Download Chapter 20 Plants Slide 1

Chapter 20 Plants
Slide 1
20.1 Plant Organs
20.1.1 List the three vegetative organs of a plant, and briefly describe their
functions.
20.1.2 Define primary growth, and list the plant organ from which primary growth
occurs.
20.1.3 Explain the structure and function of leaves, and list some modifications that
may occur to leaves.
20.1.4 Describe the structure of a plant stem, and list a few types of modified stems
that may occur in plants.
20.1.5 Describe the structure of roots, and explain the main functions a plant’s root
system serves.
20.1.6 Compare and contrast the seeds, roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of a
monocot and a eudicot plant.
20.2 Plant Tissues and Cells
20.2.1 List the three types of specialized tissues of a plant, and describe their
functions.
20.2.2 Describe the modifications that may occur to epidermal tissue in a plant.
20.2.3 List the three types of ground tissue, and compare and contrast their
structures and functions.
20.2.4 Explain how the vascular tissues of a plant are organized to move water and
nutrients within a plant.
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Slide 2
20.1 Plant Organs
•
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Plant consists of
•
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Shoot system
• Stem, leaves and flowers
•
Root system
• Roots
•
•
3 vegetative organs – leaf, stem and root
Primary growth
•
•
Activity at terminal bud at tip of shoot causes shoot
to increase in length.
Activity at tip of root causes root to grow in length.
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Slide 3
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Figure 20.1 The body of a plant
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play.
terminal bud
lateral bud
blade
vein
petiole
leaf
node
Shoot
system
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internode
node
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vascular tissues
lateral root
Root
system
primary root
root hairs
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root tip
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Slide 4
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• Leaves
 Usually the chief organs of photosynthesis
 Broad and thin foliage leaves have a
maximum surface area for the collection of
solar energy and absorption of CO2.
 Receive water from root system
 Deciduous plants lose their leaves during a
particular season (often for water
conservation).
 Evergreens retain their leaves.
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Slide 5
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Figure 20.2 Leaf and stem diversity
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leaves
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tendril
stem
a. Cucumber
b. Venus’s flytrap
c. Cactus
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a: © Michael Gadomski/Photo Researchers, Inc., b: © Steven P. Lynch., c: © Nature Picture Library
• Leaves also have other purposes.
 Tendrils for attachment
 Some capture insects
 Thorns for protection
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Slide 6
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• Stems
 Functions
• Support leaves
• Transport materials between roots and leaves
• Produce new tissue
 Terminal or apical bud at the end of a stem
produces new leaves and other tissues
during primary growth.
 Lateral branches grow from a lateral or
axillary bud located where a leaf joins the
stem.
 Node – where a leaf attaches to the stem
 Internode – region between nodes
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Slide 7
Figure 20.2 continued
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leaves
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tuber
stem
c. Cactus
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d. Potato
c: © Nature Picture Library., d: © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Carlyn Iverson, photographer
 Stems may also function as
•Primary photosynthetic organ and
water reservoir – cactus
•Store food - potato
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Slide 8
• Roots
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 Functions
• Support plant by anchoring it in the soil
• Absorb water and minerals
 Rule that root system equivalent in size and
extent to shoot system
• Also depends on environment
 Root hairs found in zone of root tip
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• Increase absorptive capacity of root
• Constantly being replaced
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Slide 9
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Figure 20.3 Root diversity
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a. Taproot
c. Prop roots
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a: © G.R. Roberts/Natural Sciences Image Library; c: © David Newman/Visuals Unlimited
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 Root types
• Taproot, fibrous roots, prop roots
 Perennial plants regrow each year from the
roots.
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Slide 10
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• Monocot versus Eudicot plants
 2 major groups of flowering plants
 Names based on cotyledons – first embryonic
leaves present in seeds
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Figure 20.4 Flowering
plants are either monocots
or eudicot
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• Monocots or monocotyledons
have 1 cotyledon.
 Store some nutrients and transfer
nutrients stored elsewhere
 Grasses, lilies, orchids, palm
trees, rice, wheat, corn, etc.
Seed
Monocots
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one
cotyledon
in seed
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• Eudictos or eudicotyledons
have 2 cotyledons.
