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Section 1 Review
SECTION VOCABULARY
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deformation the bending, tilting, and breaking
isostasy a condition of gravitational and buoyant
of Earth's crust; the change in the shape of
rock in response to stress:
fault a break in a body of rock along which
one block slides relative to another; a form of
brittle strain
equilibrium between Earth's lithosphere and
asthenosphere
stress the amount of force per unit area that acts
on a rock
strain any change in a rock's shape or volume
fold a form of ductile strain in which rock layers
caused by stress
bend, usually as a result of compression
1. Compare
Complete the Venn diagram below to compare folds and faults.
Faults
2. Apply Concepts
What would you expect a rock that has expelienced tension to
look like?
3. Infer About 20,000 years ago, many areas in northern North Amelica were cov­
ered with glaciers. Since then, the glaciers have melted. The lithosphere in many
of these areas is now expeliencing uplift. Why is this?
4. Describe
How can a geologist tell if a fold is a syncline or an anticline?
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168
Holt McDougal Earth Science
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Deformation of the Crust
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Section 2 Review
SECTION VOCABULARY
dome mountain a circular or elf,jptical, almost
symmetrical elevation or structure In which the
stratified rock slopes downward gently from
the central point of folding
faull-block mountain a mountain that forms
where faulting breaks Earth's crust into large
blocks, which causes some blocks to drop
down relative to other blocks
folded mountain a mountain that forms when
rock layers are squeezed together and uplifted
mountain range a series of mountains that are
closely related in orientation, age, and mode of
formation
What characteristics do the mountains in a mountain range have in
common?
1. Describe
2. Identify What are three types of plate collisions that can form mountains?
3. Compare What
are the main differences between mountains that form where two
continents collide and mountains that form where an oceanic plate collides with
a continental plate?
What is one difference between the way that folded mountains and
fault-block mountains form?
4. Describe
5. Apply Concepts A geologist
is studying a mountain. The mountain is small and
round. Its sides are not very steep. How did the mountain most likely form?
Explain your answer.
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Holt McDougal Earth Science
174 Deformation of the Crust
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body wave a seismic wave that travels through
P wave a primary wave, or compression wave;
the body of a medium
earthquake a movement or trembling of the
ground that is caused by a sudden release of
energy when rocks along a fault move
elastic rebound the sudden return of elastically
deformed rock to its undeformed shape
epicenter the point on Earth's surface directly
above an earthquake's starting point, or focus
fault zone a region of numerous, closely spaced
faults
focus thelocation within Earth along a fault at
which the first motion of an earthquake occurs
a seismic wave that causes particles of rock to
move in a back-and-forth direction parallel to
the direction in which the wave is traveling
shadow zone an area on Earth's surface where
no direct seismic waves from a particular
earthquake can be detected
surface wave a seismic wave that travels along
the surface of a medium and that has a stron­
ger effect near the surface of the medium than
it has in the interior
S wave a secondary wave, or shear wave; a seis­
mic wave that causes particles of rock to move
in a side-to-side direction perpendicular to the
direction in which the wave is traveling
1. Describe Relationships
2. Explain
How is elastic rebound related to eruihquakes?
Why do most earthquakes happen at plate boundaries?
3. Compare
Describe three differences between P waves and S waves.
4. Describe
What are shadow zones, and why do they exist?
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Holt McDougal Earth Science
180
Earthquakes
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Section 2 Review
SECTION VOCABULARY
intensity in Earth science, the amount of
damage caused by an earthquake
magnitude a measure of the strength of an
earthquake
1. Describe Relationships
seismogram a tracing of earthquake motion that
is recorded by a seismograph
seismograph an instrument that records
vibrations in the ground
How are a seismograph and a seismogram related?
2. Explain Two
different cities experienced the same earthquake. In one city, scien­
tists said that the earthquake had a level V intensity. In the other city, scientists
said that the earthquake had a level VII intensity. Explain how this could be true.
3. Describe
How do scientists find the location of an earthquake's epicenter?
earthquake affected the towns of Quakeville and Shaketown.
Quakeville was closer to the epicenter than Shaketown was. The seismogram on
the left is from Quakeville. The picture on the right shows part of the seismogram
from Shaketown. Complete the seismogram from Shaketown.
4. Apply Concepts An
r
Seismogram from Shaketown
Seismogram from Quakeville P waves
waves arrive /Surface. waves arnve
arrive~
I
I
o
I
4
I
5
I
6
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I
7
I
8
I
9
I
4
I
10 I
5
I
I
I
678
I
10
I
11
I
12
I
13
Time in minutes after earthquake
Time in minutes after earthquake Copyright © Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.
Holt McDougal Earth Science
184 Earthquakes
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SECTION VOCABULARY
seismic gap an area along a fault where
tsunami a giant ocean wave that forms after a
relatively few earthquakes have occurred
recently but where strong earthquakes are
known to have occurred in the past
1. Explain
What causes a tsunami?
2. Describe
3. Identify
volcanic eruption, submarine earthquake, or
landslide
What are seismic gaps, and why are they important?
What are two ways an earthquake can damage a building?
Scientists examined the rocks at a fault zone, and they predicted that an
earthquake might happen there. What do you think they found?
4. Infer
the table below, list steps that people who live in areas that have high
earthquake-hazard levels should take. List at least two steps in each box.
5. Identify In
Before an Earthquake
During an Earthquake
After an Earthquake
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Holt McDougal Earth Science
188
Earthquakes
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SECTION VOCABULARY
hot spot a volcanically active area of Earth's
surface, commonly far from a tectonic plate
boundary
lava magma that flows onto Earth's surface; the
rock that forms when lava cools and solidifies
magma liquid rock produced under Earth's
surface
1. Define In your
2. Describe
volcanism any activity that includes the
movement of magma toward or onto Earth's
surface
volcano a vent or fissure in Earth's surface
through which magma and gases are expe'lled
own words, define volcanism.
Complete the table below to describe how volcanoes form in different
areas.
Place Where
Volcanoes Form
Why Magma Forms There
Description
Subduction zones
A mantle plume rises
to the surface.
Two plates move apart. As the plates move apart, the pressure on the rock below
decreases. The decreased pressure causes the rock to melt.
What is the main difference between how a pluton forms and how a
volcano forms?
3. Compare
The map below shows the locations of many volcanoes. On the
map, circle three volcanoes that are probably found at hot spots.
4. Apply Concepts
~~"-/_ ,_
,/",
/.,
--­ Plate boundary
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Holt McDougal Earth Science
194
Volcanoes
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SECTION VOCABULARY
caldera a large, circular depression that forms
mafic describes magma or igneous rock that
when the magma chamber below a volcano
partially empties and causes the ground above
to sink
felsic describes magma or igneous rock that is
rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally
light in color
is rich in magnesium and iron and that is
generally dark in color
pyroclastic material fragments of rock that form
during a volcanic eruption
Why does felsic lava produce explosive eruptions more often than mafic
lava does?
1. Explain
2. Compare
Give one similarity and one difference between lapilli and volcanic
blocks.
3. Describe How do calderas form?
4. Infer Which would be more likely to increase the steepness of a volcanic cone--a
quiet eruption or an explosive eruption? Explain your answer.
5. Explain Scientists
today are studying many active volcanoes around the world.
They are even studying volcanoes that have not erupted for hundreds or
thousands of years. What is the most likely reason they are studying these
volcanoes?
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Holt McDougal Earth Science
200 Volcanoes