* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Voltmeter and Ammeter Loading Effects
Electrical substation wikipedia , lookup
Electrical ballast wikipedia , lookup
Schmitt trigger wikipedia , lookup
Switched-mode power supply wikipedia , lookup
Voltage optimisation wikipedia , lookup
Buck converter wikipedia , lookup
Surge protector wikipedia , lookup
Two-port network wikipedia , lookup
Stray voltage wikipedia , lookup
Current source wikipedia , lookup
Rectiverter wikipedia , lookup
Alternating current wikipedia , lookup
Opto-isolator wikipedia , lookup
Power MOSFET wikipedia , lookup
Loading coil wikipedia , lookup
Mains electricity wikipedia , lookup
RLC circuit wikipedia , lookup
Current mirror wikipedia , lookup
Network analysis (electrical circuits) wikipedia , lookup
EEE3406 Instrumentation & Measurements │LABORATORY – Experiment 1│ │ Name Date Class Class No. Marks Voltmeter and Ammeter Loading Effects Objectives: After completing this lab, you will be able to use the sensitivity, S of an analog meter to determine the loading resistance of a voltmeter, calculate the loading effect of DMM and VOM when measuring voltage and current, determine the input resistance of a voltmeter and ammeter, measure and compare the loading effects of analog and digital voltmeters and ammters in high-resistance and low-resistance circuits. Equipment/Components Required Digital multimeter (DMM) Volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM) Variable DC power supply Breadboard Resistors : 4.7 Ω, 47 Ω, 3.9 kΩ, 5.6 kΩ, 3.9 MΩ, 5.6 MΩ Ver Author(s) Date 1.0 YH WONG 1/07 For EEE3406 (PT) 1.1 YH WONG 7/07 Block for students’ name/class, date of experiment added. Remark Laboratory © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong Experiment 1 1 PART A: BACKGROUND When we use a voltmeter to measure the voltage in a circuit, we always assume its input impedance is very large that it does not load the circuit and it will always indicate the correct voltage in a circuit. Unfortunately this is not always the case. 5.6 MΩ A E = 10 V V B Figure 1 Loading effect of a high resistance source In order for any instrument to provide a measurement, it must take a small amount of energy from the circuit under test, and use this energy to obtain a reading. While the amount of energy taken from most circuits is virtually undetectable, this is not always so. Consider the circuit as shown in Figure 1. Ideally, the internal resistance of a voltmeter is infinitely large, resulting in no circuit current. The voltage appearing across the voltmeter will be 10 V which means that the voltmeter provides a correct reading of 10.0 V. However, all voltmeters have some internal resistance. If the internal resistance of the voltmeter was equal to the series resistance, 5.6 MΩ, then the voltage appearing across the voltmeter would be half of the supply voltage, resulting in a reading of 5.0 V. If the internal resistance of the voltmeter is even smaller, the voltmeter’s reading will be smaller too. The degree to which a meter loads a circuit under test is called the loading effect and is determined mathematically as: loading effect = 2 Experiment 1 unloaded value − reading × 100% unloaded value Laboratory © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong EEE3406 Instrumentation & Measurements A similar effect occurs when an ammeter is connected into a circuit. Consider the circuit in Figure 2. When an ammeter is placed into the circuit to measure the current I, we expect that the ammeter will indicate the correct current. This would be a correct assumption if the ammeter had an internal resistance of zero ohms. However, since all ammeters have some internal resistance, there will always be some loading effect on the circuit. The amount of loading is dependent upon the resistance of the meter and on the equivalent circuit resistance. I 4.7Ω 5.6 Ω 1V E = 0.2V Figure 2 A Measuring current in a low-resistance circuit If the ammeter has an internal resistance at least ten times smaller than the circuit resistance, its loading effect will be relatively small. Conversely, if the resistance of the ammeter is comparable with the circuit resistance, the loading effect will be large, a meaningless measurement is resulted. Recall the loading effect for any meter is given as: loading effect = unloaded value − reading × 100% unloaded value In order to know whether the internal resistance of the meters is comparable with the circuit under test, you must know the meter’s internal resistance. The internal resistance of the DMM and VOM for its ammeter operation can be found in their operation manual. Please check these values from the operation manuals. Laboratory © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong Experiment 1 3 PART B: PROCEDURES 1. Voltmeter Loading Effect 1.1 Refer to the manual of the DMM, obtain the internal resistance of the voltmeter and record this value. Rint = ______________Ω 1.2 The