 Supply nutrients to seedlings
 Dandelions, oak trees, and many
others
Eudicots
two
cotyledons
in seed
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Slide 12
Copyright
Figure 20.4
continued
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Root
Stem
Leaf
Monocots
root xylem and
phloem in a ring
vascular bundles
scattered in stem
leaf veins form a
parallel pattern
root phloem between
arms of xylem
vascular bundles
in a distinct ring
leaf veins form
a net pattern
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Eudicots
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 Location and arrangement of vascular tissue
differs.
•
•
•
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Xylem – water and mineral transport
Phloem – organic nutrient transport
In stems, vascular tissue forms vascular bundles
In leaves, forms leaf veins
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 Differences in the
number of flower parts
Figure 20.4 continued
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• Monocots have flower
parts in threes and
multiples of three.
• Eudicots have flower
parts in fours or fives or
multiples of four or five.
Flower
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Monocots
flower parts in threes
and multiples of three
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Eudicots
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flower parts in fours or
fives and their multiples
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Slide 14
20.2 Plant Tissues and Cells
•
•
•
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Flowering plants grow their entire lives.
Have meristem (embryonic) tissue, composed
of undifferentiated cells that divide.
Apical meristem is located in the terminal bud
of shoot and root tip.
When apical meristem cells divide, one
daughter cell remains a meristem cell while the
other differentiates into 1 of 3 tissues.
1.
2.
3.
Epidermal – outer protective covering
Ground – filler and carries out functions
Vascular - transport
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Slide 15
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• Entire plant body covered in layer of
epidermis
 Made of epidermal cells
 Cells exposed to air covered in waxy cuticle
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• Reduces water loss and prevents disease
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Figure 20.5 Modifications of
epidermal tissue
 In roots,
extensions called
root hairs increase
surface area.
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corn
seedling
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root hairs
elongating
tip of root
a. Root hairs
chloroplasts
nucleus
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guard
cell
stoma
epidermal
cells
b. Stoma of leaf
cork
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cork
cambium
× 500
c. Cork of older stem
© Runk/Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; b: © J.R. Waaland/BPS; c : © Biophoto Associates/Photo
Researchers, Inc.
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In leaves, contain
stomata (opening)
surrounded by
guard cells for gas
exchange and water
chloroplasts
loss
Figure 20.5 continued
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nucleus
guard
cell
stoma
epidermal
cells
b. Stoma of leaf
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© J.R. Waaland/BPS
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Slide 18
 In trunk, epidermis
is replaced by cork
(part of bark).
Figure 20.5 continued
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•Made by meristem cork
called cork cambium
•Become encrusted cork
cambium
with suberin – makes
them waterproof and
chemically inert
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× 500
c. Cork of older stem
© Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Slide 19
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• Ground tissue
 Forms the bulk of leaves, stems, and roots
 Contains 3 types of cells:
• Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
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Figure 20.6 Ground tissue
cells
 Parenchyma – least
specialized
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• May contain chloroplast
and carryout
photosynthesis
• May contain colorless
plastids that store products
of photosynthesis
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a. Parenchyma cells
×100
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Figure 20.6 continued
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 Collenchyma –
give flexible support
to immature regions
of plant body
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× 340
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b. Collenchyma cells
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 Sclerenchyma – most
nonliving, impregnated
with lignin, primary
function to support
mature regions of plant
Figure 20.6 continued
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× 340
c. Sclerenchyma cells
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Slide 23
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•
Vascular tissue


Extends from root through stem to leaves
and vice versa
Xylem transports water and minerals from
roots to leaves
•
2 types of conducting cells – both hollow,
nonliving
1. Vessel elements – larger, continuous pipeline
2. Tracheids
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Slide 24
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Figure 20.7 Vascular tissue
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tracheids
vessel
pits
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vessel
element
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a.
Courtesy Wilfred A. Cote, SUNY College of Environmental Forestry
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Slide 25
 Phloem transports sugar and other
organic compounds from leaves to
roots.
• Sieve-tube members – continuous tube,
no nuclei
• Companion cell – involved in transport
function, has nucleus
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Figure 20.7 continued
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sieve tube
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sieve-tube
member
nucleus
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companion
cell
sieve plate
b.
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© Randy Moore/Visuals Unlimited
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