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Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air AP Biology 2013-2014 Energy needs of life All life needs a constant input of energy Heterotrophs (Animals) get their energy from “eating others” consumers eat food = other organisms = organic molecules make energy through respiration Autotrophs (Plants) produce their own energy (from “self”) convert energy of sunlight producers build organic molecules (CHO) from CO2 make energy & synthesize sugars through AP Biology photosynthesis How are they connected? Heterotrophs making energy & organic molecules from ingesting organic molecules glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP oxidation = exergonic Autotrophs making energy & organic molecules from light energy Where’s the ATP? carbon + water + energy glucose + oxygen dioxide 6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy AP Biology reduction = endergonic http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab4/dpipex.html Photosynthesis: REDOX Autotrophs making energy & organic molecules from light energy carbon + water + energyLEO exergonic glucose + oxygen oxidation = dioxide 6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy AP Biology GER reduction = endergonic What does it mean to be a plant Need to… collect light energy ATP transform it into chemical energy glucose store light energy in a stable form to be moved around the plant or stored need to get building block atoms CO 2 from the environment C,H,O,N,P,K,S,Mg produce all organic molecules needed for growth H2O N K P … carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids AP Biology Plant structure Obtaining raw materials sunlight leaves = solar collectors CO2 stomates = gas exchange H 2O uptake from roots nutrients N, P, K, S, Mg, Fe… uptake from roots AP Biology stomate transpiration AP gas Biology exchange Leaves Function of leaves photosynthesis energy production CHO production gas exchange transpiration simple vs. compound AP Biology Aaaah… Structure–Function again! Chloroplasts leaves cross section of leaf absorb sunlight & CO2 CO2 chloroplasts in plant cell chloroplast AP Biology chloroplasts contain chlorophyll make energy & sugar Chloroplast structure chloroplast H+ ATP + + H+ H H+ + H H + H+ H+ H+ + H H thylakoid Chloroplasts double membrane stroma outer membrane inner membrane fluid-filled interior thylakoid sacs grana stacks stroma Thylakoid membrane contains chlorophyll molecules electron transport chain ATP synthase H+ gradient built up within AP Biology thylakoid sac thylakoid granum Photosynthesis Light reactions light-dependent reactions energy conversion reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy ATP & NADPH Calvin cycle It’s not the Dark Reactions! light-independent reactions sugar building reactions uses chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) to reduce CO2 & synthesize C6H12O6 AP Biology Light reactions Electron Transport Chain like in cellular respiration proteins in organelle membrane electron acceptors NADPH proton (H+) gradient across inner membrane find the double membrane! ATP synthase enzyme AP Biology thylakoid chloroplast + +H+ H H+ + + + H+ H+H + +H H H H H ATP + +H+ H H+ + + H + H H + + H H+ H+ HH AP Biology ETC of Respiration Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food molecules into chemical energy of ATP use electron carrier NADH generates H2O AP Biology ETC of Photosynthesis Chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy of ATP generates O2 AP Biology use electron carrier NADPH http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXzbJgRfd7g The ATP that “Jack” built photosynthesis sunlight respiration breakdown of C6H12O6 H+ H+ moves the electrons H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ runs the pump pumps the protons builds the gradient drives the flow of protons ADP + Pi through ATP synthase bonds Pi to ADP ATP generates the ATP AP Biology … that evolution built H+ Pigments of photosynthesis How does this molecular structure fit its function? Chlorophylls & other pigments embedded in thylakoid membrane arranged in a “photosystem” collection of molecules AP Biology structure-function relationship A Look at Light The spectrum of color V AP Biology I B G Y O R Light: absorption spectra Photosynthesis gets energy by absorbing wavelengths of light chlorophyll a absorbs best in red & blue wavelengths & least in green accessory pigments with different structures absorb light of different wavelengths chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls Why are plants green? AP Biology Understand this! Photosystems of photosynthesis 2 photosystems in thylakoid membrane collections of chlorophyll molecules act as light-gathering molecules Photosystem II reaction chlorophyll a center P680 = absorbs 680nm wavelength red light Photosystem I chlorophyll a P700 = absorbs 700nm wavelength red light AP Biology antenna pigments chlorophyll a ETC of Photosynthesis Photosystem II chlorophyll a Photosystem I AP Biology Inhale, baby! ETC of Photosynthesis thylakoid chloroplast + +H+ H H+ + + + H+ H+H +H+ H H H H + +H+ H H+ + + H + H H + + H H+ H+ HH ATP Plants SPLIT water! H H 1 O H e- e e fill the e– vacancy AP Biology Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a H+ e- +H OO e e H 2 ETC of Photosynthesis thylakoid chloroplast H+ + +H+ H H+ + H + H + + H H+ H+ H H + +H+ H + + +H + H+ H+H + H H H H+H ATP 3 2 1 e e H+ 4 ATP H+ to Calvin Cycle H+ H+ H+ AP Biology Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a H+ H+ + H+ H ADP + Pi ATP H+ H+ energy to build carbohydrates ETC of Photosynthesis e e 5 e e AP Biology Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a at rxn center and chlorophyll a sun ETC of Photosynthesis electron carrier 6 e e 5 sun AP Biology Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a $$ in the bank… reducing power! ETC of Photosynthesis sun sun H+ + H+ + H + + H H H + H H+ H+ H+ + H to Calvin Cycle O split H2O ATP AP Biology ETC of Photosynthesis ETC uses light energy to produce ATP & NADPH go to Calvin cycle PS II absorbs light AP Biology excited electron passes from chlorophyll to “primary electron acceptor” need to replace electron in chlorophyll enzyme extracts electrons from H2O & supplies them to chlorophyll splits H2O O combines with another O to form O2 O2 released to atmosphere and we breathe easier! Experimental evidence Where did the O2 come from? radioactive tracer = O18 Experiment 1 6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy Experiment 2 6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy Proved O2 came from H2O not CO2 = plants split H2O! AP Biology Photosynthesis summary Where did the energy come from? Where did the electrons come from? Where did the H2O come from? Where did the O2 come from? Where did the O2 go? Where did the H+ come from? Where did the ATP come from? What will the ATP be used for? Where did the NADPH come from? What will the NADPH be used for? AP Biology …stay tuned for the Calvin cycle The Calvin Cycle 1950s | 1961 The Calvin Cycle is named after whom? AP Biology You can grow if you Ask Questions! AP Biology 2013-2014 Light rxns animation http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/ltrxn.html AP Biology http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/photos ynthesis.swf