Download Formed Elements

1/7/2013
Blood, Lymph & Immune Systems (Part A-1)
Module 6 -Chapter 9
• Overview
• Blood
– Formed Elements
– Plasma
• Lymph System
– Lymph Fluid
– Lymph Vessels
– Lymph Ducts
• Immune System
– Nonspecific Immunity
– Specific Immunity
Susie Turner, M.D.
1/7/13
Formed Elements
• Red Blood Cells (RBC)
– Erythrocytes
• White Blood Cells (WBC)
– Leukocytes
• Cell Fragments (Platelets)
– Thrombocytes
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Hematopoiesis or Hemopoiesis
• Development &
maturation of all blood
cells
– From an undifferentiated
cell (stem cell)
Erythrocytes -RBC’s
• Biconcave disc
• No nucleus
• Contain Hemaglobin
which binds O2 &
some CO2 for
transport.
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RBCs & Recycling
• Hemaglobin
– Heme
• A specialized ironcontaining compound
• Gives RBC’s their red
color
– Globin
• Protein portion
• Most parts of
hemoglobin are
recycled
– Except bile pigments
Leukocytes -WBC’s
• Provide defense against
anything foreign
• Help with tissue repair
– Move from blood thru
capillaries to enter
spaces between cells
• Called Diapedesis
– Begins inflammatory or
immune responses at
site of injury or
infection.
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Leukocytes -WBC’s
• Divided into 2 Groups
• Depend on;
– Staining of granules in
cytoplasm
– Number of lobes of
nucleus
• Granulocytes
• Agranulocytes
Leukocytes
• Granulocytes
– Granules that stain
– Multi-lobed nuclei
• Polymorphonuclear
– 3 Types
– Neutrophils, Eosinophils, &
Basophils
• Agranulocytes
– Granules do not stain
– One lobed nucleus
• Mononuclear
– 2 Types
– Monocytes & Lymphocytes
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Granulocytes
• Neutrophils
– Neutral granules
• First to arrive & start
eating
– “First Responders”
– Ingest bacteria &
foreign particles
– Increased in numbers
in bacterial infections
Granulocytes
• Eosinophils
– “Dawn-colored”
granules
• Increased in allergic
reactions & parasite
infections
– “Worm & Egg Guys”
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Granulocytes
• Basophils
– Bluish-Purple granules
– Essentially same as Mast
Cells
• Granules contain;
– Histamines
• Increases blood flow to
damaged areas
• To bring other WBC’s in to
help.
– Heparin
• Acts to prevent blood from
clotting at the injury site
• Release chemicals of
Inflammatory response
– Called “Injury Boys”
Agranulocytes
• Monocytes
• 2 Different Roles
– 1. Increased in number in
chronic diseases
– First identified in Infectious
Mononucleosis
• Called “Mono-Chrono Boys”
– 2. Remain in blood a short
time
• Transform into macrophages
in tissues
• Called “Transformers”
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Macrophages
• Ingest pathogens (germs),
dead cells & debris at
inflammation site.
• Process antigens & present
them to lymphocytes.
– Called “Big Eaters“
Macrophages in the lung eating debris
Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes
– Smaller than
monocytes
– Nucleus does not
form lobes
– Increased in some
viral infections.
• 3 main types
– T cells, B cells &
NK cells
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3 Major Types of Lymphocytes in Blood
• Specific Defense
Lymphocyte
– T- Lymphocytes
• “T-Cells”
– B-Lymphocytes
• “B- Cells”
• Non-Specific Defense
Lymphocyte
– Natural Killer
Lymphocytes
• “NK Cells”
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T& B Lymphocytes
• T-cell & B-cell
• Provide specific immune
response
– Only attack one type of
invader
– “Specific Defenders”
• Both are formed in the
bone marrow but!!
– T cell leaves bone
marrow and matures in
the thymus
– B cell stays in the bone
marrow to mature
Antigen
• Identifying substance
– Usually a protein
• May be “self” or “non-self” (foreign) antigens
– Self antigens are a part of you.
