Download Unit 2 Notes Packet

Name_________________________________________________ Core 1 2 3 4
Notes Packet
Unit 2
You should review these notes and study EVERY NIGHT
6.P.3A.1: The different types of energy
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Thermal (________________________) energy
● Thermal energy is associated with the __________________________________ of
the particles in a substance.
● All matter is made up of _________________________ (particles) that move
________________________________________ when they heat up. The faster the
particles move, the _______________________________ the temperature.
● Heat energy is the transfer of ___________________________________ energy.
● Heat energy always moves ________________ hotter objects to
_____________________________ objects.
________________________ energy
● Energy which is transferred through _______________________________________
waves such as visible ____________________________, ultraviolet light or X-rays.
● ____________________________ energy is a type of radiant energy.
○ Green ______________________________ use solar energy during
photosynthesis.
○ Most of the energy that we use on Earth originally came from the
_____________.
● Sources of radiant energy include stars, __________________ ________________,
and microwaves.
Chemical energy
● _____________________________ energy is energy stored within the chemical
bonds in matter.
● Chemical energy can be _______________________, for example in batteries or
sugar/food, when these substances react to form _____________ substances.
______________________________ energy
● Electrical energy is the energy flowing in an electric ________________________.
● _____________________________ of electrical energy include: stored
_______________________________ energy in __________________________; solar
energy in ________________________ cells; fuels or hydroelectric energy in
generators.
Mechanical energy
● ___________________________ energy is the energy due to the motion
(__________________) and position (____________________________) of an object.
When objects are set in motion or are in a position where they can be set in
__________________________, they have mechanical energy.
○ Mechanical ______________________________ energy:
■ Potential energy is _____________________________ energy.
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■ Mechanical potential energy is related to the _____________________
of an object.
■ A stretched rubber band has potential energy. This is called
________________________ potential energy.
■ A _______________________ on a shelf has potential energy. Since
__________________________ can pull the book to the floor, this is
called ___________________________________ potential energy. The
_______________________ and __________________ of an object affect
gravitation potential energy.
● Gravitational potential energy is ______________________ when
the __________________ of an object is greater because
__________________________ kinetic energy was required to raise
the object to the _________________________________ height.
● Gravitational potential energy is greater when the mass of the
object is greater because more kinetic energy is required to lift
the _________________________________ object.
● Examples of this can include, but are not limited to, lifting a
book to a height of ____ meters instead of ____ meter; and
lifting a ____________________________ to a height of one meter
and then lifting a ___________________________
________________________ to a height of 1 meter.
○ Mechanical _____________________________________ energy:
■ Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its
_________________________.
■ Mechanical kinetic energy ________________________ as an object
moves ______________________________.
6.P.3A.2: Conservation of Energy
The Law of ______________________________________________ of Energy:
● The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be
__________________ nor ___________________________________.
● Energy can be __________________________________ from one form into
another, but the total amount of energy ____________________ changes.
Mechanical energy ____________________________________:
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● When water is ____________________________ a dam, it has potential energy.
The potential energy of the water changes to kinetic energy in the
_________________________ of the water as it flows over the dam.
● When a rubber band is ___________________________, kinetic energy is
transformed into ___________________________________ energy. The further back
you stretch the rubber band, the ____________________________________
potential energy, and the more energy that will be transferred as
___________________________________ energy.
 When a stretched rubber band is ___________________________ its potential
energy is transformed into kinetic energy as the rubber band
__________________________________.
● When a book is ____________________________________ to a shelf, kinetic
energy is transformed into potential energy. If the book
___________________________________ off the shelf the potential energy is
transformed to kinetic energy.
When the book in the previous example hits the floor the kinetic energy is
transformed into other forms of energy such as ___________________________
and ______________________________________
Energy is ______________________________ during energy transformations:
● Transformations may occur between any of the various types of energy but
energy itself is _____________________________ lost.
● The potential energy that a book on a shelf has is from the kinetic energy it
took to ____________________ the book to the shelf.
