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Session 4: Communication Theory Learners will be able to: • explain various communication models Objectives • apply the principles of communication theories in instructional design Agenda This session will cover: • Communication theories • The role of language and communication channel • Communication-related instructional design We will cover: • Behavioral learning theory Next Class • Cognitive learning theory • Social learning theory Let’s talk 1) Grouping into two groups 2) Talk about any event 3) What happen? All instruction is a matter of communication : whether it is delivered orally, in writing and visuals, or through various forms of media Four alternative perspectives of communication (Littlejohn, 1989) − The transmission emphasis − The behavioral emphasis − The interactive emphasis − The transaction emphasis The transmission emphasis “communication means that information is passed from one place to another” (Miller, 1951, p. 6) The Mathematical Model of Communication (Shannon & Weaver, 1949, p. 7) The transmission emphasis Richey (1986) presents a message transmission model that is more applicable to instructional designer A Model of the Transmission of Messages (Richey, 1986, p. 44) The transmission emphasis Three major problems • A technical problem concerning how accurately the symbols transmitted the message: • A semantic problem relating to how precisely words convey the essence of the original message • An effectiveness problem relating to whether the message had the intended effect on conduct The behavioral emphasis Behavioral views portrayed communication as basically a stimulus-response (S-R) situation (Heath & Bryant, 2000) Berlo’s SMCR Model (Berlo, 1960, p. 75) The behavioral emphasis Instructional messages are delivered not only by a primary communicator, but also by information gatekeeper (Westley & MacLean, 1955) Westley and MacLean S-R Communication Model (Westley & MacLean, 1955, p. 9) The interactive emphasis “Interaction through messages” (Gerbner as cited in Heath & Bryant, 2000, p. 47) an effort “to establish a ‘commonness’ with someone…to share information, an idea, or and attitude” (Schramm, 1954, p. 3) The Schramm Interactive Model of Communication (Heath & Bryant, 2000, p. 66) The transaction emphasis communication is a process in which determining meaning is not seen as an interpretation process, but as a matter of sharing and co-creating meaning among actively engaged participants Communication is a matter of constructing individual and contextualized knowledge in cooperation with others The Campos Ecologies of Meaning Model of Communication (Campos, 2007, p. 398) All instruction is a matter of communication : whether it is delivered orally, in writing and visuals, or through various forms of media − The role and impact of written and visual language on meaning-making; − The influence of channel on effective instructional communication; and − The attention-getting properties of a message All instruction is a matter of communication : whether it is delivered orally, in writing and visuals, or through various forms of media − The role and impact of written and visual language on meaning-making; − The influence of channel on effective instructional communication; and − The attention-getting properties of a message Let’s talk 1) Grouping into four groups 2) Review your blog articles 3) Find any element influencing on meaning making References Berlo, D. (1960). The process of communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Campos, M. N. (2007). Ecology of meanings: A critical constructivist communication model. Communication Theory, 17(4), 386-410. Heath, R. L., & Bryant, J. (2000). Human communication theory and research: Concepts, contexts, and challenges (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Littlejohn, S. W. (1989). Theories of human communication (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Miller, G. A. (1951). Language and communication. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc. Richey, R. (1986). The theoretical and conceptual bases of instructional design. London: Kogan Page. Ltd. Schramm, W. (1954). How communication works. In W. Schramm (Ed.), The process and effects of mass communication (pp. 3-26). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana, IL: The University of Illinois Press. Westley, B. H., & MacLean, M. S. (1955). A conceptual model for communications research. Audio Visual Communications Review, 3(1), 3-12.