Download Session 4: Communication Theory

Session 4: Communication Theory
Learners will be able to:
• explain various communication models
Objectives • apply the principles of communication theories in
instructional design
Agenda
This session will cover:
• Communication theories
• The role of language and communication channel
• Communication-related instructional design
We will cover:
• Behavioral learning theory
Next Class • Cognitive learning theory
• Social learning theory
Let’s talk
1) Grouping into two groups
2) Talk about any event
3) What happen?
All instruction is a matter of communication
: whether it is delivered orally, in writing and visuals,
or through various forms of media
Four alternative perspectives of communication
(Littlejohn, 1989)
− The transmission emphasis
− The behavioral emphasis
− The interactive emphasis
− The transaction emphasis
The transmission emphasis
“communication means that information is passed
from one place to another” (Miller, 1951, p. 6)
The Mathematical Model of Communication
(Shannon & Weaver, 1949, p. 7)
The transmission emphasis
Richey (1986) presents a message transmission
model that is more applicable to instructional
designer
A Model of the Transmission of Messages
(Richey, 1986, p. 44)
The transmission emphasis
Three major problems
• A technical problem concerning how accurately
the symbols transmitted the message:
• A semantic problem relating to how precisely
words convey the essence of the original message
• An effectiveness problem relating to whether the
message had the intended effect on conduct
The behavioral emphasis
Behavioral views portrayed communication as
basically a stimulus-response (S-R) situation
(Heath & Bryant, 2000)
Berlo’s SMCR Model
(Berlo, 1960, p. 75)
The behavioral emphasis
Instructional messages are delivered not only by a
primary communicator, but also by information
gatekeeper
(Westley & MacLean, 1955)
Westley and MacLean S-R Communication Model
(Westley & MacLean, 1955, p. 9)
The interactive emphasis
“Interaction through messages”
(Gerbner as cited in Heath & Bryant, 2000, p. 47)
an effort “to establish a
‘commonness’ with
someone…to share
information, an idea, or
and attitude”
(Schramm, 1954, p. 3)
The Schramm Interactive
Model of Communication
(Heath & Bryant, 2000, p. 66)
The transaction emphasis
communication is a process in which determining
meaning is not seen as an interpretation process,
but as a matter of sharing and co-creating meaning
among actively engaged participants
Communication is a
matter of constructing
individual and
contextualized knowledge
in cooperation with others
The Campos Ecologies of Meaning Model of Communication
(Campos, 2007, p. 398)
All instruction is a matter of communication
: whether it is delivered orally, in writing and visuals,
or through various forms of media
− The role and impact of written and visual
language on meaning-making;
− The influence of channel on effective
instructional communication; and
− The attention-getting properties of a message
All instruction is a matter of communication
: whether it is delivered orally, in writing and visuals,
or through various forms of media
− The role and impact of written and visual
language on meaning-making;
− The influence of channel on effective
instructional communication; and
− The attention-getting properties of a message
Let’s talk
1) Grouping into four groups
2) Review your blog articles
3) Find any element influencing on meaning making
References
Berlo, D. (1960). The process of communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Campos, M. N. (2007). Ecology of meanings: A critical constructivist communication model. Communication
Theory, 17(4), 386-410.
Heath, R. L., & Bryant, J. (2000). Human communication theory and research: Concepts, contexts, and
challenges (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Littlejohn, S. W. (1989). Theories of human communication (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing
Company.
Miller, G. A. (1951). Language and communication. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc.
Richey, R. (1986). The theoretical and conceptual bases of instructional design. London: Kogan Page. Ltd.
Schramm, W. (1954). How communication works. In W. Schramm (Ed.), The process and effects of mass
communication (pp. 3-26). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana, IL: The University
of Illinois Press.
Westley, B. H., & MacLean, M. S. (1955). A conceptual model for communications research. Audio Visual
Communications Review, 3(1), 3-12.