task.
After the German advanced reached Stalingrad they ended up in a standoff with the Russians.
Stalin had issued order no. 227, forbidding retreat. While the russian defenders in the city held
off the germans the Russian command launched a counterattack called Operation Uranus. They
flanked the germans on the north and south sides of the army's position executing a pincer
movement the entrapped the axis soldiers.
This defeat of the germans was a major turning point in the world, their reputaion for being an
undefeatable foe was destoyed. But the victory came a price, there were over 2 million deaths on
both sides.
My Ideas:
The germans first attempted to invade russia to capture important recources like oil. They pushed
through the country relativly quickly only to be stopped at a city called Stalingrad. There was a
lot of intense fighting, ecspically after Stalin issued order no. 227, forbidding retreat. The
russians won the battle by surronding the Germans and cutting them off from reinforcments and
supplies. The victory came at a cost, nearly 2 million deaths occured.
Summary of Battle of Stalingrad
Source:
Glantz, David. "Stalingrad, Battle of." Gale. N.p.: n.p., 2004. N. pag. Gale: Global Issues in
Context. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.
<http://find.galegroup.com/gic/infomark.do?&source=gale&idigest=9f1f2384cdda0255d24cc4d
b3a48e595&prodId=GIC&userGroupName=collingwood&tabID=T001&docId=CX3404101286
&type=retrieve&contentSet=EBKS&version=1.0>.
Quote:
The Battle of Stalingrad (July 17, 1942–February 2,1943) was the most significant Red Army victory during World War II.
It included the Red Army's defense against Operation "Blau" (Blue), the German Army's summer 1942 advance to
Stalingrad, and offensive operations in the fall of 1942 and winter of 1943 to defeat German and other Axis forces in the
Stalingrad region. The fighting consumed the bulk of German forces and forced them to deploy weak Italian and
Rumanian armies along their overextended flanks north and south of the city. While Stalin fed enough forces into
Stalingrad to tie German forces down, the Stavka planned a counteroffensive, Operation "Uranus," orchestrated by
General A. M. Vasilevsky, to encircle and destroy Axis forces at Stalingrad.
At a cost of more than one million casualties, including almost 500,000 dead, missing, or captured, during the battle
the Red Army destroyed or badly damaged five Axis armies, including two German, totaling more than fifty divisions,
and killed or captured more than 600,000 Axis troops. The unprecedented German defeat was a turning point
indicative of eventual Red Army victory in the war.
Paraphrase:
One of the most significant Red Army victory was the at the battle of Stalingrad. It included the
Germans conducting operation Bleau against the Russian town of Stalingrad. Operation
"Uranus" was a counteroffensive attack used by the Germans and it worked to turn the war on
the Germans. Many people died.
The Battle of Stalingrad
Source:
"Battle of Stalingrad." Britannica School Edition. 2013. N. pag. Encyclopedia Britannica School
Edition. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. <http://school.eb.com/all/eb/article9069378?query=Defence%20of%20stalingrad&ct=null>.
Quote:
(July 17, 1942–Feb. 2, 1943), successful Soviet defense of the city of Stalingrad (now
Volgograd) in the Russian S.F.S.R. during World War II. Russians consider it to be the greatest
battle of their Great Patriotic War, and most historians consider it to be the greatest battle of the
entire conflict. It stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union and marked the turning of
the tide of war in favour of the Allies.
On August 23 a German spearhead penetrated the city's northern suburbs, and the Luftwaffe
rained incendiary bombs that destroyed most of the city's wooden housing.
The Soviets had to supply their troops by barge and boat across the Volga from the other bank.
At this point Stalingrad became the scene of some of the fiercest and most concentrated fighting
of the war; streets, blocks, and individual buildings were fought over by many small units of
troops and often changed hands again and again. The city's remaining buildings were pounded
into rubble by the unrelenting close combat
The attacks quickly penetrated deep into the flanks, and by November 23 the two prongs of the
attack had linked up about 100 km (60 miles) west of Stalingrad; the encirclement of the two
German armies in Stalingrad was complete.
On Jan. 31, 1943, Paulus disobeyed Hitler and agreed to give himself up. Twenty-four generals
surrendered with him, and on February 2 the last of 91,000 frozen, starving men (all that was left
of the 6th and 4th armies) turned themselves over to the Soviets.
Soviet side, official Russian military historians estimate there were 1,100,000 Red Army dead,
wounded, missing, and captured in the campaign to defend the city. An estimated 40,000
civilians died as well. In 1945 Stalingrad was officially proclaimed a Hero City of the Soviet
Union for its defense of the motherland. In 1959
The Soviets recovered 250,000 German and Romanian corpses in and around Stalingrad, and
total Axis casualties (Germans, Romanians, Italians, and Hungarians) are believed to have been
more than 800,000 dead, wounded, missing, and captured. Of the 91,000 men who surrendered,
only some 5,000–6,000 ever returned to their homelands
My Ideas:
The greatest battle for the Russians in their "patriotic war" was in the city of Stalingrad. It was a
magor turning poing tor the war and marked the turning of the tide of war in favour of the Allies.
The destruction first occured on August 23rd 1942, when a Greman spearhead got into the city
and the Greman airforce or the Luftwaffe dropped incendiary bombs, destroying most of
Stalingrad's wooden houseing and structures. This battle became very violent, very fast; and in
such a consentrated place like Stalengrad the close quarter gunfight destroyed most of the town
and most of the buildings were pounded into rubble.