● A swing pendulum also demonstrates how energy is conserved as it
____________________________________________ forms.
○ Kinetic energy is used to __________________ a ball back; this energy is
_________________________________________ into potential energy.
○ The ball is _______________________________ and the ball
___________________________ back toward the other three balls (kinetic
energy).
○ The moving ball _______________________ the stationary ball and the
kinetic energy is transferred from one ball to the next.
○ The last ball swings away from the others because of the
___________________________________ energy that was transferred to the
ball.
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● Transformations may occur between any of the various types of energy but
the energy itself is always around in some form.
IT IS NEVER ____________________________________
6.P.3A.3: Energy Transformation in Electrical Circuits
An electric circuit contains:
● A _______________________ of electrical energy.
Examples include:
○ The electrical energy in a __________________________ comes from stored
chemical energy.
○ The electrical energy in a solar cell comes from _____________________
energy from the sun.
○ The electrical energy in outlets may come from chemical energy
(burning fuels) which powers a ________________________________ in a
power plant.
● A __________________________________ of electrical energy (wire) that connects
all parts of the electric circuits.
● A transformer (the output device) ______________________________ the
electrical energy into something else (a light bulb changes electrical energy into
radiant energy)
An electric circuit must be a complete, ________________________________ path
through which the electricity flows.
● The wire (_________________________________) must connect the power source
to the transformer and then connect back to the power source to create a
complete, or ____________________________, circuit. A closed circuit allows the
electricity to flow and the transformer (___________________________ device) to
change the electrical energy into another type of energy.
○ A light bulb with two wires attached to it, one going to the
_______________________________________ end of a battery and one going to
the positive end of the same battery, is an example of a closed circuit.
● If the circuit is not closed, then electricity __________________________________
flow and the circuit is an _____________________________ circuit. Since the
electricity is not flowing, the transformer cannot change the electrical energy
into another type of energy.
● The purpose of a ________________________ is to ________________________
whether a circuit is closed (electricity flows) or open (electricity cannot flow).
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Electrical energy can be _________________________________ to other forms of
energy in a circuit.
For example:
Light
● Electrical energy can be transformed into ______________________ energy in an
electric circuit if a light bulb is included in the circuit.
● The transformation in this case might be that _____________________________
energy in a battery is transformed into __________________________________
energy in the circuit which is transformed into light and heat energy in the
light bulb.
Sound
● Electrical energy can be transformed into sound energy in an electric circuit
if a bell, _________________________________________, radio, or TV is included in
the circuit.
● The transformation in this case might be that chemical energy in a battery is
transformed into electrical energy in the circuit which is transformed into
_______________________________________ energy by the bell or buzzer.
Heat
● Electrical energy can be transformed into heat energy in an electric circuit if
a toaster, stove, or heater is ________________________________ in the circuit.
● The transformation in this case might be that-● Chemical energy from the fuel at the ________________________________
plant is transformed into heat energy.
● This heat energy is transformed into mechanical energy to turn a
_________________________________________.
● The generator transforms the _______________________________ energy
into __________________________________________ energy.
● Then the electrical energy in the circuit is transformed into heat energy
in the heater.
Mechanical motion
● Electrical energy can be transformed into the energy of mechanical motion if
a fan or ____________________________ is added to the circuit.
● Transformation in this case might be that chemical energy in a battery is
__________________________________ into electrical energy in the circuit which is
transformed into the energy of mechanical motion by the fan or motor.
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● A ____________________________________ in a circuit can change mechanical
motion into electrical energy.
○ The transformation in this case might be that chemical energy from the
fuel at a power plant is transformed into _________________________ energy
which is transformed into mechanical energy to turn a generator.
○ The generator ________________________________________ the mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
○ This is the _______________________________ of energy in electric outlets.
Electrical energy is conserved as it flows in the circuit.
● The Law of Conservation of energy states that energy isn’t
___________________________ or destroyed; it only
_________________________________ forms.
● The reason that batteries eventually lose power is because some of the
electrical energy is ____________________________ into another source of energy
(radiant energy in a flashlight, for example). Some of the electrical energy is
also transformed into heat energy.
● In this example, if the flashlight is left on, more and more of the electrical
energy will be transformed into light and heat energy. This will continue until
the electrical energy is ___________________________________.
