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Evidence for Rapid Evolution in Grasslands Sofia van Moorsel , Niels Wagemaker , Philippine Vergeer , Terhi Hahl , Debra Zuppinger-Dingley and Bernhard Schmid 1 2 3 1 1 1 Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Switzerland 2 Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands 3 Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, the Netherlands 1 Between species variation in biomass B 4.2 Within species variation in biomass 2.5 Residual mean squares (biomass) 0.40 2.0 Mean squares (biomass) Our results show selection for monoculture and mixture types ocurred. Plants with a selection history in mixtures performed better than plants with a selection history in monoculture A and showed higher between species variation B in newly assembled mixtures. A 3.8 Productivity [g] We tested whether selection for monoculture and mixture types occured at an epigenetic and/or genetic level in nine plant species growing in mixtures and monocultures for 12 years. Biodiversity effects for community biomass 1.5 3.4 1.0 3.0 0.5 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 Plants within species could be classified from either monoculture or mixture selection history based on their methylation pattern and single nucleotide polymorphisms using epiGBS (van Gurp et al., 2015). C Monoculture Mixture Mixture Assembly Selection histories: C Mixture Monoculture Assembly Monoculture Prunella vulgaris Mixture None Plantago lanceolata Epigenetic Individual mono1 Individual mono2 Individual mono5 Individual mix4 Individual mono3 Individual mono4 Individual mix1 Individual mix3 Individual mix2 Individual mix6 Individual mono6 Individual mix5 Genetic distance Individual mix4 Individual mix2 Individual mix1 Individual mix3 Individual mono2 Individual mono6 Individual mono4 Individual mono3 Individual mono5 Individual mono1 Genetic Individual mix6 touch! sofi[email protected] @sofiavanmoorsel NMDS dimension 1 Individual mix5 Want to know more? Please get in NMDS dimension 2 NMDS dimension 1 Genetic distance The next step is to examine which driver is stronger and how these changes relate to phenotypic differences within species. NMDS dimension 2 We found evidence for rapid evolution in grassland species at both a genetic and epigenetic level! Selection histories: Mixture Monoculture We would like to thank the SNF for funding and the ESF Congenomics Network for a travel grant. The bioinformatics was performed by Thomas van Gurp. A big thanks goes to D. Trujillo, M. Furler and D. Topalovic for technical assistance in the greenhouse and field. We are also grateful to N. Castro. E. De Luca, M. Brezzi and T. Vogler for their help and the URPP GCB network for scientific support.