• Your body does not normally make antibodies against these.
– Foreign antigens are from outside of you.
• You body normally does make antibodies against these.
Ex; antigens on a bacteria & antigens on your muscle cell
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Antigens
• There are thousands of antigens on your
cell’s membranes.
Close up of antigens on cell membrane
T- Lymphocyte
• Responsible for
Cellular Immunity
– Called the “Direct
Attack”
– T cell itself attacks and
kills foreign cells &
foreign substances
(antigens) on cells.
• Nickname is “Tom
Terrific”
– He is very brave
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B-Lymphocyte
• Responsible for Humoral
Immunity
– Humor = body fluids
• Called the “Indirect Attack”
– B cell changes into a plasma
cell  then the plasma cell
makes antibodies 
– Antibodies move through
body fluids to kill foreign
invaders.
• Nickname is “Bob Boop”
– He is a coward
Antibodies
• A globular protein in the
blood plasma
– Shaped like a “Y”
• Called “Y Protector”
– Also called
gammaglobulin or
immunoglobin
– Specific for a particular
antigen
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Binding of Antigens & Antibodys
• When binding occurs
antigen/antibody
complexes are
formed.
– Starts chain of events
• Which leads to
destruction of the
antigen & whatever it
is attached to.
Natural Killer Lymphocytes
• General defense called “Immune Surveillance”
– Only nonspecific type of lymphocyte
• Destroys any kind of abnormal cells by destroying the cell
membrane
– 1. Foreign Cells
– 2. Cells infected with viruses
– 3. Cancer cells
• Called “Ted Bundy”
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Platelets
• Smallest formed
element
– Fragment of a larger cell
• Important in hemostasis
– Initiates blood clotting
– Especially when capillary
damaged
Can you identify these cells?
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Hemostasis
• Arrest of bleeding or
circulation
– Major method of
hemostasis involves
coagulation or chemical
blood clotting
• Coagulation
– Chain of linked chemical
reactions involving clotting
proteins & calcium
– End in a “blood clot” being
formed
Hemostasis
• Blood clot
(thrombus)
• A ‘spider web’ of
fibers & jelly-like
mass
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Hemostasis Summary
• Injury  damaged blood vessels
constrict and platelets become
“sticky”  clotting factors in
platelets and injured tissue
release thromboplastin
– Substance that initiates clot
formation
•
2 different pathways involving
clotting factors
– Intrinsic & extrinsic pathways
• Many steps involving factors here
......
•  then final steps are fibrinogen
(blood soluble protein) forms
fibrin strands that act like a net
entrapping blood cells
•  blood clot is formed &
hemostasis is achieved.
1. Injury Occurs
2. Vessels Constrict
3. Platelets Stick
4. Factors form fibrin
5. Clot formation
Plasma vs Serum
• Plasma
– Fluid part of blood
• Including dissolved
proteins, hormones,
minerals, etc.
anticoagulant has been added
to prevent clotting
• Serum
– Plasma with all the
clotting factors & some
calcium removed
– Blood is allowed to sit in
glass tube, clot, & settle
to the bottom.
– Blood clot is removed
• Contains clotting proteins
& calcium
– Left over fluid is serum
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Blood Types
• Determined by the
presence or absence
of specific antigens
on the surface of
RBC’s
• ABO & Rh types are
most important
ABO Groups
• By birth antibodies to blood groups we don’t have are present
in our plasma
– Type A Blood
• Has Anti B Antibodies in plasma
– Type B Blood
• Has Anti A Antibodies in plasma
– Type O Blood
• Has Anti A & B Antibodies in plasma
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Rh Blood Type
• Blood cells either
have the Rh antigen
or don’t.
– Rh antibody is NOT
present at birth
– If Rh - person is exposed
to Rh + blood they will
form antibodies
• Hemolytic Disease of
the Newborn
– Incompatibility of
mother & infant
blood due to Rh
factor
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