6.P.3A.4: Magnets in Electrical Circuits
magnetism is the force of _____________________________________ or
____________________________________ of magnetic materials.
● Surrounding a magnet is a ____________________________________ field that
applies a force, a push or ______________________________, without actually
touching an object.
● Evidence of a magnetic field can be found in how the field
________________________ magnetic materials (including, but not limited to, a
compass, iron filings, and paper clips).
● An electric current flowing through a wire wrapped around an iron core
forms a ___________________________.
● A coil of wire spinning around a magnet or a magnet spinning around a coil
of wire can form an __________________________________ current.
Examples of how magnetism and electricity are interrelated can be
demonstrated by the following devices:
Electromagnets
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● An ________________________________________________ is formed when a wire
in an electric circuit is wrapped around an _______________________ core
producing a magnetic field.
● The magnet that results loses its magnetism if the electric current
_________________ flowing.
Generators
● A ____________________________ produces an electric current when a coil of
wire wrapped around an iron core is _____________________________ near a
magnet.
● Generators at power plants produce electric energy for our homes.
● A generator contains coils of wire that are stationary, and rotating magnets
are rotated by turbines. _______________________________ are huge wheels that
rotate when pushed by water, wind, or steam.
● Thus mechanical energy is changed to electrical energy by a generator.
Smaller generators may be powered by ______________________________.
Simple electric motors
● An electric ______________________ changes electrical energy to
________________________________________ energy.
● It contains an __________________________ that rotates between the poles of a
magnet.
● The coil of the electromagnet is connected to a battery or other
______________________ of electric current.
● When an electric current flows through the wire in the electromagnet, a
magnetic field is _____________________________ in the coil.
● Like poles of the magnets repel and unlike poles of the magnets attract.
● This causes the coil to ______________________ and thus changes electrical
energy to mechanical energy.
● This rotating coil of __________________ can be attached to a shaft and a blade
in an electric fan.
6.P.3A.5: Heat Transfers
Heat energy can transfer in the three ways (i.e. conduction, convection,
radiation).
Conduction
● Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy through direct
______________________.
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● The transfer of energy as heat occurs between particles as they collide within
a substance or between two objects in __________________________.
● All materials do ______________ conduct heat energy equally.
● Poor conductors of heat are called ___________________________________.
○ For example, if a plastic spoon and a metal spoon are placed into a hot
liquid, the handle of the metal spoon will get hot quicker than the handle
of the plastic spoon because the heat is conducted through the metal
spoon better than through the plastic spoon.
● The energy transfers from an area of ______________________ temperature
to an area of _________________________ temperature.
Convection
● Convection is the transfer of energy as heat by _____________________ of the
heated substance itself, as __________________________ in fluids (liquids and
gases).
● In convection, particles with _______________________ energy move from one
location to another carrying their energy with them.
● Heat transfer occurs when particles with higher energy move from warmer to
______________________ parts of the fluid.
● __________________ ______________________ can result in convection, both in
the air and in water. **Remember how global winds are formed** This causes
currents in the atmosphere (wind) and in bodies of water on earth which are
important factors in weather and climate.
Radiation
● Radiation is the transfer of energy through space _________________________
particles of matter colliding or moving to transfer the energy.
● This radiated energy warms an object when it is __________________________.
● Radiant heat energy moves from an area of ______________________________
temperature to an area of _________________________________ temperature.
6.P.3A.6: Conductors and Insulators
Various individual materials and/or combinations of materials affect how
___________________________ heat transfers by conduction, convection, or
radiation.
● Conductors are materials that ________________ carry heat or electric current.
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○ Glass and ________________ are good conductors of heat. When a metal
pan is placed on a heat source, it will quickly get hot and conduct the
heat to whatever is inside of the pot.
● Insulators are materials that are ____________ carriers of heat or electric
current.
○ Wood and animal ___________ (blubber) are good insulators; they do
___________ conduct heat very well. A polar bear swims in freezing water
but the bear does not freeze to death like a human would. The bear’s
thick layer of fat insulates the bear and traps heat inside of the bear’s
body.
