Download structure and function in living systems

Exploring Life Content Assessment
INSTRUCTIONS:
Below you will find 42 questions that explore your understanding of science. Each
question is numbered in the left-hand column and has only one correct response (A,
B, C, or D). There are also two occasions where you are asked to look at a figure
and then use it to answer two questions that follow.
Indicate your answer to each question by using your pencil to darken the appropriate
line on your Scantron answer form.
1.
In a multicellular animal, a cell is the unit of structure as well as a unit of
A)
B)
C)
D)
2.
Which of the following is most important when considering efficiency of diffusion
of materials into cells for cell survival?
A)
B)
C)
D)
3.
function.
meiosis
mutation.
natural selection.
weight
volume
surface area
surface area/volume ratio
When plant tissues are boiled, their enzymes cease to function. That is because
A)
B)
C)
D)
enzymes work only in living cells.
the substrate molecules are moving too fast to react.
some bonds holding the enzyme’s special shape are broken.
the activation energy becomes greater than the heat of reaction.
1
Exploring Life Content Assessment
4.
The genetic code in DNA is written in the sequence of
A)
B)
C)
D)
5.
Research indicates that cancer cells
A)
B)
C)
D)
6.
always develop into a tumor.
are unable to complete the cell cycle after the S phase.
contain more than the normal number of chromosomes.
can form from normal cells when the genes involved in the control of mitosis
are altered.
Photosynthesis consumes …
A)
B)
C)
D)
7.
deoxyribose molecules.
nucleotide bases.
phosphate groups.
ribose molecule.
O2.
CO2.
sugar.
organic nutrients.
Photosynthesis produces …
A)
B)
C)
D)
O2.
CO2.
chlorophyll b.
inorganic nutrients.
2
Exploring Life Content Assessment
8.
An important difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs is that
A)
B)
C)
D)
9.
The most important result of mitosis is that it ensures
A)
B)
C)
D)
10.
variation in the new cells.
formation of DNA from RNA.
control of cellular processes by DNA.
genetic continuity from one cell to the next.
Your bone cells, muscle cells, and skin cells look different because
A)
B)
C)
D)
11.
heterotrophs require oxygen.
heterotrophs have mitochondria.
heterotrophs have cellular respiration.
autotrophs can live on nutrients that are entirely inorganic.
they contain different numbers of genes.
different genes are active in each kind of cell.
different mutations have occurred in each kind of cell.
different kinds of genes are present in each kind of cell.
The DNA molecule can carry a vast amount of hereditary information in its
A)
B)
C)
D)
sequence of bases.
phosphate-sugar backbone.
complementary pairing of bases.
side groups of nitrogenous bases.
3
Exploring Life Content Assessment
12.
In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA,
A)
B)
C)
D)
13.
A = C.
A = G and C = T.
A + T = G + C.
A + C = G + T.
The family pedigree diagrammed below indicates the known blood type of its
members. (IA = the type A allele, IB = the type B allele, and i = the type O allele).
Dad
Type
O
Sue
Type
B
Mom
Joe
Type
A
What is Joe’s probable genotype?
A)
B)
C)
D)
14.
homozygous IAIA
heterozygous IAi
heterozygous IAIB
homozygous ii
Sexual reproduction in organisms
A)
B)
C)
D)
creates new genes.
creates new combinations of alleles.
allows for a method of separating species.
produces equal numbers of males and females.
4
Exploring Life Content Assessment
15.
One major function of meiosis is to
A)
B)
C)
D)
16.
A mutation is
A)
B)
C)
D)
17.
produce mutations.
prevent genetic recombination.
lower the rate of crossing-over among chromosomes.
maintain a constant chromosome number in the species.
a gene that causes a disease.
a random change in an organism’s DNA.
the immigration of alleles into a gene pool.
the emigration of alleles out of a gene pool.
The growth of bacterial populations resistant to antibiotics results from
A)
B)
C)
D)
the needs of the bacteria.
a change in the strength of the antibiotics.
selection of naturally-occurring resistant strains.
creation of new bacterial strains by the antibiotics themselves.
5
Exploring Life Content Assessment
The following graph represents the timeline of the history of life on earth. A number of
important events for life on earth are recorded in the fossil record and marked here with
letters.
Use these letters as a key to answer the next two questions.
18.
Which letter marks the Cambrian explosion—the time when many of major groups of
animals first appeared in the fossil record?
A)
B)
C)
D)
19.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which letter marks the time in earth’s history when fossil evidence for life first
appears?
A)
B)
C)
D)
A.
B.
C.
D.
6
Exploring Life Content Assessment
20.
The human genes responsible for producing insulin and human growth hormone
have been successfully transplanted into a number of other organisms, such as
bacteria, yeast and Chinese hamsters. These organisms then produce these human
hormones.
The fact that human genes can produce normal human enzymes (hormones) in other
organisms is evidence that all living organisms
A)
B)
C)
D)
21.
Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which Darwin’s theory
of natural selection is based?
A)
B)
C)
D)
22.
secrete the same hormones.
have the same DNA sequence.
are closely related structurally.
have a universal DNA language.
Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
Unequal reproductive success can lead to adaptations.
There is variation between individuals that is inherited.
Individuals with inherited traits that best fit them to the environment will
generally produce more offspring.