internal resistance of an analog meter is generally dependent on the voltage range used. In order to determine the internal resistance, the manufacturer provides a specification called the sensitivity, S which has units of kΩ/V. The internal resistance is then determined as the product of sensitivity and the voltage range of the meter as: Rint = SVrange Refer to the manual of the VOM, obtain the sensitivity of the meter. Determine the correct range that you would use to measure a voltage of 10 V. Calculate and record the internal resistance of your meter on this range. Vrange S Rint 1.3 Connect the circuit of Figure 3. Place the DMM voltmeter directly across the terminals of the voltage source and adjust the voltage source for exactly 10 V which is the unloaded voltage between terminals A and B. VAB (unloaded) = ___________________V 5.6 kΩ A E = 10 V V B Figure 3 4 Experiment 1 Laboratory © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong EEE3406 Instrumentation & Measurements 1.4 Remove the DMM and connect it between terminals A and B. appearing between these terminals. Measure the voltage VAB (measured) = ___________________V 1.5 Calculate the loading effect of the DMM. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 1.6 Replace the DMM with a VOM. Set the Vrange of the VOM to appropriate range to measure 10 V. Measure the voltage appearing between these terminals. VAB (measured) = ___________________V 1.7 Calculate the loading effect of the VOM. ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 1.8 Based on the test circuit, calculate the internal resistance of the VOM. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Laboratory © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong Experiment 1 5 1.9 Refer to Figure 4. Calculate the voltage across each of the resistors using the voltage divider rule. V1 (unloaded) V2 (unloaded) + V1 - R1 5.6kΩ + R2 3.9kΩ E = 10V Figure 4 V2 - Voltmeter loading effect of a low-resistance circuit 1.10 Connect the circuit of Figure 4 and measure the voltages V1 and V2 with both the DMM and VOM voltmeters. Reading V1 V2 DMM VOM 1.11 Calculate the corresponding loading effect of the DMM and the VOM. Loading effect V1 V2 DMM VOM 6 Experiment 1 Laboratory © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong EEE3406 Instrumentation & Measurements 1.12 Replace the resistors 5.6 kΩ and 3.9 kΩ with 5.6 MΩ and 3.9 MΩ in Figure 4. Calculate the voltage across each of the resistors and measure the voltage across each of the resistors with DMM and VOM. V1 (unloaded) V2 (unloaded) Reading V1 V2 DMM VOM 1.13 Calculate the corresponding loading effect of the DMM and the VOM. Loading effect V1 V2 DMM VOM Laboratory © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong Experiment 1 7 2. Ammeter Loading Effect Use a DMM ohmmeter to measure the actual resistance of a 4.7 Ω resistor. Use a DMM voltmeter to adjust the voltage source to 0.3 V. Calculate the unloaded current of the circuit in Figure 5. Actual resistance of the 4.7 Ω resistor = ____________Ω Unloaded current , I = _______________A 4.7 Ω E = 0.3 V A Figure 5 Connect the circuit of Figure 5. Use the DMM as ammeter first and record the meter’s reading. Repeat with a VOM ammeter. (Ensure that the ammeter is on the correct range and polarity to measure the current). Meter Reading I (DMM) I (VOM) Calculate the loading effect of the two ammeters. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 8 Experiment 1 Laboratory © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong EEE3406 Instrumentation & Measurements 2.4 Calculate the internal resistance of each of the ammeters ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2.5 Replace the 4.7 Ω resistor with a 47 Ω resistor and adjust the voltage of the DC supply to 3 V. Measure the current of the circuit with the DMM and VOM ammeters and calculate the corresponding loading effect. R (47 Ω) Loading Effect I (unloaded) I (DMM) I (VOM) Laboratory © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong Experiment 1 9 Part C – Discussion 1. Which voltmeter (DMM or VOM) has the higher loading effect? Why? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. How does the loading effect of a voltmeter in a low-resistance circuit compare to the loading effect in a high-resistance circuit? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3. Which ammeter, DMM or VOM, has the higher loading effect? Why? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 4. How does the loading effect of an ammeter in a low-resistance circuit compare to the loading effect in a high-resistance circuit? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 10 Experiment 1 Laboratory © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong EEE3406 Instrumentation & Measurements PART D : SUMMARY In about 100 words, summarize what you have learnt from this experiment. Laboratory © Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong Experiment 1 11