6.P.3B.1: Work and Simple Machines
● Energy is the ability to do work _________________________.
● Work occurs when a __________________________ is used to move an object.
 for work to be done:
○ apply a force to an object over a _______________________________
○ the object _________________________ in response to the force
● When work is done to an object and the object __________________________,
the work is transformed into ______________________________ energy.
● If an object is ________________________________ to some height, it
___________________________ gravitational potential energy equal to the work
done against gravity in lifting the object.
○ The work done against gravity is the _________________________ whether
the object was lifted straight up or rolled up a ramp.
○ The greater the height, the _______________________ gravitational
potential energy the object has.
If something has the ability to cause a change in motion, it has
_________________________.
● Evidence of ________________________ can include, but is not limited to,:
○ When a toy car at rest is pushed, work is done on the car if the car
moves.
○ When a fan is connected to an electric circuit, it moves, so work was
done on the fan blades.
○ When an object is lifted, it moves, so work is done on the object.
Work = Force x Distance
 Work is measured in __________________________ (J)
 Force is measured in __________________________ (N)
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 Distance is measured in _____________________ (cm) and
__________________(m)
A __________________ scale is used to measure force. Force (including weight) is
measured in SI units called __________________________ (N).
If a person exerts 20 Newtons of force to move
5 meters, he has done 100 Joules of work.
W= 20N X 5m = 100 J
Solve: w = f x d
1. A ball weighing 3 Newtons falls a distance of 4 meters.
What work has been done?
2. A crane uses an average force of 5200 N to lift a steel beam 20 meters.
What is the work that is being done by the crane?
3. A mechanic uses a hydraulic lift to raise a car to change the tires. The
car has a mass of 1200N. The car is raised 2 meters. How much work is
done on the car?
What is a simple machine?
● A simple machine has few or no _____________________ parts.
● Simple machines make ___________________easier.
● Allows the user to apply a ________________________ force over a
__________________ distance
● Allows the user to _____________________ the _____________________ of the
force.
6 types of simple machines:
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
Inclined Plane Notes for the following will be completed on a foldable:
Ramp
Screw
Wedge
Inclined Plane:
 Sloping surface that allows you to _________________________ force when
doing __________________.
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 You can increase the _________________ and/or decrease the
__________________ to reduce force
Examples:
Ramp
Mountains
Stairs
Driveway
Slide
Bathtub
Screw
Wedge
Lever
 A rigid bar or board that moves around a _________________ point called a
__________________.
 The fulcrum may be placed at a ____________________ places along a bar.
 Lever can ____________________ the force needed to lift a weight
(_____________) in two ways;
o Move the fulcrum ___________________ from the force
o Move the load ___________________ to the fulcrum
· Levers can have the fulcrum __________________ the effort force and the weight
Ex: ________________ (two levers working together), crowbar, see-saw.
-Levers can have the fulcrum on the _________ and the effort in the
________________ to lift a weight on the other end.
Ex: ___________________ (two levers working together) or a broom.
· Levers can have the fulcrum on the end and the effort force on the other end
to lift a weight in the middle.
- Ex: a _______________________, or a bottle opener.
Pulley Notes
A pulley has a ___________________ wheel with a _____________ running along
the groove.
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________________ pulleys are attached to a structure can change direction of
the force. You pull _______________ and the load goes __________.
Ex: Flag pole, window blinds
__________________ pulleys are not attached to a structure and can change
the amount of force. More pulleys= less force.
Ex: construction cranes and as part of a block and tackle system.
Wheel and axles
· Wheel and axles consist of two ________________ objects: a central shaft, called
an ___________, inserted through the middle of a wheel.
· Wheel and axles can be found as ___________ knobs, steering wheels,
screwdrivers, _______________, and bicycles wheels.
Complex machines
Also known as compound machines, consist of ___________ or _______________
simple machines.
Examples may include:
· ___________________ consisting of two levers and two inclined planes (wedges);
· a __________________ pole consisting of a lever, a wheel and axle and a pulley;
· a ________________ consists of levers (handlebars and handbrakes), wheel and
axles (gears, wheels, and pedals), and a number of screws
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