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The Real World AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY 2nd Edition Kerry Ferris and Jill Stein Chapter 8 Social Class: The Structure of Inequality Social Stratification and Social Inequality • Social stratification is the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy. • Every society has some form of stratification, but societies stratify people on different criteria (like race, class, and gender). Systems of Stratification (cont’d) • A caste system is a form of social stratification in which status is determined by one’s family history and background and cannot be changed. Systems of Stratification (cont’d) • Social class refers to a system of stratification based on access to resources such as wealth, property, power, and prestige. Sociologists often refer to it as socioeconomic status (or SES). Social Classes in the United States • The upper class: • Wealthiest people in a class system • Make up about 1% of the U.S. population • Possess most of the wealth of the country Social Classes in the United States (cont’d) • The upper-middle class: • Professionals and managers • Make up about 14% of the U.S. population • The middle class consists primarily of • “White collar” workers • Have a broad range of incomes • Make up about 30% of the U.S. population Social Classes in the United States (cont’d) • The working (lower-middle) class: • “Blue-collar” or service industry workers • Less likely to have college degrees • Make up about 30% of the U.S. population Social Classes in the United States (cont’d) • The lower class: • Many poor people who typically have lower levels of literacy than other classes • Make up about 20% of the U.S. population The U.S. Social Class Ladder (Figure 8.1) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Theories of Social Class • Karl Marx believed that there were two main social classes in capitalist societies: • Capitalists (or bourgeoisie), who owned the means of production • Workers (or proletariat), who sold their labor for wages • He believed that the classes would remain divided and social inequality would grow. Theories of Social Class (cont’d) • Max Weber offered a similar model that also included cultural factors. • He argued that class status was made of three components: • Wealth (or Privilege) • Power • Prestige The Relative Social Prestige of Selected Occupations in the United States (Table 8.1,top) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company The Relative Social Prestige of Selected Occupations in the United States (Table 8.1,bottom) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Theories of Social Class (cont’d) • More recently, Pierre Bourdieu has attempted to explain social reproduction, the tendency for social class status to be passed down from one generation to the next. Theories of Social Class (cont’d) • According to Bourdieu, this happens because each generation acquires cultural capital (tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, etc.) that help us to gain advantages in society. • This cultural capital either helps or hinders us as we become adults. Theories of Social Class (cont’d) • Symbolic Interactionists examine the way we use status differences to categorize ourselves and others. • As Erving Goffman pointed out, our clothing, speech, gestures, possessions, friends, and activities provide information about our socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances • Belonging to a certain social class has profound consequences for individuals in all areas of life, including education, employment, and medical care. Social Mobility • Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes. • A closed system is one with very little opportunity to move from one class to another. • An open system is one with ample opportunities to move from one class to another. Theory in Everyday Life The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Social Mobility (cont’d) • Intergenerational mobility is the movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next. • Intragenerational mobility is the movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individual’s lifetime. Social Mobility (cont’d) • Horizontal social mobility is the occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class. • Vertical social mobility is the movement between social classes and is often called either upward mobility or downward mobility. Social Mobility (cont’d) • Structural mobility refers to changes in the social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society. Defining Poverty • In the United States, the federal poverty line (an absolute measure of annual income) is frequently used to determine who should be categorized as poor. • In 2005, about 37 million people (12.6% of the population) in the United States were considered poor. Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate, 1959–2007 (Figure 8.4) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Defining Poverty (cont’d) • Relative deprivation is a relative measure of poverty based on the standards of living. • People are considered poor if their standard of living is less compared to other members of society. Defining Poverty (cont’d) • Absolute deprivation is an objective measure of poverty that is defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care. Defining Poverty (cont’d) • The culture of poverty refers to learned attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their situation. Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream • The ideology of the American Dream (that anyone can achieve material success if they work hard enough) explains and justifies our social system, but it has been criticized for legitimizing stratification by telling us that everyone has the same opportunity to get ahead Social Class | Concept Quiz True or False: Every society has some form of stratification. a. True b. False Social Class | Concept Quiz The tendency of social classes to remain relatively stable as social class status is passed down from one generation to the next is called: a. cultural capital. b. social prestige. c. social reproduction. d. class consciousness. Social Class | Concept Quiz Entrenched attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate is called: a. the culture of poverty. b. the just-world hypothesis. c. disenfranchisement. d. social welfare. Social Class | Concept Quiz Max Weber argued that there were several important components of social class. Which of the following is NOT one of the components? a. Prestige b. Power c. Wealth d. Morals Additional Art for Chapter 8 Part Opener III The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Part Opener The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Part Opener The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Part Opener The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Chapter Opener The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Family Portraits The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Family Portraits The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Family Portraits The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Family Portraits The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Family Portraits The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Family Portraits The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Status Inconsistencies The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Polite Racism The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Inequality in Sweden? The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company The Rules of the Game The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company The Living Room Scale The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Percentage of 12th Graders Expecting to Earn a Bachelor’s Degree or Attend Graduate or Professional School, by Family Socioeconomic Status (SES) (Figure 8.2) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Real Median Income for Working-Age Households, 1989–2007 (Figure 8.3) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Marrying Up The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Digital Divide The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Poverty in the United States by Selected Characteristics, 2008 (Figure 8.5) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Federal Spending, 2008 (Figure 8.6) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Residential Segregation The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Marching for Welfare Rights The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Roger and Me The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company The American Dream? The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 8 The Real World AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY 2nd Edition Kerry Ferris and Jill Stein For more learning resources, please visit the StudySpace site for The Real World, 2e at: wwnorton.com/studyspace © 2010 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.