The best evidence for a common ancestry of all life is
A)
B)
C)
D)
that the structure of the nucleus is similar in eukaryotic cells.
that the structure of chloroplasts are similar in all plant cells.
that the genetic code is universal.
that all living systems rely on catalysts.
7
Exploring Life Content Assessment
Use the figure below to answer the next two questions.
V
W
1.
Time
Present
X
Y
Z
4.
2.
3.
Relatedness
23.
A common ancestor for species X and Z could be at position number
A)
B)
C)
D)
24.
Which two living species are most closely related to each other?
A)
B)
C)
D)
25.
1.
2.
3.
4.
V and W
V and X
W and X
W and Y
In a typical ecosystem, everything cycles except
A)
B)
C)
D)
carbon.
energy.
nitrogen.
oxygen.
8
Exploring Life Content Assessment
26.
Consumers depend upon producers for their energy. The energy trapped by
producers is
A)
B)
C)
D)
27.
For most ecosystems the ultimate source of energy is in the form of
A)
B)
C)
D)
28.
heat.
light.
plants.
producers.
Energy leaves most ecosystems in the form of
A)
B)
C)
D)
29.
not used by consumers.
used by consumers only.
partially available to consumer.
totally used by producers themselves.
animals.
heat.
light.
producers.
Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession?
A)
B)
C)
D)
A mouse eats seeds and an owl eats the mouse.
Overgrazing causes a loss of nutrients from soil.
Imported pheasants increase, while local quail disappear.
Grass grows in a deserted field, then shrubs, and then trees.
9
Exploring Life Content Assessment
30.
Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure
and organization of biological communities?
A)
B)
C)
D)
31.
Local conditions such as heavy rainfall or the removal of plants may limit the
amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, or calcium available to the particular
ecosystem, but the amount of carbon available to the system is seldom a
problem. Why?
A)
B)
C)
D)
32.
Organisms do not need very much carbon.
Symbiotic bacteria help plants capture carbon.
Plants are much better at absorbing carbon from the soil.
While many nutrients come from soil, carbon comes from air.
Skyrocketing growth of the human population since the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution appears to be mainly a result of
A)
B)
C)
D)
33.
Predation, competition, disease
Precipitation, wind, temperature
Nutrient availability, soil pH, light intensity
The frequency of fire
the concentration of humans in cities.
better nutrition boosting the birth rate.
migration to thinly settled regions of the globe.
a drop in the death rate due to better health care.
Which of the following forms of energy is the most randomized?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Heat energy
Light energy
Electrical energy
Chemical potential energy
10
Exploring Life Content Assessment
34.
The primary source of energy for living organisms on earth is
A)
B)
C)
D)
35.
The main function of photosynthesis is to
A)
B)
C)
D)
36.
create energy.
produce food for the human population.
release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
convert light energy to the chemical energy stored in sugar.
The main function of cellular respiration is to
A)
B)
C)
D)
37.
electricity.
gravity.
sunlight.
water.
use sunlight to produce sugar.
break ATP down to ADP so that cells can perform work.
get rid of the carbon dioxide that builds up in working cells.
use the energy stored in food to generate ATP for cellular work..
Which of the following orders the levels of biological organization from
simplest to most complex?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Hydrogen, water, heart muscle cell, nucleus, heart, human
Hydrogen, water, nucleus, heart muscle cell, heart, human
Hydrogen, water, nucleus, heart, heart muscle cell, human
Water, hydrogen, nucleus, heart muscle cell, human, heart
11
Exploring Life Content Assessment
38.
If a population of plants contains 10,000 kilocalories, what would be a
reasonable estimate of the number of kilocalories found in a population that
feeds on nothing but that population of plants?
A)
B)
C)
D)
39.
1,000 kilocalories
10,000 kilocalories
20,000 kilocalories
100,000 kilocalories
The fundamental difference between matter and energy in ecosystems is that
A) matter is cycled through ecosystems but energy is not.
B) energy is cycled through ecosystems but matter is not.
C) energy can be converted to matter but matter cannot be converted to
energy.
D) matter can be converted into energy but energy cannot be converted into
matter.
40.
During a field trip, the instructor touched the body of a moth that was resting
on a tree trunk. The moth raised its forewings, revealing large eye-spots on its
hind wings. The instructor asked the class why the moth raised its wings.
• One student said that certain sensory receptors had fired and these triggered
a reflex that caused the muscles in the wing to contract.
• A second student responded that the behavior might frighten would-be
predators.
What can you say about the explanations given by these two students?
A) The first response is correct, while the second is incorrect
B) The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis, while the second
is not.
C) The first response answers a “how” question describing the mechanisms for
the behavior; the second response answers an evolutionary question that
describes the function of the behavior.
12
Exploring Life Content Assessment
41.
After eating a monarch butterfly and regurgitating, a bird will usually avoid
orange and black butterflies. Which of the following behaviors does not
describe the bird’s behavior?
A)
B)
C)
D)
42.
Learning.
Conditioning.
Innate behavior.
Adaptive behavior.
Read the 3 statements below. Which of the following statements about the
evolution of animal behavior is not true?
A) An animal may show behavior that maximizes reproductive fitness.
B) Natural selection favors behavior that enhances survival and reproduction.
C) If a behavior is less than optimal, it is not yet completely evolved and will
eventually become optimal.
13